Academy of Arts of the Russian Federation. History of the Russian Academy of Arts
The idea of creating an Academy of Sciences and Arts in Russia was expressed by Peter I back in the late 1690s.
The Academy of Arts was established by a decision of the Senate on November 6, 1757 during the reign of the Empress Elizaveta Petrovna in St. Petersburg on the initiative of the great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov and a famous educator of that time I.I. Shuvalova.
In 1764, Catherine II, having approved the Charter and staff, granted the Privilege to the Imperial Academy of Arts. In the same year, according to the design of the architect J.B. Wallen-Delamot and A.F. Kokorinov, construction began on the stone building of the Academy on the banks of the Neva, which was completed in 1788.
Artists and architects of the first Shuvalov graduation of the Academy A.P. Losenko, F.I. Shubin, V.I. Bazhenov, F.S. Rokotov, I.E. Starov set that highest level artistic practice and pedagogy, which constituted the glory of Russian art.
The importance of the Russian Academy of Arts
It was a center of artistic education, actively influenced the development of all types of art, contributed to the formation of museum collections, carried out extensive research work, and held exhibitions and competitions.
The Imperial Academy of Arts initiated the founding of provincial art schools and colleges, in which graduates of the Academy taught, and later - museums attached to them.
RAH today
Russian Academy arts - the largest center of Russian artistic culture.
She is the heir to the Imperial Academy of Arts and the successor to the USSR Academy of Arts.
Currently, the Academy with all its creative, pedagogical, research and museum institutions is an organization that has no analogues in the world, realizing national interests in the development of artistic culture and aesthetic education, affirming fundamental humanistic values.
The Russian Academy of Arts belongs to the particularly valuable objects of national heritage of the peoples of Russia.
The highest body of the Academy of Arts - Session(General meeting of full members and corresponding members). In the intervals between sessions, the activities of the Academy are managed by the Presidium, headed by the President.
Activities of the Academy
Under the auspices of the Academy of Arts, new art educational institutions are opening in various regions of the country. Extensive reconstruction of the oldest art universities is being carried out.
The Academy of Arts takes an active part in the implementation of major artistic projects, such as the reconstruction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow, the construction of the Victory Memorial on Poklonnaya Hill and many others.
Caring for the future of Russian artistic culture, she strives to preserve and enrich pedagogical principles domestic art school, to unite all the most talented and significant that is in the art of our country.
Despite the elegant name, the first Academy of Arts arose as a completely practical project. It was conceived by Peter I in the image of the European “academies of sciences and arts” of that time and existed under the Academy of Sciences. This means that art, in a sense, served science. Draughtsmen and engravers made botanical and ethnographic sketches, prepared maps and only occasionally carried out portrait orders. Soon a conflict emerged between scientific and artistic needs, since the Academy of Sciences needed mainly engravers. And then, on the initiative of Mikhail Lomonosov and the favorite of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, Ivan Shuvalov, the Academy of Arts itself was opened in 1757, this time at Moscow University. However, classes were also held in St. Petersburg, in the mansion of Shuvalov, who became the first president of the Academy and proposed a pompous name for it - the Academy of the Three Noble Arts. Six years later, this educational institution finally became independent and received imperial status. His first students included Fyodor Rokotov, Vasily Bazhenov and Anton Losenko, the first Russian history painter.
At first, invited foreigners taught at the Academy, with the only exception being Alexander Filippovich Kokorinov, who headed the architectural class and eventually became the rector. He not only did a lot for the development of the educational institution, but also, together with the French architect Jean-Baptiste Vallin-Delamot, developed a project for the building of the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. The foundation was laid in 1765, but construction was completed only in 1788. Over time, the appearance of this building became one of business cards Northern capital.
The founding of the Academy coincided with the flowering of classicism in Europe. Therefore, ancient sculpture and architecture were first chosen as models for training. Students spent hours copying classic images, honing their skills.
A system of scholarships was created for the best of them, and winners of gold medals for competitive work were sent to study abroad. The first pensioners of the Academy were Bazhenov and Losenko, who went abroad to study back in 1760. The Academy allocated work orders to excellent students in order to financially support the artist’s talent. For example, famous painting Alexander Ivanov wrote “The Appearance of Christ to the People” in Italy for 20 years at the request of the Academy.
Within its walls the Russian school of classical architecture was born, whose bright representative Matvey Kazakov rebuilt the center of Moscow at the end of the 18th century classic style. He owns the Senate building in the Kremlin, the Golitsyn hospital and many other buildings.
The teaching of painting and sculpture was separated from architectural education only in the middle of the 19th century. Therefore, many brilliant architects also received a painting specialty. For example, Andrei Voronikhin, the creator of the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg, was awarded the title of academician of “perspective painting”.
Over time, blind copying of classical models, which played a role in the creation of the school, became a brake on creativity. Both the authorities and the artists themselves realized this. Attempts to transform the system were made from different sides.
At the beginning of his reign, Emperor Nicholas I issues decrees on the preservation and study ancient Russian monuments. Nationality as a worldview idea penetrates into all types of arts - from architecture and painting to music and literature. Academician of architecture Konstantin Ton, whom Nicholas patronized, in the late 1820s, based on drawings and measurements of ancient Russian churches, developed the so-called Russian-Byzantine style. However, the classical tradition also remains. According to Ton's design, the state halls of the Academy of Arts are being rebuilt and the embankment with a granite pier is being designed. At the same time, figures of ancient Egyptian sphinxes were installed here.
IN early XIX century, dissatisfaction with the academic system manifested itself in a peculiar attempt to emigrate. Orest Kiprensky, Sylvester Shchedrin, the already mentioned Alexander Ivanov and many others talented artists lived and worked abroad for years and were in no hurry to return home.
In the middle of the century, discontent resulted in protest. In November 1863, Academy students admitted to participate in the competition for gold medal, asked to change their task: instead of a historical plot, let them write in free topic. Having been refused, all 14 people left the Academy. A few years later they founded the famous Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions. In October 1893, by order of the Emperor Alexandra III, who ordered to “change everything... invite the Wanderers,” a reform was carried out at the Academy. Now the works of young talented youth were exhibited here, for example, artists from the World of Art association.
Academy in the post-revolutionary period
After the revolution, the Academy was temporarily abolished as " government agency, which, after the overthrow of the autocracy, under the Provisional Government, pursued a policy in the interests of the exploiting classes.” On its basis, Free Art Workshops arose, and in 1932 the All-Russian Academy of Arts was opened in Leningrad, headed by Isaac Brodsky, the author of official portraits of Lenin, Stalin, Voroshilov and other Bolsheviks.
In 1937, the theory of art began to be studied within its walls. Students are taught by both Hermitage staff and the brilliant art critic Nikolai Punin, Anna Akhmatova’s husband.
In 1947, the All-Russian Academy of Arts was transformed into the USSR Academy of Arts, which received a building on Prechistenka in Moscow. This mansion once belonged to the last representative of the Potemkin family - Count Sergei Pavlovich, a writer and art lover. Pushkin often visited his house. IN late XIX century, the building was acquired by entrepreneur and philanthropist Ivan Morozov. Before the revolution, he kept his unique collection here French painting(Cezanne, Renoir, Degas, Van Gogh) and works of Russians artists of the 19th century century. For this collection, architect Lev Kekushev even rebuilt the building's interiors. In 1918, Morozov's collection was nationalized, and the Museum of New Art was opened in the mansion. Western art. In 1947, the museum was disbanded, part of its collection was transferred to the Pushkin Museum. Pushkin, part - to the Russian Museum. And the building went to the USSR Academy of Arts. In the same year, a research institute for the history and theory of art was opened as part of the Academy.
Almost simultaneously with the Academy, its museum also appeared. His collection included works of classical European art, from Rubens to Delacroix, as well as the works of Russian artists and sculptors who studied at the Academy. And although the museum has lost a significant part of its rich collection today (many of its exhibits were transferred to the Russian Museum and other Russian museums), it still gives an excellent idea of the history of Russian art. Here you can see paintings by Argunov, Rokotov, Borovikovsky, Bryullov, Polenov, Feshin, Salakhov. From sculpture - works on biblical, mythological and historical topics outstanding Russian sculptors of the 18th-20th centuries Pimenov, Gordeev, Kozlovsky, Antokolsky, Anikushin.
Academy of Arts today
Since 1998, the Academy of Arts has had a UNESCO Department of Fine Arts and Architecture. One of its main goals is to draw attention to the importance of arts education for the development of creativity and cultural diversity. She actively participates in international exhibition activities.
In 2007, the 250th anniversary of the Academy of Arts was included in the UNESCO list of memorable dates.
The Academy of Arts was established in St. Petersburg by the decision of the Senate on November 17 (6 old style) November 1757 during the reign of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna on the initiative of the great Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov and the famous educator of that time, Count Ivan Shuvalov.
It was Shuvalov who invited teachers from abroad, recruited the first students and in 1758 donated his art collection to the academy, thereby laying the foundation for a library and a future museum.
In 1764, the Academy of Arts received the status of Imperial.
In the same year, an Educational School was opened at the academy, which accepted children five to six years old. After nine years of study, students completed their education in one of the higher classes - history, portraiture, engraving, sculpture, architecture. Since 1767, graduates of the academy, awarded a gold medal, were sent to improve themselves abroad. Since the 1770s, art exhibitions began to be held at the Imperial Academy of Arts.
Among the first graduates of the academy are portrait artists Anton Losenko and Fyodor Rokotov, sculptor Fedot Shubin, architects Vasily Bazhenov and Ivan Starov.
In 1802, the academy's charter was supplemented with new articles that increased its status in the field of social and artistic activities, establishing its leading role in all spheres artistic life. The Academy received the right to engage in urban construction projects and conduct architectural and art competitions. Teachers and students of the academy participated in the construction and decoration of the Kazan and St. Isaac's Cathedrals, the Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood in St. Petersburg, Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow. The Academy initiated the founding of provincial art schools and colleges in which its graduates taught, as well as museums at art educational institutions.
In 1840, the Educational School was closed, leaving only classrooms. Since 1843, only members of the imperial family were appointed presidents of the academy. In 1847, a Mosaic Institution was established at the academy as part of the artistic and technical departments. According to the charter of 1859, the academy lost self-government and was subordinated to the Ministry of the Imperial Palace.
In 1893 it was approved new charter, who returned self-government to the academy. Classrooms were transformed into Higher art school painting, sculpture and architecture, in which workshops were opened led by famous artists Ilya Repin, Vladimir Makovsky, Ivan Shishkin, Arkhip Kuindzhi. The Academy of Arts was given the right to approve projects for monumental structures.
The Academy Museum, founded by Count Ivan Shuvalov in 1758, during its existence has collected a valuable collection of Western European and Russian paintings, drawings, sculptures, architectural models and drawings. On the basis of this collection, the Russian Museum of Emperor Alexander III (now the State Russian Museum) was created in 1895.
The regional branches of the Russian Academy of Arts “Urals, Siberia and the Far East”, the Volga region branch, and the Southern branch are actively working.
Students and members of the academy took part in the implementation of artistic projects - the reconstruction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow, the construction of the Victory Memorial on Poklonnaya Hill in Moscow, the architectural design of the facades and interiors of a complex of buildings of a branch of the State Academic Academy Bolshoi Theater Russia and others.
The material was prepared based on information open sources
: Moscow
Russian Academy of Arts (RAA) - State Academy of Sciences Russian Federation, a state cultural institution - a branch academy of sciences in the field of fine and decorative arts, architecture, design and art education. The founder of the Russian Academy of Arts is the Government of the Russian Federation.
The supreme body of the Russian Academy of Arts is the Session (General Meeting of Full Members and Corresponding Members). In the intervals between sessions, the activities of the Russian Academy of Arts are managed by the Presidium, headed by the President.
Continuity[ | ]
The Russian Academy of Arts is the legal successor Academy of Arts of the USSR, created in 1947 on the basis All-Russian Academy of Arts. All property of the USSR Academy of Arts after collapse of the USSR passed to the Russian Academy of Arts, and members of the USSR Academy of Arts were awarded the titles of full members and corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Arts.
According to its legal status, the Russian Academy of Arts is a federal state budgetary institution.
“Striving for something new and asserting the worthy position of the modern Russian art in the world, the Academy of Arts preserves its traditions and historically established structure. Now it includes, as before, the departments of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture. The departments of Graphics, Theatrical and Decorative Art, Decorative and Applied Arts, Design, Art History and Art Criticism were added to them. Throughout its 250-year history, the Russian Academy of Arts has maintained artistic ties between the center and the regions. This concerned the education of artists, the creation of local centers of culture, and the development of architectural and monumental ensembles. Today, its regional branches operate in St. Petersburg, the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia and Far East. In other words, the activities of the Academy today cover all types and genres of spatial arts in our country.”
Main activities of the Russian Academy of Arts[ | ]
Academic art education system[ | ]
The Russian Academy of Arts is a state creative and scientific organization. Education is one of the main aspects of activity. Work is underway to preserve and creatively develop the traditions of the national academic school, to organize and improve the art education system, the most important elements of domestic art education - the greatest value - have been preserved and developed Russian culture, which has received worldwide recognition. In order to promote the creative development of the academic art school system, the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Arts created the Council for Art Education, which, in close cooperation with the Scientific and Methodological Directorate of the Academy and the leadership of academic educational institutions, coordinates issues of academic art education.
Scientific activities[ | ]
Particular attention in the research is paid to current processes of interaction between the spheres of fine arts, science and education on issues of an interdisciplinary nature and cross-cultural dialogue in the global artistic space.
Department UNESCO Fine Arts and Architecture[ | ]
The department was created in 1998 and became part of the Russian Academy of Arts. Together with the cultural and educational sectors UNESCO UNESCO Department of the Russian Academy of Arts, strives for universal recognition of the importance of art education as a platform for sustainable development, development of creativity, innovation and cultural diversity. The department is headed by folk artist CCCP and Russia, President of the Russian Academy of Arts, UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador Zurab Tsereteli.
Academy Membership[ | ]
Meeting room of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Arts
Academy members are elected general meeting Russian Academy of Arts.
Membership in the Academy is lifelong.
The number of members of the Academy is determined by Government of the Russian Federation.
Elections of Academy members are held at least once every 3 years.
Academy branches[ | ]
The Academy is built according to scientific, industrial and territorial principles. The structure of the Academy includes:
Academy Management[ | ]
The supreme governing body of the Russian Academy of Arts is the general meeting of the Academy. Members of the general meeting of the Academy are full members And corresponding members. The General Meeting of the Academy is convened by the Presidium of the Academy at the proposal of the President of the Academy at least once a year.
In the intervals between general meetings, the activities of the Russian Academy of Arts are led by the Presidium, headed by the President.
Presidium of the Academy consists of the president and vice-presidents of the Academy, the chief scientific secretary of the Academy's presidium, the deputy chief scientific secretary of the Academy's presidium, academic secretaries of the Academy's branches, chairmen of the regional branches of the Academy and other members of the Academy.
The number of members of the Academy's presidium is determined by the general meeting of the Academy. The Presidium of the Academy is elected for a 5-year term. The distribution of responsibilities between vice-presidents and members of the Presidium of the Academy is carried out by the President of the Academy.
President of the Academy elected by the general meeting of the Russian Academy of Arts from among its full members for a period of 5 years. The elected President of the Academy takes office after his approval by the Government of the Russian Federation.
President of the Russian Academy of Arts :
Vice-presidents of the Russian Academy of Arts :
Members of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Arts :
- People's Artist of the USSR V. I. Ivanov
- People's Artist of the USSR V. M. Sidorov ,
- People's Artist of the USSR A. M. Shilov ,
- People's Artist of the RSFSR A. I. Alekseev ,
- People's Artist of the RSFSR A. N. Burganov ,
- People's Artist of the RSFSR A. P. Levitin ,
- People's Artist of the RSFSR R. F. Fedorov ,
- People's Artist of the RSFSR O. M. Savostyuk ,
- People's Artist of the Russian Federation E. N. Maksimov (Academician-Secretary of the Painting Department),
- People's Artist of the Russian Federation L. I. Savelyeva(Academic Secretary of the Department of Decorative and Applied Arts),
- People's Artist of the Russian Federation A. G. Akritas ,
- People's Artist of the Russian Federation N. I. Borovskoy,
- People's Artist of the Russian Federation V. A. Glukhov ,
- People's Artist of the Russian Federation A. N. Kovalchuk ,
- People's Artist of the Russian Federation B. A. Messerer(Academician-Secretary of Theater and Film Decoration Art),
- People's Artist of the Russian Federation N. A. Mukhin ,
- People's Artist of the Russian Federation T. G. Nazarenko ,
- People's Artist of the Russian Federation V. I. Nesterenko ,
- People's Artist of the Russian Federation P. F. Nikonov ,
- People's Artist of the Russian Federation S. N. Oleshnya ,
- People's Artist of the Russian Federation S. P. Ossovsky,
- People's Artist of the Russian Federation A. I. Teslik,
- People's Artist of the Russian Federation A. V. Tsigal ,
- People's Artist of the Russian Federation A. S. Charkin ,
- People's Artist of the Russian Federation A. D. Shmarinov,
- People's Artist of the Russian Federation E. V. Romashko,
- People's Artist of the Russian Federation A. I. Rukavishnikov ,
- Honored Artist of the Russian Federation F. A. Rukavishnikov ,
- Honored Artist of the Russian Federation A. D. Borovsky ,
- Honored Artist of the Russian Federation K. V. Khudyakov ,
- Honored Artist of the Russian Federation V. G. Kalinin ,
- Honored Architect of the Russian Federation N. I. Shumakov ,
- Honored Artist of the RSFSR V. V. Vanslov ,
- Honored Artist of the Russian Federation O. A. Krivtsun,
- M. A. Busev,
- S. P. Kolov,
- A. N. Korotaeva,
- T. A. Kochemasova,
- K. V. Petrov,
- A. I. Rozhin,
- M. M. Fatkulin,
- O. R. Khromov,
- E. Z. Tsereteli,
- A. G. Yastrebenetsky.
Academic organizations[ | ]
The following organizations, which are the property of the state, are assigned the rights of operational management to the Russian Academy of Arts:
- St. Petersburg State Academic Art Lyceum named after B.V. Ioganson
- Research Museum of the Russian Academy of Arts with branches:
- Scientific library
- Archives
- Creative workshops on various types art.
Presidents [ | ]
Printed publications[ | ]
In 2009, the Russian Academy of Arts, with the support of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, began publishing its own magazine “ACADEMIA”. The magazine was created to inform the public about the activities of the Academy, as well as to popularize and increase interest in
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