Analogies in the "captain's daughter" and the real events of the Pugachev era. What impressions did the story of the captain's daughter leave? Historical events in the work the captain's daughter

Introduction By the second half of the 17th century, serfdom entered the stage of its zenith. Following the publication of the Code of 1649, the tendency towards self-emancipation of the peasants intensified - their spontaneous and sometimes threatening flight to the outskirts: to the Volga region, Siberia, to the south, to the places of Cossack settlements that had arisen back in the 16th century and have now become centers of concentration of the most active sections of the unfree population. The state, which guarded the interests of the ruling class of feudal lords, organized massive searches for fugitives and returned them to their former owners.

In the 50-60s of the 17th century, unsuccessful experiments of the treasury, the war between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for the reunification of Ukraine with Russia, aggravated the brewing discontent. Already insightful contemporaries clearly saw the essential features of the new. A rebellious age - this is how they assessed their time. At the very beginning of this century, the country was shocked by the first Peasant War, which reached its highest peak in 1606-1607 when Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov stood at the head of the rebels - peasants, serfs, the urban poor.

With great difficulty and considerable effort, the feudal lords suppressed this mass popular movement. However, it was followed by: a speech led by the monastic peasant Balash; unrest among the troops near Smolensk; more than 20 urban uprisings that swept across the country in the middle of the century, starting from Moscow (1648); uprisings in Novgorod and Pskov (1650); copper riot (1662), the scene of which again becomes the capital, and, finally, the Peasant War of Stepan Razin.

The uprising of Emelyan Pugachev (1773-1775) In the peasant war under the leadership of Pugachev, various layers of the then population of Russia took part: serfs, Cossacks, various non-Russian nationalities. This is how Pushkin describes the Orenburg province, in which the events took place “ The captain's daughter”: “This vast and rich province was inhabited by many semi-savage peoples who had recently recognized the dominion of the Russian sovereigns.

Their constant indignation, unfamiliarity with laws and civil life, frivolity and cruelty required constant supervision from the government to keep them in obedience. The fortresses were built in places recognized as convenient, and were inhabited for the most part by Cossacks, long-time owners of the Yaik shores. But the Yaik Cossacks, who were supposed to protect the peace and security of this region, for some time were themselves restless and dangerous subjects for the government.

In 1772 there was a disturbance in their main town. The reason for this was the strict measures taken by Major General Traubenberg in order to bring the army to proper obedience. The consequence was the barbaric murder of Traubenberg, a willful change in management and, finally, the pacification of the riot with grapeshot and cruel punishments.” Here is the description of Pugachev that Pushkin gives him: “he was about forty years old, of average height, thin and broad-shouldered. His black beard showed streaks of gray; the lively big eyes kept darting around.

His face had a rather pleasant, but roguish expression. The hair was cut into a circle.” It must be said that several years before the appearance of Pyotr Fedorovich there were unrest among the Yaik Cossacks. In January 1772, an uprising broke out here. The uprising was brutally suppressed - this was the epilogue to Pugachev's uprising. The Cossacks were waiting for an opportunity to take up arms again. And the opportunity presented itself. On November 22, 1772, Pugachev and a fellow traveler arrived in Yaitsky town and stayed in the house of Denis Stepanovich Pyanov.

There Pugachev secretly reveals to Pyanov that he is Peter III. Pugachev offers to escape from government harassment in the Turkish region. Pyanov talked with good people. We decided to wait until Christmas, when the Cossacks would gather for the scarlet celebration. Then they will accept Pugachev. But Pugachev was captured, he was accused of wanting to take the Yaik Cossacks to Kuban. Pugachev categorically denied everything. Pugachev was sent to Simbirsk, from there to Kazan, where in January 1773 he was sent to prison.

Where Pugachev, having drugged one soldier and persuaded another, escaped. In my opinion, the beginning of “The Captain's Daughter” is precisely connected with that period of Pugachev’s life when he returns from prison. At the end of the summer of 1773, Pugachev was already at home with his friend Obolyaev. Perhaps the innkeeper in “The Captain’s Daughter” is Obolyaev. Here is an excerpt from the story, during the meeting between the innkeeper and Pugachev: “The owner took a damask and a glass out of the glass, walked up to him and, looking into his face - Ehe,” he said, “ again you are in our land! Where did God bring it? My counselor blinked significantly and answered with a saying: “He flew into the garden, pecked hemp; Grandmother threw a pebble - yes, it missed. Well, what about yours?” - Yes, ours! - the owner answered, continuing the allegorical conversation. - They began to call for vespers, but the priest did not order: the priest was visiting, the devils were in the graveyard. “Be quiet, uncle,” my tramp objected, “there will be rain, there will be fungi; and if there are fungi, there will be a body. And now (here he blinked again) put the ax behind your back: the forester is walking.” Further, Pushkin, on behalf of the main character, deciphers this “thieves’ speech”: “I could not understand anything from this thieves’ conversation then; but later I realized that they were talking about the affairs of the Yaitsk army, which at that time had just been pacified after the riot of 1772.” Emelyan Pugachev’s stay with Obolyaev and his visit to Pyanov does not remain without consequences.

Rumors spread that the sovereign was in Pyanov’s house. The authorities sent decent teams to capture the dangerous fugitive, but everything was unsuccessful.

It must be said that in general the Cossacks did not care whether the real Emperor Peter Fedorovich or the Don Cossack who took his name appeared before them. It was important that he became a banner in their struggle for their rights and liberties, but who he really is - doesn’t it matter? Here is an excerpt from a conversation between Pugachev and Grinev: “Or don’t you believe that I am a great sovereign? Answer directly.

I was embarrassed: I was not able to recognize the tramp as a sovereign: it seemed to me unforgivable cowardice.

To call him a deceiver to his face was to expose oneself to destruction; and what I was ready for under the gallows in the eyes of all the people and in the first heat of indignation now seemed to me useless boastfulness. I answered Pugachev: “Listen; I’ll tell you the whole truth. Judge, can I recognize you as a sovereign? You are a smart person: you would see for yourself that I am cunning.” - Who am I in your opinion? - God knows you; but whoever you are, you are telling a dangerous joke.

Pugachev looked at me quickly. “So you don’t believe,” he said, “that I was Tsar Peter Fedorovich? Well okay. Isn't there good luck for the daring? Didn’t Grishka Otrepiev reign in the old days? Think what you want about me, but don’t lag behind me. What do you care about other things? Whoever is a priest is a dad.” Pugachev’s courage, his swiftness of mind, resourcefulness and energy won the hearts of all who sought to throw off the oppression of serfdom. That is why the people supported the recent simple Don Cossack, and now Emperor Fyodor Alekseevich.

At the very beginning of the war, during the occupation of the Iletsk town, Pugachev first expressed his opinion regarding the peasants and nobles. He said: “I will take away villages and villages from the boyars, and will reward them with money. Whose property the lands taken from the boyars should have become was quite obvious - the property of those who lived in forests and villages, i.e. peasants. So, Already in the Iletsk town, Pugachev began talking about those very peasant benefits that would attract all the poor rabble to his side, and he never forgot about them.

For now, Pugachev has compensated the nobility with salaries, but the time will come when he will call on the peasantry to catch, execute and hang the nobles. Pugachev started the war very quickly. Within a week, he captured Gnilovsky, Rubezhny, Genvartsovsky and other outposts. He captured the Iletsk town, took Rassypnaya, Nizhne-Ozernaya, Tatishcheva, and Chernorechensk fortresses. The wave of the Peasant War flooded more and more new regions. The war engulfed Yaik and Western Siberia, the Kama region and the Volga region, the Urals and the Zayaitsky steppes.

And the Third Emperor himself put together his Main army, created the State Military Collegium. Cossack orders were introduced throughout the army, everyone was considered a Cossack. We can say that on March 22, the second stage of the Peasant War began - the beginning of the end of Pugachev’s army. On this date, in a battle with the troops of General Golitsin near the Tatishchev Fortress, Pugachev was defeated. Prominent comrades of Pugachev were captured: Khlopusha, Podurov, Myasnikov, Pochitalin, Tolkachevs. Near Ufa he was defeated and captured by Zarubin-Chek. A few days later, Golitsin’s troops entered Orenburg.

The battle near the Sakmar town on April 1 ended with a new defeat for Pugachev. With a detachment of 500 Cossacks, working people, Bashkirs and Tatars, Pugachev left for the Urals. But Pugachev did not lose heart, as he himself said: “My people are like sand, I know that the mob will gladly accept me.” And he was right. In the battle in the city of Osa, Pugachev was defeated by Michelson’s troops.

The third and final stage of the peasant war began. “Pugachev fled, but his flight seemed like an invasion.” (A.S. Pushkin) On July 28, Pugachev addressed the people with a manifesto, in which he granted all peasants liberty and freedom and forever Cossacks, lands and lands, exempted them from conscription and any taxes and duties, called for dealing with the nobles, and promised silence and a quiet life. This manifesto reflected the peasant ideal - land and freedom. The entire Volga region was shaking with the conflagration of the Peasant War. On August 12, on the Proleika River, Pugachev’s troops defeated government troops - this was the last victory of the rebels.

A conspiracy was brewing among the Cossacks. The soul of the conspiracy were Tvorogov, Chumakov, Zheleznov, Fedulyev, Burnov. They did not think at all about the common people and “held the mob in contempt.” Their dreams of becoming the first class in the state vanished like smoke. It was necessary to think about one’s own salvation, and this could be done at the cost of Pugachev’s extradition. On September 14, Pugachev was handed over to the authorities.

Knowing the needs and sorrows of all the “poor rabble,” Pugachev addressed each of its groups with special slogans and decrees. He granted the Cossacks not only the Yaik River with all its lands and riches, but also what the Cossacks needed: bread, gunpowder, lead, money, the “old faith” and Cossack liberties. He promised the Kalmyks, Bashkirs and Kazakhs all their lands and lands, the sovereign's salary, eternal freedom. Turning to the peasants, Pugachev granted them lands and lands, will, freed the landowners from power, whom he called to exterminate, freed them from any responsibilities for attitude towards the state, promised them a free Cossack life.

It seems to me that it was precisely the fact that the rebels did not have a clear goal in front of them that destroyed them. The future itself seemed somehow vague to Pugachev and his associates in the form of a Cossack state, where everyone would be Cossacks, where there would be no taxes or recruiting. Where to find the money needed by the state? Pugachev believed that “the treasury can be content with itself,” but how this will happen is unknown.

The place of recruitment will be taken by “those who wish freely”, free trade in salt will be established - “take whoever wants where he wants.” Manifestos, decrees and appeals of Pugachev are permeated with vague dreams of freedom, labor, equality, justice. Everyone should receive equal “awards”, everyone should be free, everyone should be equal, “small and large”, “ordinary and bureaucratic”, “all the poor mob ”, “both Russians and non-believers”: “Mukhametans and Kalmyks, Kyrgyz and Bashkirs, Tatars and Mishars, Cheremis and Saxons settled on the Volga”, everyone should have a “quiet life in the world” without any “burden , general peace.” Peasant War 1773-1775 was the most powerful.

Hundreds of thousands of people took part in it. The territory covered by it extended from the Voronezh-Tambov region in the West to Shadrinsk and Tyumen in the east, from the Caspian Sea in the south to Nizhny Novgorod and Perm in the north. This peasant war was characterized by a higher degree of organization of the rebels.

They copied some organs public administration Russia. Under the “emperor” there was a headquarters, a Military College with an office. The main army was divided into regiments, communication was maintained, including the sending of written orders, reports and other documents. Peasant War 1773-1775 despite its unprecedented scale, it was a chain of independent uprisings limited to a certain area. Peasants rarely left the boundaries of their village, volost, or district.

The peasant detachments, and indeed Pugachev’s main army, were much inferior to the government army in terms of armament, training, and discipline. Conclusion What are Peasant Wars? Fair peasant punishment for oppressors and serf owners? A civil war in long-suffering Russia, during which Russians killed Russians? Russian revolt, senseless and merciless? Each time gives its own answers to these questions. Apparently, any violence can give rise to violence that is even more cruel and bloody.

It is immoral to idealize riots, peasant or Cossack uprisings (which, by the way, was done in our recent past), as well as civil wars, because, generated by untruths and covetousness, injustice and an insatiable thirst for wealth, these uprisings, riots and wars themselves bring violence and injustice, grief and ruin, suffering and rivers of blood “The Captan’s Daughter” is the great poet’s view of the reign of Catherine. But the concept itself “ Russian revolt" is a bit exaggerated.

Why is German or English better? Equally disgusting. Another thing is that the nature of the rebellion here in Russia is perhaps a little different: a Russian revolt is possible as a consequence of the immorality of the authorities. When the government is immoral, certain adventurers appear, the very top gives them secret loopholes. The murder of Peter III opened the way for numerous false Peters, one of whom was Pugachev. Lies, murders, vice, which come from above, give rise to a thirst for vice in the masses, that is, the mass is deformed.

And in its depths there is an artistic personality, a leader who undertakes to play someone else’s role. But in the end the spectacle is one thing - violence, blood - a favorite Russian performance. These false leaders always know what the people need: they let off steam in all available ways, galvanize the most cruel, dark, devilish in people. And our quiet people turn into so-a-a-a-bastard! And it will all end with the same retaliatory hypertrophied cruelty of the state, which does not cease to be immoral, because it all began with it, and, as a rule, ends with it. I think that Pushkin wanted to say: “Look and come to your senses, even if the government is immoral, the coming rebellion, in any case, is a disaster for the nation.” References 1) Limonov Yu. A. Emelyan Pugachev and his associates. 2) Pushkin A.S. The Captain's Daughter. 3) Roznev I. Yaik before the storm. 4) Sakharov A. N. Buganov V. I. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century.

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In this novel, Pushkin returned to those collisions, to those conflicts that worried him in Dubrovsky, but resolved them differently.

Now at the center of the novel is a popular movement, popular revolt, headed by a real historical figure - Emelyan Pugachev. The nobleman Pyotr Grinev was involved in this historical movement by force of circumstances. If in "Dubrovsky" the nobleman becomes the head of the peasant indignation, then in "The Captain's Daughter" the leader people's war It turns out that he is a man of the people - the Cossack Pugachev. There is no alliance between the nobles and the rebel Cossacks, peasants, and foreigners; Grinev and Pugachev are social enemies. They are in different camps, but fate brings them together from time to time, and they treat each other with respect and trust. First, Grinev, preventing Pugachev from freezing in the Orenburg steppes, warmed his soul with a hare sheepskin coat, then Pugachev saved Grinev from execution and helped him in matters of the heart. So, fictional historical figures were placed by Pushkin in a real historical canvas, they became participants in a powerful popular movement and makers of history.

Pushkin made extensive use historical sources, archival documents and visited the places of the Pugachev rebellion, visiting the Volga region, Kazan, Orenburg, Uralsk. He made his narrative extremely reliable by composing documents similar to the present ones, and including in them quotations from authentic papers, for example, from Pugachev’s appeals, considering them amazing examples of popular eloquence.

Testimonies from his friends about the Pugachev uprising also played a significant role in Pushkin’s work on The Captain’s Daughter. Poet I.I. Dmitriev told Pushkin about the execution of Pugachev in Moscow, fabulist I.A. Krylov - about the war and besieged Orenburg (his father, a captain, fought on the side of government troops, and he and his mother were in Orenburg), merchant L.F. Krupenikov - about being in Pugachev captivity. Pushkin heard and wrote down legends, songs, stories from old-timers of those places where the uprising swept.

Before the historical movement captured and swirled the fictional heroes of the story into a terrible storm of cruel events, Pushkin vividly and lovingly describes the life of the Grinev family, the hapless Beaupré, the faithful and devoted Savelich, captain Mironov, his wife Vasilisa Egorovna, daughter Masha and the entire population of the dilapidated fortress. The simple, inconspicuous life of these families with their ancient patriarchal way of life is also Russian history, happening invisible to prying eyes. It is done quietly, “at home.” Therefore, it must be described in the same way. Walter Scott served as an example of such an image for Pushkin. Pushkin admired his ability to present history through everyday life, customs, and family legends.

In "KD" all of Pushkin's illusions regarding a possible peace between the nobles and peasants collapsed, the tragic situation was revealed with even greater clarity than it was before. And the more clearly and responsibly the task arose to find a positive answer resolving the tragic contradiction. To this end, Pushkin masterfully organizes the plot. A novel whose core is love story Masha Mironova and Pyotr Grinev, turned into a broad historical narrative. This principle - from private destinies to the historical destinies of the people - permeates the plot of "The Captain's Daughter", and it can easily be seen in every significant episode.

"The Captain's Daughter" has become truly historical work saturated with modern social content. The heroes and minor characters in Pushkin's work are multifaceted characters. Pushkin does not have only positive or only negative characters. Each person appears as a living person with his inherent good and bad traits, which are manifested primarily in actions. Fictional heroes associated with historical figures and included in the historical movement. It was the course of history that determined the actions of the heroes, forging their difficult fate.

Thanks to the principle of historicism (the unstoppable movement of history, directed towards infinity, containing many trends and opening new horizons), neither Pushkin nor his heroes succumb to despondency in the darkest circumstances, and do not lose faith in either personal or general happiness. Pushkin finds the ideal in reality and imagines its implementation in the course of the historical process. He dreams that in the future there will be no social divisions and social discord. This will become possible when humanism and humanity become the basis of state policy.

Pushkin's heroes appear in the novel from two sides: as people, that is, in their universal and national qualities, and as characters playing social roles, i.e. in their social and public functions.

Grinev is both an ardent young man who received a patriarchal upbringing at home, and an ordinary teenager who gradually becomes an adult and courageous warrior, and a nobleman, an officer, “the Tsar’s servant,” faithful to the laws of honor; Pugachev is also an ordinary man, not alien to natural feelings, in the spirit folk traditions protecting an orphan, and a cruel leader of a peasant revolt, hating nobles and officials.

In each character, Pushkin reveals the truly human and social. Each camp has its own social truth, and both of these truths are irreconcilable. But each camp also has its own humanity. If social truths separate people, then humanity unites them. Where the social and moral laws of any camp operate, humanity shrinks and disappears.

Pushkin, however, is not a utopian; he does not portray things as if the cases he described had become the norm. On the contrary, they did not become a reality, but their triumph, albeit in the distant future, is possible. Pushkin turns to those times, continuing the important theme of mercy and justice in his work, when humanity becomes the law of human existence. In the present tense, a sad note sounds, making an amendment to the bright story Pushkin's heroes– as soon as big events leave the historical scene, the cute characters of the novel become unnoticed, getting lost in the flow of life. They touched historical life only for a short time. However, sadness does not wash away Pushkin’s confidence in the course of history, in the victory of humanity.

Topic 27. REALISM OF A. S. PUSHKIN IN THE STORY “THE CAPTAIN’S DAUGHTER”

The story by A. S. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter” is based on real events. Its heroes are historical figures: Pugachev, Catherine II, Khlopusha, Beloborodov, so “The Captain’s Daughter” can be calleda historical work.And at the same time, this story is fictional - fictional characters live and act in it: Grinev, Captain Mironov, his daughter Masha, Shvabrin, Savelich and other persons.

Work on the story began in 1833, when Pushkin went to the Orenburg steppes to collect material about the popular uprising led by Pugachev. There he met with local residents. who were eyewitnesses to many events of the peasant war.

“I’ve been in Kazan since the fifth... Here I was busy with the old people, contemporaries of my hero; I traveled around the city, examined the sites of battles, asked questions, wrote down and was pleased that it was not in vain that I visited this side,” Pushkin writes to his nanny about his impressions .

For many years, the name of Emelyan Pugachev was taboo. And only during the time of Pushkin did historical stories and novels about the Pugachev uprising begin to appear. The colors in which the people's leader was depicted were mostly black. “Villains”, “murderer”, “rebel”, “enemy of the fatherland” - this is how writers called Pugachev in their works.

In the popular consciousness, the portrait of Pugachev is captured differently. “Red Sun”, “sovereign father”, “protector” - this is not a complete list of the epithets that the masses bestowed on their leader.

In “The Captain's Daughter” Pushkin was the first of the writers and historians to see an outstanding personality in Pugachev. Artistic imagination helped the author to recreate pictures of the distant past. We see how Pugachev acts in various life situations, what he is like surrounded by his associates, how his nature manifests itself in relation to enemies. Before the reader is a living person, whose personality evokes at the same time sympathy, anger, admiration, bewilderment, pride, and regret, Pushkin portrayed Pugachev as complex and contradictory.

The peasant war, depicted by Pushkin, drew into its whirlpool such people as Grinev, the Mironov family, Zurin, Shvabrin, Savelich, Father Gerasim, and swirled their destinies in the whirlwind of life. These fictional characters help to better understand Pugachev’s character, and against their background, in turn, the pictures of the rebellion look more truthful and life-like. Therefore, the reader is especially interested in how the relationship between Grinev and Masha, Grinev and Shvabrin, Grinev and Pugachev will end.

Pushkin sought to reveal and show the totality of phenomena associated with the uprising of the peasantry. He is bright and true

depicts the strengths and weaknesses of a spontaneous peasant uprising, the change of mood of the peasants, who rebel uncontrollably and boldly, and at the first failure return to submission.

Pushkin's realism is manifested in the depiction of the heroes, their life, in the contrast of the noble class with the people and Pugachev. Pugachev's inquisitive mind, sharpness, and lack of servility are emphasized.

The story tells about historical events, but the main thing for the author is to show how people behave in an extraordinary situation. It is no coincidence that Pushkin chooses the proverb as the epigraph for his work: “Take care of your honor from a young age.” Some of the characters in the story follow this motto throughout their lives, regardless of circumstances, while others are ready to sacrifice ideals and principles to save their own lives.

The narration is told on behalf of Petrusha Grinev. From the first chapter we learn about his life before arriving at the Belogorsk fortress. Grinev's upbringing was entrusted to the French tutor and serf Savelich. “I lived as a teenager, chasing pigeons and playing leapfrog with the yard boys,” he says about his childhood. Grinev led the life of a young rake, who did not think about the future at all, but the events that happened to him in Belogorsk fortress, forced him to rethink his way of life, find new values ​​for himself, and defend his honor and dignity in real life circumstances.

In the fortress, Grinev meets Alexei Shvabrin, at first glance, a pleasant, educated man. And only further events show that Shvabrin is the complete opposite of Grinev.

In the Belogorsk fortress, against the backdrop of a peasant uprising, the love story of Grinev and Masha develops. The romantic Grinev falls in love with the daughter of Captain Mironov and writes poetry for her in an album. The realistic and calculating Shvabrin laughs at his friend, hiding the fact that he is not indifferent to this girl. A duel occurs between the heroes, during which Grinev is wounded. But to truly understand the characters of the heroes are helped by the tragic events associated with the episodes of the uprising, when everyone faces moral choice: what is more important - honor or dishonor, loyalty or betrayal.

In front of Grinev, the execution of Captain Mironov and his wife takes place. They refuse to swear allegiance to Pugachev, considering him an impostor and a thief. Shvabrin, fearing for his own life, goes to serve the rebels. Grinev must also make his choice: swear allegiance to Pugachev and kiss his hand or go to the gallows after Captain Mironov. Grinev chooses the second, since he cannot become a traitor and break the commandment: “Take care of your honor from a young age.” And fate saves him from death. In another episode, when Pugachev invites Petrusha to his feast and again offers to serve in his army, Grinev refuses, defending his ideals and officer’s honor. And then Pugachev exclaims: “But he’s right! He’s a man of honor. And it doesn’t matter that he’s still young, but the main thing is that he doesn’t have a childish assessment of life!”

The romantic line of the work develops around the image of Masha Mironova. At the beginning of the story we see a timid girl. A homeless woman who only has “a fine comb, a broom, and an altyn of money.” The image of a “prudent and sensitive girl” is revealed gradually. She is capable of deep and sincere love, but her innate nobility does not allow her to give up her principles and agree to marry Grinev without the blessing of her parents. But when the situation in the Belogorsk fortress changes dramatically, Masha’s position also changes. She displays qualities that had hitherto lived latently in her, and finds the strength and determination to save herself and her loved one. From a timid provincial girl, Masha turns into a brave and resourceful heroine, capable of defending justice and her right to happiness.

The story is called "The Captain's Daughter." The story about the events is told from Grinev's point of view. The main place in the work of fiction is given to Pugachev. So who is the main character? Why did Pushkin call the story that way? Could "The Captain's Daughter" have had a different ending? The plot of the story raises such questions and many others for an attentive, thoughtful reader. The work was highly appreciated by the writer’s contemporaries: “Pushkin... wrote “The Captain’s Daughter” - absolutely the best. Russian work in a narrative manner... For the first time, truly Russian characters appeared: a simple commandant of the fortress, a captain’s wife, a lieutenant; the fortress itself with a single cannon, the confusion of the times and the simple greatness of ordinary people - all are not only the very truth, but even, as it were, better than it.” (N.V. Gogol)

THE CAPTAIN'S DAUGHTER(chapters from the story)

Take care of your honor from a young age.

( Proverb)

Chapter IICOUNSELOR

I looked out of the wagon: everything was darkness and whirlwind. The wind howled with such ferocious expressiveness that it seemed animated; the snow covered me and Savelich; the horses walked at a pace - and soon stopped. “Why aren’t you going?” - I asked the driver impatiently. “Why go? - he answered, getting off the bench, - God knows where we ended up: there is no road, and there is darkness all around. inn, would have some tea, rest until the morning, if the storm had subsided, we would have moved on. And where are we rushing? Welcome to the wedding!" Savelich was right. There was nothing to do. The snow was still falling. A snowdrift was rising near the wagon. The horses stood with their heads down and occasionally shuddering. The coachman walked around, having nothing to do, adjusting the harness. Savelich grumbled; I looked at everything sides, hoping to see at least a sign of life or a road, but I could not discern anything except the muddy whirling snowstorm... Suddenly I saw something black, “Hey, coachman! - I shouted, look: what’s black there?” The coachman began to peer closely. “God knows, master,” he said, sitting down in his place, “the cart is not a cart, the tree is not a tree, but it seems to be moving. It must be either a wolf or a man.”

I ordered to go towards an unfamiliar object, which immediately began to move towards us. Two minutes later we caught up with the man. "Hey, kind person! - the coachman shouted to him. “Tell me, do you know where the road is?”

-The road is here; “I’m standing on a solid strip,” answered the roadie, “but what’s the point?”

-Listen, little man,” I told him, “do you know this side? Will you undertake to take me to my lodging for the night?

-“The side is familiar to me,” answered the traveler, “thank God, it’s well-trodden and traveled far and wide.” Look what the weather is like: you’ll just lose your way. It’s better to stop here and wait, maybe the storm will subside and the sky will clear: then we’ll find our way by the stars.

His composure encouraged me. I had already decided, surrendering myself to God’s will, to spend the night in the middle of the steppe, when suddenly the roadman quickly sat down on the beam and said to the driver: “Well, thank God, there lived not far away; turn right and go.”

Why should I go to the right? - the driver asked with displeasure. Where do you see the road? Probably, the horses are strangers, the collar is not yours, don’t stop driving. The coachman seemed right to me. “Really,” I said, “why do you think that someone lived nearby?” “But because the wind blew from here,” the roadman answered, “and I heard a smell of smoke, I know the village was close.” I told the coachman to walk heavily through the deep snow. moved, then driving into a snowdrift, then collapsing into a ravine and rolling over on one side, then on the other. It was like sailing a ship on a stormy sea. Savelich groaned, constantly pushing against my sides. I lowered the mat, wrapped myself in a fur coat and dozed off. , lulled by the singing of the storm and the rolling of the quiet ride.

I had a dream that I could never forget and in which I still see something prophetic when I consider the strange circumstances of my life with it. The reader will excuse me: for he probably knows from experience how human it is to indulge in superstition, despite all possible contempt for prejudice.

I was in that state of feelings and soul when materiality, yielding to dreams, merges with them in the unclear visions of first sleep. It seemed to me that the storm was still raging and we were still wandering through the snowy desert... Suddenly I saw a gate and drove into the manor’s courtyard of our estate. My first thought was the fear that my father would be angry with me for my involuntary return to my parents’ roof and would consider me deliberate disobedience. With anxiety, I jumped out of the wagon and saw: mother met me on the porch with an appearance of deep grief. “Hush,” she says to me, “father is sick, near death, and wants to say goodbye to you.” Struck by fear, I follow her into the bedroom. I see the room is dimly lit; people with sad faces are standing by the bed. I quietly approach the bed; mother lifts the curtain and says: “Andrei Petrovich, Petrusha has arrived; he returned after learning about your illness; bless him.” I knelt down and fixed my eyes on the patient. Well?.. Instead of my father, I see a man with a black beard lying in bed, looking at me cheerfully. I turned to my mother in bewilderment, telling her: “What does this mean? This is not the priest. And why should I ask for a blessing from a man?” “It doesn’t matter, Petrusha,” my mother answered me, “this is your imprisoned father; kiss his hand, and may he bless you...” I did not agree. Then the man jumped out of bed, grabbed an ax from behind his back and began wave in all directions. I wanted to run... but I couldn’t; the room was filled with dead bodies; I stumbled over bodies and slid in bloody puddles... The scary man called me affectionately, saying: “Don’t be afraid, come under my blessing.. .”. Horror and bewilderment took possession of me... And at that moment I woke up; the horses stood; Savelich tugged at my hand, saying: “Come out, sir: we’ve arrived.”

-Where have you arrived? - I asked, rubbing my eyes.

-To the inn. The Lord helped, we ran straight into a fence. Come out, sir, quickly and warm yourself up.

I left the tent. The storm still continued, although with less force. It was so dark that you could put out your eyes. The owner met us at the gate, holding a lantern under his skirt, and led me into the upper room, cramped, but quite clean; a torch illuminated her. A rifle and a tall Cossack hat hung on the wall.

The owner, a Yaik Cossack by birth, seemed to be a man of about sixty, still fresh and vigorous. Savelich brought the cellar behind me and asked for a fire to prepare tea, which I never seemed to need so much. The owner went to do some work.

-Where is the counselor? - I asked Savelnch.

“Here, your honor,” the voice from above answered me. I looked at the floor and saw a black beard and two sparkling eyes. “What, brother, are you cold?” - “How not to vegetate in one thin armyak! I had a sheepskin coat, but to be honest? I laid the evening at the kisser’s: the frost did not seem too severe.” At that moment the owner came in with a boiling samovar; I offered our counselor a cup of tea; the man climbed down from the bed. His appearance seemed remarkable to me: he was about forty, of average height, thin and broad-shouldered. There was gray in his black beard; his lively, large eyes had a rather pleasant expression, but his hair was cut in a circle; there was a tattered army coat and Tatar trousers. I brought him a cup of tea; he tasted it and winced. “Your honor, do me the favor of ordering me to bring him a glass of wine; tea is not our Cossack drink.” I willingly fulfilled his wish. The owner took out a damask and a glass from the stall, walked up to him and, looking into his face: “Ehe,” he said, “you’re in our land again! Where did God bring it?” My counselor blinked significantly and answered with a saying: “He flew into the garden, pecked hemp; Grandmother threw a pebble - yes, past. Well, what about yours?”

Yes, ours! answered the owner, continuing the allegorical conversation. They began to ring for vespers, but the priest did not say: the priest was visiting, the devils were in the graveyard. - “Be quiet, uncle,” my tramp objected, there will be rain, there will be fungi; and there will be fungi, there will be a body. And now (here he blinked again) put the ax behind your back: the forester is walking. Your honor! For your health!” At these words, he took the glass, crossed himself and drank in one breath. Then he bowed to me and returned to the floor.

I couldn’t understand anything from this thieves’ conversation at the time; but later I realized that it was about the affairs of the Yaitsky army, which at that time had just been pacified after the riot of 1772. Savelnch listened with an air of great displeasure. He looked with suspicion first at the owner, then at the counselor. The inn, or, in the local language, the inn, was located off to the side, in the steppe, far from any settlement, and looked very much like a robber’s haven. But there was nothing to do. It was impossible to even think about continuing the journey. Savelich's anxiety amused me very much. Meanwhile, I settled down to spend the night on a bench. Savelich decided to go to the stove; the owner lay down on the floor. Soon the whole hut was snoring, and I fell asleep like the dead.

Waking up quite late in the morning, I saw that the storm had subsided. The sun was shining. The snow lay in a dazzling veil on the vast steppe. The horses were harnessed. I paid the owner, who took such a reasonable payment from us that even Savelich did not argue with him and did not bargain as usual, and yesterday’s suspicions were completely erased from his head. I called the counselor, thanked him for the help provided and told Savelich to give him half a ruble for vodka. Savelich frowned. “Half a ruble for vodka!” he said, “what is this for? Because you deigned to give him a ride to the inn? It’s your choice, sir: we don’t have an extra fifty. I could not argue with Savelich. The money, according to my promise, was at his complete disposal, but I was annoyed that I could not thank the man who rescued me, if not from trouble, then at least from a very unpleasant situation. “Okay,” I said coolly, “if you don’t want to give half a ruble, then take him something from my dress. He is dressed too lightly. Give him my rabbit sheepskin coat."

Have mercy, Father Pyotr Andreich! - said Savelich. - Why does he need your hare sheepskin coat? He will drink it, the dog, in the first tavern.

This, old lady, is not your sadness,” said my tramp, “

whether I drink or not. His nobility grants me a fur coat from his shoulder: it is his lordly will, and it is your serf’s business not to argue and obey.

-You are not afraid of God, robber! - Savelich answered him in an angry voice. You see that the child does not understand yet, but you are glad to rob him, for the sake of his simplicity. Why do you need a master's sheepskin coat? You won’t even put it on your damned shoulders.

- Please don’t be smart,” I told my uncle, “now bring it.”

sheepskin coat here.

-Lord, master! - my Savelich groaned. -The hare sheepskin coat is almost brand new! And it would be good for anyone, otherwise it’s a rabid drunkard!

However, the hare sheepskin coat appeared. The man immediately began trying it on. In fact, the sheepskin coat that I had grown out of was a little narrow for him. However, he somehow managed to put it on, tearing it apart at the seams. Savelich almost howled when he heard the threads crackle. The tramp was extremely pleased with my gift. He walked me to the tent and said with a low bow: “Thank you, your honor! God reward you for your virtue. I will never forget your mercies.” He went in his direction, and I went further, not paying attention to Savelich’s annoyance, and I soon forgot about yesterday's blizzard, about my counselor and about the hare's sheepskin coat...

1. Under what circumstances did the meeting between Grinev and the counselor take place? Find in the text a description of the counselor’s appearance. What impression did he make on Grinev? Savelich. on you - the readers of the work?

2.Read the episode with a hare sheepskin coat. How do the participants in this episode feel?

3.Tell us about the second meeting between Grinev and Pugachev. What connection can be traced between the two meetings of the heroes of the story?

4.Who is Pugachev in Grinev's eyes - a people's leader or a robber?

5.Read the dialogues between Grinev and Pugachev by role. How does speech help to understand the characters' characters?

6.How did the Beloyursk fortress prepare for a possible attack by Pugachev?

7.Compare the attitude of different people towards Pugachev: the commandant, lieutenant Ivan Ignatich. father Gerasim, Grinev, ordinary Cossacks, etc.

8.Why did Shvabrin end up in the ranks of the rebels? Can he be called a like-minded person of Pugachev?

9.Compose the story “The Capture of the Belogorsk Fortress” from the perspective of different characters in the story.

10.What is the significance of the love story of Grinev and Masha Mironova in the plot of the work?

I. The story is called "The Captain's Daughter." Who main character works by Grinev, Masha Mironova, Pugachev? Justify your answer and suggest your own version of the title of the story.

2.Write an essay on one of the topics: “Grinev and Pugachev”, “Grinev and Shvabrin”. “Grinev and Masha Mironova.” “The Pugachev rebellion through the eyes of Grinev,” “Pugachevshchina.”

3.Compare the story "The Captain's Daughter" with other works by A. S. Pushkin. What is Pushkin's realism in the story of the Pugachev uprising?