Life of the Russian nobleman Eugene Onegin. Description of the life of nobles in the novel by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin. Federal Agency for Education

A. S. Pushkin worked for more than seven years on the first realistic novel in verse, “Eugene Onegin,” which reflected “his whole life, his whole soul, all his love,” “his feelings, concepts, ideals.” This is a work that reflects one of the turning points V Russian history, raises a number of problems: philosophical, social, moral. The novel amazes with its volume and depth of thought, and therefore literary critics they could not pass by him without saying a few words to him. One of the prominent critics of the last century, Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky, analyzing Pushkin's work, calls it “an encyclopedia of Russian life.”

In his poetic novel - in its narrative part itself and in numerous lyrical digressions, which Pushkin called “chatter” - the poet depicts Russian life with an unprecedentedly wide, truly encyclopedic scope, but at the same time he does it laconically, in an extremely compressed form, truly approaching the brevity of encyclopedic articles and notes. In “Eugene Onegin” the author shows us cold and selfish St. Petersburg, patriarchal Moscow, a village preserving traditions and customs, creates realistic portraits of the nobles of that time, the class to which he himself belonged and whose life he knew well. This is the “encyclopedic nature” of the novel. Pushkin spoke in an extremely concise form about the life, morals, and customs of Russia in the first quarter of the 19th century.

Of course, the main place in the novel is occupied by the description of the life of the main character - the young metropolitan “rake” Eugene Onegin, using the example of whose life the author shows the life and customs secular society. We learn about the typical upbringing of noble children at that time:

At first Madame followed him,

Then Monsieur replaced him.

The child was harsh, but sweet.

Monsieur l "Abbe, poor Frenchman,

So that the child does not get tired,

I taught him everything jokingly,

I didn’t bother you with strict morals...

Education was superficial, “something and somehow,” and the required set of knowledge included only French, the ability to dance the mazurka, “bow at ease” and “the science of tender passion.” We also see the reading circle of young people of that time: sentimental novels and Latin “went out of fashion,” and young people became interested in Adam Smith, the “singer of Giaour and Juan” Byron and other romantic authors, as well as novels that “reflected the century and modern man depicted quite accurately.” The first chapter shows the daily routine in detail. young rake: aimlessly wasting your life on the boulevards, in restaurants and theaters, at careless feasts. We see both the clothes of the main character (“putting on a wide bolivar”), and his office, which contains “everything that scrupulous London trades for abundant whims and carries to us along the Baltic waves for timber and lard,” and the menus in restaurants are described in detail:

Before him roast-beef is bloody,

And truffles, luxury youth,

French cuisine is the best color,

And Strasbourg's pie is imperishable

Between live Limburg cheese

And golden pineapple

The theater of that time is especially fully represented - its repertoire, artists, famous playwrights:

Magic land! There in the old days,

Satire is a brave ruler,

Fonvizin, friend of freedom, shone,

And the overbearing Prince;

There Ozerov involuntary tributes

People's tears, applause

Shared with young Semyonova...

Life is described in no less detail landed nobility. Pushkin lived quite a long time on his Mikhailovskoye estate and knew well the life of provincial landowners. He could judge the life of the peasants from the stories of his nanny Arina Rodionovna, whose image he partly created in the person of his nanny Tatyana Larina. The author shows the activities of the district landowners: their meetings, feasts, holidays, work, pickling mushrooms, conversations “about haymaking, about wine, about the kennel and their relatives”; reading circle: sentimental novels and Martyn Zadeki’s dream book. About life provincial nobility We can judge from the example of the Larin family, the activities of the old woman Larina:

She went to work

Solila on winter mushrooms,

She kept expenses, shaved her foreheads,

At their Shrovetide

There were Russian pancakes;

Twice a year they fasted;

Loved the round swing

Subject to songs, round dance...

Tatyana, Pushkin’s favorite heroine, embodies the ideal of a Russian woman; she was close to the people and absorbed their spirit:

Tatyana believed the legends

Of common folk antiquity,

And dreams, and card fortune telling,

And the predictions of the moon.

The seventh chapter shows patriarchal Moscow. Her description is very... looks like Griboyedov's, which is no coincidence. The author once again wanted to emphasize its patriarchy, loyalty to tradition, and conservatism:

But no change is visible in them;

Everything about them is the same as the old model;

At Aunt Princess Elena's

Still the same tulle cap;

Everything is whitewashed Lukerya Lvovna,

Lyubov Petrovna lies all the same,

Ivan Petrovich is just as stupid

Semyon Petrovich is also stingy...

But, unlike Griboedov, Pushkin still loves Moscow precisely for its sincerity, warmth and commitment to national traditions. He admires its rich history, its rich military exploits:

Napoleon waited in vain

Intoxicated with the last happiness,

Moscow kneeling

With the keys of the old Kremlin:

No, my Moscow did not go

To him with a guilty head.

Not a holiday, not a receiving gift,

She was preparing a fire

To the impatient hero.

In addition to sketches of the life of Russia, given directly in the narrative part of the novel, we learn a lot from the author’s lyrical digressions. Constantly interrupting the narrative of the novel with his remarks, the author tells us his opinion about certain events, characterizes his characters, and talks about himself. So, we learn about the author’s friends, about literary life, about plans for the future, we get acquainted with his thoughts about the meaning of life, about friends, about love and much more, which gives us the opportunity to get an idea not only about the heroes of the novel, about the life of Russian society of that time, but also about the personality of the author himself. This once again confirms Belinsky’s words that Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” is an “encyclopedia of Russian life” of the first quarter of the 19th century.

Correct the morals of an outdated nation

as hard as making it white

ebony.

Pythagoras

Speaking about the novel by A.S. Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin” as an “encyclopedia of Russian life”, it is necessary to mention the era in which Pushkin lived and worked and in which the events of the novel developed.

The Patriotic War of 1812 showed that the Russian people are a great force, the foundation of which was, first of all, patriotism and sincere love for the Motherland. At the end of the war, the victorious people, the heroic people, were returned to their original state. The soldiers who won victory at the front, returning home, again turned into forced peasants, all their exploits were forgotten.

In connection with these events in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the nobility was divided into two unequal groups. The large population is predominantly the older generation, conservative in their views, accustomed to their life and not wanting to change anything.

The other is young progressive nobles who have seen the world and know how to compare Europe free from serfdom and slave Russia, subject to prejudices. The famous Decembrists would later emerge from this class; the poet himself belonged to it.

But our task is to describe the nobility as it was, with its shining splendor, balls and evenings, ladies in chic outfits and socialites. For external beauty was hiding a thoroughly rotten society, in which “a thought would not flare up for a whole day” and “faces encountered everywhere, // Impenetrable fools.” Few people here received a serious education and upbringing.

We all learned a little bit

Something and somehow.

So, education, thank God,

It's no wonder for us to shine.

In fact, the share of education in society does not require more, and in order to show off your education, you just need to know French and be able to “bow naturally” and dance, as well as “with a learned air of an expert // Remain silent in an important dispute.”

There is no friendship or love among the capital's nobles; they are completely self-absorbed. Nobles by their nature are cosmopolitans, people without a homeland, they are fond of everything foreign, they speak “a mixture of French with Nizhny Novgorod,” without fully knowing native language, for them there is no concept of Motherland and patriotism.

This is the highest light. It is not difficult to understand why Onegin so quickly became bored with this society, why he turned away from all its charms, having understood its essence.

But the local nobility did not make the hero happy either. If the spolitan nobility with its vices was the cream of the entire Russian society, then it was impossible to say even a couple of kind words about the provincial landowners who lived in isolation from the whole world.

The life of these people was so boring, monotonous and meaningless that Onegin did not even want to see them. A typical example of a provincial landowner is Uncle Onegin, who spent forty years squashing flies and quarreling with the housekeeper. Forty years of this man’s “vegetative” lifestyle was supported by the labor of serfs.

Another landowner is Dmitry Larin, whose life is “rolling along calmly.” The entire management of the estate was taken over by his lively wife, and Larin can only wait every day for the evening, when friends gather with them in order to “bother, and slander, // And laugh about something.”

Pushkin characterizes provincial landowners very well, giving them apt surnames: Petushkov, Buyanov, Skotinin, Pustyakov. They say so much about these people that further characterization is not required.

Correcting the morals of an outdated nation is as difficult as making ebony white.
Pythagoras

Speaking about the novel by A.S. Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin” as an “encyclopedia of Russian life”, it is necessary to mention the era in which Pushkin lived and worked and in which the events of the novel developed.
The Patriotic War of 1812 showed that the Russian people are a great force, the foundation of which was, first of all, patriotism and sincere love for the Motherland. At the end of the war, the victorious people, the heroic people were returned to their original state. The soldiers who won victory at the front, returning home, again turned into forced peasants, all their exploits were forgotten.
In connection with these events in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the nobility was divided into two unequal groups. The majority are predominantly the older generation, conservative in their views, accustomed to their life and not wanting to change anything.
The other is young progressive nobles who have seen the world and know how to compare Europe free from serfdom and slave Russia, subject to prejudices. The famous Decembrists would later emerge from this class; the poet himself belonged to it.
But our task is to describe the nobility as it was, with its shining splendor, balls and evenings, ladies in chic outfits and socialites. Behind the external beauty hid a thoroughly rotten society, in which “no thoughts will flare up for the whole day” and “faces encountered everywhere, // Impenetrable fools.” Few people here received a serious education and upbringing.

We all learned a little bit
Something and somehow.

So, education, thank God,

It's no wonder for us to shine.

The novel "Eugene Onegin" was created by Pushkin over a period of 8 years (from 1823 to 1831). If the first chapters of the novel were written by a young poet, almost a youth, then the final chapters were written by a person with considerable life experience. This “growing up” of the poet is reflected in...

One of the main characters of the novel in the verses of A.S. Pushkin is Onegin. It is no coincidence that the work is named after him. The image of Onegin is complex and contradictory, containing positive signs of progressiveness and sharply negative traits pronounced individualism...

The uncertainty of everyone who wrote about “Eugene Onegin” is striking.” Critics and literary scholars seem to recognize in advance the depravity of the plan and the insignificance of the chances of success. Even the brave and independent Belinsky made a reservation from the very first line: “We admit:...

First of all, Lensky lacks his own, hard-won personal experience. Almost everything from his borrowed scholarship to his poetry is literally all drawn from books, from romantic German poetry and philosophy of the first two decades of the 19th century. He doesn't...

The novel "Eugene Onegin" is the greatest creation of A.S. Pushkin. It is a poetic account of events, where the poet’s description of contemporary life in Russian society organically merges with the author’s lyrical diary, with his reflections on time and himself. Pushkin depicts Russian life itself, the picture of the morals of the secular and local nobility with an unprecedentedly wide, truly encyclopedic scope, and at the same time does it with his characteristic laconicism, in an extremely concise form. Roman A.S. Pushkin - the first in Russian literature realistic work, and that's all typical images, presented in it, contain a broad artistic generalization. "Eugene Onegin" is deeply historical both in its method of depicting reality and in its content. Belinsky saw in the work “a picture of the morals of Russian society, at one of the most interesting moments of its development.” Despite the fact that "Eugene Onegin" is a historical poem, among its heroes there is not a single historical person, Pushkin describes the life of the St. Petersburg nobility, the St. Petersburg high society, the life of provincial landowners and introduces numerous historical realities associated with the socio-political and cultural events of Russian life in the 20s XIX century. Depicting only a few representatives of one circle or another, giving generalized images, A.S. Pushkin was able to fully depict entire layers of society, differing in their moral, cultural appearance, and way of life. Each hero of the novel is a shining example typical representative a certain circle of people, a certain social stratum. At the same time, each hero was formed under the influence of the picture of morals that reigned around him, as well as under the influence of the environment in which he lived. It was they who left their imprint on the views and worldview of all the heroes of Eugene Onegin, making them exactly the way we see them on the pages of the novel. Thus, Eugene Onegin is a typical young secular man, a representative of freedom-loving and at the same time dissatisfied, bored noble youth. Before us appears a "young rake", an egoist and a skeptic with a sharp and with an evil tongue. The environment to which Eugene belonged and the mores of that society shaped his beliefs, morals and interests. The author makes fun of his scholarship, the depth of his economic knowledge; he does not know how to pay attention to the feelings of others, easily offending and not noticing it. Secular society shaped and made Onegin like this. Thus, in his relationship with Lensky, he openly demonstrates his attachment to the foundations and morals of secular society. Despising them, he could not break these laws. A striking example of this is the hero’s behavior at Tatyana’s name day and the duel with Lensky. Each hero of the novel is a product and victim of the society in which he grew up, received his education, upbringing, where his basic life principles. Describing the secular St. Petersburg society, Pushkin characterizes it quite evilly, saying that in this environment one can “harden, harden and finally petrify.” The author’s attitude towards this circle of people is clear from the very first pages of the novel: Here, however, was the color of the capital, And the nobility, and fashion models, Everywhere you meet faces, Necessary fools... ...And you won’t even find funny stupidity in you, light empty! Pushkin ironically describes the example of a “wonderful man” from the point of view of the world: Blessed is he who was young from his youth, Blessed is he who matured in time... Who at twenty was a dandy or smart, And at thirty married advantageously; Who, at fifty, freed himself from private and other debts, Who has been talked about for a whole century: K.K. wonderful person. The local nobility, with its morals and customs, is most fully represented in the novel at the ball in honor of Tatyana’s name day: Fat Pustyakov arrived with his portly wife; Gvozdin, an excellent owner, Owner of poor peasants; The Skotinins, a gray-haired couple... And the retired councilor Flyanov, a heavy gossip, an old plow, a glutton, a bribe-taker and a buffoon. Here the author uses telling surnames, endowing the landowners with mainly negative traits: they are ruthless serf-owners, people of low culture, with base interests (all their conversations are “about haymaking, about wine, about the kennel, about their relatives”). It is not surprising that Tatyana could not find her place in this circle and was indifferent to their interests. Against the background of the others, Pushkin singles out the Larin family: They kept in their peaceful life the Habits of dear old times... On Trinity Day, when the people, Yawning, listen to the prayer service, Touchingly at the dawn, They shed three tears... The Larin family is that environment in in which Tatyana grew up, she embraced all the kindness, simplicity, patriarchy and sickle morals and way of life. The author also gives far from flattering characteristics to Moscow society. He portrays him sharply, sharply satirically: But no change is visible in them, Everything in them is according to the old model... Lyubov Petrovna still lies the same... Ivan Petrovich is just as stupid, Semyon Petrovich is just as stingy. Pushkin emphasizes the typical characteristics of the deduced persons with a variety of examples that fit under one general definition- Griboyedovskaya Moscow. Thus, in the novel "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin drew us Russian society in “one of the most interesting moments of development”, recreating a truly realistic picture of the morals and customs of Russia in the first quarter of the 19th century.

2. The theme of man and nature in Fet’s poem “Dawn bids farewell to the earth...”

The poem “Dawn bids farewell to the earth...” at first glance is quite simple, dim, calm. But this is exactly what you immediately think about: what is its simplicity? Why, despite everyday life, do you return to it again? How does unpretentiousness turn into attractiveness?
The author allows us to see a “piece of the evening” through the eyes of the narrator:
Dawn says goodbye to the earth,
Steam lies at the bottom of the valleys,
I look at the forest covered in darkness,
And to the lights of its peaks.
And we see a bright scarlet reflection of the setting sun in the high clear sky, we turn our gaze down - there the darkness of the earth is hidden by a light soft veil of foggy steam haze. Contrast of light and darkness, color and space, brightness and mutedness: “the dawn says goodbye to the earth.”
Forest... The forest, of course, is deciduous: there are lindens, maples, rowan trees, birches, aspens - all those trees whose foliage becomes bright in the fall. That’s why the “lights of its peaks” are striking: yellow, scarlet, brown-crimson, glowing and glowing in the rays of the sunset.
This means it is an autumn, September evening. It’s still warm, but the coolness is somewhere very close, you want to shudder your shoulders chillily. The forest has already plunged into darkness, no birds can be heard, mysterious rustles and smells make you wary, and...
How imperceptibly they go out
The rays go out in the end!
With what bliss they bathe in them
The trees are their lush crown!
The trees here are living, thinking, feeling creatures; they say goodbye to the light of day, to the warmth of summer, to the softness and heaviness of the foliage. It is very pleasant: to be young, slender and strong, to caress each of your leaves with the elastic waves of the wind, and “with such bliss,” with pleasure, with pleasure, to bathe “your magnificent crown” in the rays of the evening dawn! But the trees know that soon, soon this will end, and we must have time to enjoy life: the splendor of the crown, the singing of forest birds, sunrises, sunsets, sun and rain...
And more and more mysterious, more immeasurable
Their shadow grows, grows like a dream:
How subtle at the dawn of evening
Their light essay is exalted!
The observer’s gaze slid up and down: “sky-earth”, and now there is also a feeling of depth and space, “the shadow grows”, and the picture becomes three-dimensional, whole, alive. And how beautiful, charming and unique are the gentle, light,
lacy outlines of clumps of trees on the light fawn-blue screen of the sky. The rays went out, the forest darkened, the color picture disappeared and now the photograph has turned into a daguerreotype. And on the ground the pattern is repeated with elongated cartoon lines,
distorted, but recognizable and beautiful in its own way.
Subtle fluctuations and moods human soul This simple, familiar picture captures and conveys the same simple and familiar words.
As if sensing a double life
And she is doubly fanned, -
And they feel their native land,
And they ask for the sky.
Trees are amazing creatures. They are immovably attached by their roots to one place where they drink the juices of mother earth. But they can move branches, leaves, their whole body in the ocean of air where they live. Extraordinarily interesting
watching the movement of tall trees in the forest when you look at them from below for a long time. There is an absolute feeling that they are communicating with each other, understanding each other; they sway, rustle, listen, answer, nod in agreement
or negatively, indignantly waving the branches like hands. Maybe they see us? can they think? feel? love?
They, like us, are born, live, grow, eat, breathe, reproduce, get sick, die, they have enemies and friends.
But how often do we think about this?
A.A. Fet undoubtedly loved nature, knew a lot about flora and fauna, knew how to notice and enjoy the celebration of life, although “nothing human was alien to him.” He dreamed of restoring his noble title, of achieving material
prosperity, so he did not marry his beloved and loving dowry. Contemporaries characterized him as a practical person, which did not prevent him from capturing the “thrill of life” and generously sharing it with his reader.
It is surprising that in the poem “Dawn bids farewell to the earth...” not a word was said about the time of year, nor about sounds, colors, smells, nor about weather or temperature, but you see, hear, feel all this as if you were personally there.
the narrator's place. The author’s language is so simple, understandable and close to everyday speech that it seems: “Yes, I could easily tell it like that myself.” Yes, it’s simple, like everything ingenious.

The outstanding nineteenth-century critic Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky called the novel in verse by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” “an encyclopedia of Russian life.” In this work, the author, to one degree or another, reflected all social strata of Russian society. But he most fully described the life and customs of the nobility, the ruling class of that time - the class to which the poet himself belonged.

In the novel we find an image of three categories, three social sections noble society: this is, firstly, the St. Petersburg high society; secondly, small-scale rural environment; and thirdly - the Moscow patriarchal nobility. These three groups have both similarities and differences between them.

To see the differences, you need to remember how each of the three groups is depicted in Eugene Onegin.

At the beginning of the novel, we, together with the title character, find ourselves in St. Petersburg - the capital Russian Empire. St. Petersburg in the first quarter of the nineteenth century was the center of politics and culture. Onegin's lifestyle is typical of young people of that time. His life passes in constant idleness, endless entertainment:

Sometimes he was still in bed:

They bring notes to him.

What? Invitations? In fact,

Three houses for the evening call:

There will be a ball, there will be a children's party.

Where will my prankster ride?

Who will he start with? Doesn't matter:

It’s no wonder to keep up everywhere.

Life in St. Petersburg is built according to the European model, which is evident both in fashion and in the abundance of “foreign words.” But despite all the apparent fullness and fast pace of life, it, as the poet notes, is “monotonous and motley.” It is not surprising, therefore, that to the main characters of the novel, standing above their environment, such a life seems worthless. Onegin quickly becomes disillusioned with her, and Tatyana, having become a prominent representative of high society after her marriage, gives him the following characteristics: “a hateful life is tinsel” and “the rags of a masquerade.”

Small-scale nobles lead a completely different way of life, shown in detail in the example of the Larin family. Their life is closer to the folk one. The Larins retained “the habits of the dear old times.” But at the same time, the “sweet old lady” Larina turns out to be an inveterate serf-owner: she “beat the maids in anger,” like Mrs. Prostakova in Fonvizin’s “The Minor,” and “shaved the foreheads” of the men, that is, sent them to serve in the army. And her landowner greed was manifested in the fact that peasant girls, picking berries for their owners, had to sing all the time: “so that evil lips do not secretly eat the master’s berries.”

Among the local nobility there is virtually no spiritual life. Tatyana’s father Dmitry Larin considered books “an empty toy,” and Onegin’s late uncle, as a “village old-timer,” was mainly occupied with “cursing with the housekeeper, looking out the window and squashing flies.”

Standing out from this environment are Onegin himself and his friend Lensky, a romantic young man educated in Germany. The boiling of young thoughts is noticeable in their communication:

Everything gave rise to disputes between them and led them to think:

Tribes of past treaties,

The fruits of science, good and evil,

And age-old prejudices,

And the grave secrets are fatal.

However, when depicting Lensky’s possible future if he had not been killed in a duel, Pushkin is very ironic. He suggests that the young romantic, under the influence of everyday rural life, could eventually repeat the typical fate of a landed nobleman:

I would really know life

I had gout at the age of forty,

He drank, he ate, he got bored, he grew fat, he grew weaker, and finally, in his bed, he would die among the children,

Whining women and doctors.

There are no fundamental differences from the rural landowner in the life of the Moscow nobility. When Tatyana is brought to Moscow “for the bride fair,” Pushkin gives us a detailed picture of Moscow society. In contrast to the West-oriented St. Petersburg high society, Moscow residents lead a patriarchal lifestyle, which is very similar to that described in Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit.” Here “everything is the same as before.” The rigidity and inactivity of Moscow life is emphasized by the abundance of nouns in this part of the novel. While the dynamism of St. Petersburg is created by the use of predominantly verbs.

In describing the Moscow noble society, Pushkin generously uses satirical colors. Conversations in Moscow living rooms are “incoherent vulgar nonsense”, where “no thoughts will flash for the whole day.” In general, the depiction of the life and morals of the nobility in Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” shows the historical doom of this class, unable to lead Russia along the path of progress.