What is the difference between a map and a site plan? Terrain plan and its difference from a geographical map

1. What are the differences? geographical map from the plan?

The geographical map shows large areas. On the plan, objects and their outlines are shown accurately, but on the map they are shown in a general way. Small-scale geographic maps. The maps have a degree grid. When constructing plans, the curvature of the spherical surface is not taken into account.

2. Show the importance of geographical maps.

Maps are used to measure distances, heights, and depths. They give ideas about geographical location, climate, population, soils, flora and fauna. Maps are used for terrain orientation, in construction, and in meteorology for forecasting.

3. Remember and give examples in which cases did you or your parents have to use local plans or geographic maps?

Area plans were used in tourism competitions. My father uses road maps of the country when traveling.

4. What are the features of contour maps and what are they used for?

Contour maps have a grid and boundaries of geographic objects, but no names. Such maps are used for educational purposes for better memorization or for drawing up new maps.

5. How do contour maps differ from regular maps?

There are no names of geographical features on contour maps.

6. How to find the desired object on a contour map?

It must be found on atlas maps or a wall map and the approximate coordinates must be determined.

7. How are objects designated and labeled on a contour map?

Objects are designated by generally accepted symbols. The names of objects that occupy large areas are signed inside the image, rivers along the current, cities, peaks - from their location along the parallel.

Practical tasks:

Rewrite and fill out the table “Differences between local plans and geographic maps”

Competition of experts: Who was the first to introduce the name “atlas” for a collection of geographical maps? Why was this name given?

Atlas is a systematic collection of various geographical maps. The name “atlas” is associated with the image in the first collections of maps of Atlas, a giant who, according to ancient Greek ideas, held the globe on his shoulders. According to other sources, the name “atlas” was introduced by the Flemish cartographer G. Mercator in 1595 in honor of Atlas, the mythical king of Libya, who allegedly first created, as legend says, the celestial globe.

In geography lessons I was often able to use maps. In history we also often had to deal with them. The only difference was that in the first case I used modern maps, and in the second - a certain historical period.

What is a site plan and why is it needed?

Perhaps the most obvious difference between a site plan and a geographic map is that it covers a smaller area. It is used when it is necessary to build a building or lay out a route. Such a plan contains the maximum useful information about the area. Sometimes every tree counts.

The site plan acts as a drawing of the surface of the land. All irregularities are indicated on it with special horizontal lines. Such horizontal lines are represented by lines. There are also elevation marks on the plan. A steep slope is indicated by horizontal lines that are close to each other. If a flatter slope is depicted, then the lines are further apart.

Other geographical objects are indicated by conventional symbols. South and North will be indicated in large letters with an arrow between them. The site plan also shows architectural objects, lakes or rivers, streets and squares, and much more.

How can you distinguish a site plan from a geographical map?

It’s worth starting with the fact that both a local plan and a geographical map are a reduced image of the Earth’s surface. They show geographical objects that have their own symbols.

Such images have their differences.

1. Plans are designed to show small areas, while maps are designed to show larger areas. They also have different scales. For example, if on a plan 1 cm is equal to 5 km, then on a map 1 cm is equal to 100 km.
2. When a site plan is designed, the Earth is a flat object, not a spherical one.
3. On geographic maps, medians and parallels are mandatory. This cannot be found on the plans.
4. The plans show in detail the area where the actual sizes objects.

The article talks about how a plan differs from a map, what their purpose is, what types they are and where they are used.

Ancient times

In ancient times, even before the widespread exploration and discovery of continents, people began to draw up the first maps. Including sea ones. But due to the imperfection (or absence) of measuring instruments, their first samples, to put it mildly, were not very accurate and varied greatly depending on the regions and authors. Often, due to the impossibility of creating more accurate landmarks and other things, compilers compensated for this with artistic design.

But in the Middle Ages this became a little better, especially since with the advent of the great geographical discoveries, cartography began to develop more and more. But how is a plan different from a map? And what is their purpose? We'll figure this out.

Map

According to the official definition, a map is a depiction of the Earth's surface with the placement of objects, a clear definition of distance and scale. And cards vary greatly depending on their purpose and type. The whole hemisphere, as well as individual regions of the continents, can be transferred to paper.

There are three main types of them: general geographical, thematic and socio-economic.

Geographical ones are distinguished by the clear content of the Earth's relief, altitude above sea level, river beds, seas, lakes, and so on.

Thematic ones are devoted to individual phenomena, regions, cities or natural areas. For example, a separate forest, nature reserve, area in the mountains, tourist route or city.

Socio-economic indicators show not only the area of ​​a particular continent, but also reflect its condition. For example, by the number and type of cultivated plants, mining, or natural zone - steppe, forest, desert, etc. Also, similar maps include political ones, which show in detail the outlines of state borders, and demographic ones, which reflect the number of population or its growth and decline.

We figured this out, but how is a plan different from a map?

Plan

A plan is not a map in the usual sense; it differs from it primarily in its large scale and the absence of geographical coordinates, for example, such as meridians. Simply put, a plan shows a small area of ​​land with symbols the last one. It can be either official, observing the proportions of objects and distances, or homemade, not distinguished by factual accuracy, but correctly conveying the meaning.

A plan and a map are similar in purpose, both are needed but serve different purposes. For example, the first one can be a cadastral one, showing all buildings and boundaries of property plots, or an evacuation one, according to which people leave the premises in the event of a fire or other incident.

Also, the plan is usually drawn up in conditions where it is not possible to resort to a map or its scale is not enough. So now we know how a plan differs from a map.

Modern technologies

With the development of the aerospace industry, mapping has become much easier. The thing is that satellites in orbit cope with this task perfectly; with the help of their optics you can see even the smallest objects, and, if necessary, a specific person.

For a long time satellite maps were at the disposal of only military forces, but relatively recently with the advent of the Internet in our lives, everyone received access to them. They are updated much more often than the usual paper ones, and they are convenient to use. In addition to the surface of the Earth itself, they contain various relevant information - names of cities, house numbers and streets, data on the work of various organizations, etc.

It is also worth mentioning maps of sea currents, which serve as a guide for sailors.

To summarize: a map is a geographical image of the Earth with precise symbols and scale. A plan is a large picture of a site or building, the landmarks of which can be both real and very approximate.

This is the difference between a plan and a map.

Remember the definitions of plan and map. On what scale is the plan drawn?

1. Similarities and differences between a plan and a geographical map. First, let’s find out the similarity between a local plan and a geographic map. It is known that both a plan and a map are a reduced schematic representation of the Earth’s surface on paper (plane).

On them, objects of the earth's surface are reduced in scale. Instead of their specific forms, conventional signs are used. Along with such general similarities, there are noticeable differences between a plan and a geographical map. The main ones are the following:

1) scale difference. The plan is drawn on a large scale: 1 cm-5 m, 1 cm-10 m, etc. Due to the large scale, objects on the earth's surface are shown in great detail on the plan. On it you can distinguish individual blocks of the settlement, houses, schools, mosques, palaces of culture, etc. You can draw a plan school yard and even, if you want, a plan of your room.
A geographical map covers large territories - a region, a state, a continent, even the entire globe. Therefore, it is drawn on a small scale. On it, the Earth's surface is reduced by several million times. In terms of completeness and accuracy of the image, only topographic maps are close to plans;
2) regardless of the size of the territory covered Meridians and parallels must be shown on the map(remember how they look in various maps). Meridians show the direction north-south, parallels - west-east. There are no such lines on the plan. The upper part of the plan corresponds to the north, the lower to the south, the left to the west, and the right to the east;
3) the plan covers small areas of land. Therefore, it does not take into account convexity globe and the earth is believed to be flat. Measurement work can be carried out on any part of the plan. The map covers large areas or even the entire globe, therefore, the spherical shape of the Earth is taken into account here. And depending on the size of the depicted territory, the degree of distortion of the map increases (remember the distortions on the world map and the map of the hemispheres);
4) difference in symbols. If on a plan it is possible to determine the exact dimensions of many objects using conventional signs (the length of a road and river, the area of ​​a lake or garden, etc.), then this is impossible on a map. For example, on a plan it is easy to determine the shape of a settlement, the direction of streets, etc. The map only marks their location.

2. The importance of a geographical map in human life. IN everyday life geographical map has great value. From the map you can determine the features of any area. It clearly shows the relative positions and properties of objects and phenomena on the earth's surface.
A geographical map helps in the exploration and development of a certain territory. Using maps, they search for minerals, record land suitable for agriculture, and design the construction of hydroelectric power stations, plants, factories, and roads. Without maps, sea and air transport would not be able to operate.
The map is also necessary for the defense of the country. It is used to control the army, plan attacks and defenses.
Every person listens to the weather forecast on radio and television every day. To find out the weather condition and its upcoming changes, forecast maps are drawn up in advance.
Various scientific studies are carried out using geographic maps. Research of the Earth's surface, soil, vegetation, population, industry, agriculture etc. start with maps and end with them. Certain information about the areas being studied is first obtained from maps. In turn, the research results are entered onto the map.
In 1999, by decision of UNESCO (the department of education, science and culture at the United Nations), the 100th anniversary of the birth of the great Kazakh scientist was celebrated all over the world Kanysha Satpayeva. An outstanding scientist of Kazakhstan discovered mineral deposits and made an incomparable contribution to their use in the economy. Under his leadership, a special map was created - a forecast map of the location of ore deposits, taking into account the structure of the earth's crust. Using this map, without expensive drilling operations, you can correctly determine the location of deposits of ores of various metals. This makes it possible to save large amounts of money and determine the exact location of these ores.
Along with the above, the map is an invaluable tool for studying the subject of geography at school. She is your second textbook. Having just mastered various types maps, you can gain in-depth knowledge of geography.

1. Why is the surface of the Earth depicted on the plan without distortion?

2. How does the degree of distortion on geographic maps change depending on the area covered?

3. What is the similarity between a plan and a geographical map? What are the differences?

4. Give examples of using the map in everyday life.

5*. Let's say the place on the map where the scale is indicated is torn. How can you determine the scale of the map in such cases?

Questions and tasks to summarize the section "Plan and Map"

1. What is terrain orientation called? What methods of orientation do you know?

2. Determine the direction of movement of a person if his shadow at noon is located directly in front of him.

3. What is azimuth movement?

4. Tell us how the compass direction is determined? Using a compass, determine the direction to 2-3 points in the area.

5. How to measure the distance between two points on a plan?

6. How does a plan differ from a drawing?

7. What are the similarities and differences between absolute and relative heights? How to determine them horizontally?

8. Using a simple level, measure the height of the hill on the outskirts of the village. Draw the results obtained as horizontal lines.

9. Practice taking a map of the area in various ways.

10. Organize a competition to determine the coordinates of points on the globe. To do this, two students are given globes with the same scale. One calls the latitude and longitude of the point, the other uses his globe to find it and name its location. After a while they change roles. Such a competition can also be held to determine the distance on the globe.

11. Using the map of Kazakhstan, determine the extent of our state in degrees and kilometers at 50° north latitude. from west to east and 70° east. from north to south. The arc length of the 1° meridian is 111 km. Take the arc length of 1° parallel from Appendix 1.

12. How are cards classified by content? Give specific examples. 13. Which groups do the following maps belong to in terms of scale: 1:10,000, 1:500,000, 1:10,000,000? 14. How relief is depicted in small-scale general geographical maps, surface water and populated areas? 15. Explain the similarities and differences between a plan and a map.

To carry out many household works: building houses and roads, planning tourist routes, a very detailed image of a given area is needed, on which each house would be depicted, and sometimes even separately standing tree. Such an image is called a site plan. This is a drawing of a small area of ​​the earth's surface, made on a large scale.

Irregularities in the Earth's surface are shown on plans using special lines - - and elevation marks. Contour lines are lines on a plan or map connecting points on the earth's surface with the same height above sea level or above the level taken as the reference point. Determine how many meters the horizontal lines are drawn on the plan shown on the flyleaf of the textbook.

Please note: if the slope is steep, the horizontal lines on the plan will be located close to each other, but if it is gentle, they will be far away. Small lines drawn perpendicular to the horizontal lines - berg strokes - show in which direction the slope decreases.

Geographical objects are not depicted with special symbols. The direction from south to north on a site plan is usually indicated by an arrow.

City plans convey information about the location of streets and squares, water bodies (lakes, rivers), as well as architectural and historical monuments.

Knowing how to use a site plan is very important. So, for example, if you are in an unfamiliar city, but having a plan, you can find the right street, store, pharmacy, museum. Builders, using the site plan, decide where it is best to lay new road, build settlements in newly developed areas.

Distinctive features of a site plan from a geographical map

A local plan and a geographical map are a reduced image of the earth's surface on a plane, where geographical objects are depicted with conventional symbols. But the area plan and geographical map have the following distinctive features.

1. The plans depict small areas - an orchard, a school plot, a city area, etc. Therefore, they are drawn on the largest scales, for example, “1 cm - 5 m” or “1 cm - 25 m”. And the maps show much larger territories, for example, a region, a region, a republic, a state, a continent, and even the world as a whole. And they are drawn on smaller scales, for example, “1 cm - 1 km” or “1 cm - 100 km”.
2. When constructing plans, the spherical shape is not taken into account, and it is assumed that the surface areas depicted on the plans are flat. When constructing maps, on the contrary, the shape of the planet is always taken into account.
3. Meridians and parallels must be drawn on maps, but not on plans. On plans, the direction to the north is usually considered to be up, to the south - down, to the east - to the right, to the west - to the left. On the map, the direction north - south is determined by meridians, west - east - by parallels.
4. Plans are detailed images of the area. Various objects according to their outlines and sizes are shown on the plans the same as they actually are, but only reduced in scale. On maps, most objects are depicted without maintaining their outlines and sizes to scale.