What is the literal and figurative meaning of the word? The figurative meaning of the word. Transfer paths

The same words can be used differently in speech, getting different meanings. Stand out straight And portable meanings of words. Direct(or basic, main) meaning of a word is a meaning that directly correlates with the phenomena of objective reality.

Yes, words table, black, boil have the following meanings: 1. A piece of furniture in the form of a horizontal board on high supports, legs; 2. Color of soot, coal; 3. Seethe, bubble, evaporate from strong heat (about liquids). These values are stable, although historically they may change. For example, the word table in the Old Russian language it meant “throne”, “reign”.

The direct meanings of words depend less than others on the context, on the nature of connections with other words.

Portable(indirect) meanings of words - those meanings that arise as a result of the conscious transfer of a name from one phenomenon of reality to another on the basis of similarity, commonality of their characteristics, functions, etc.

Yes, word table used in several figurative meanings: 1. A piece of special equipment or part of a cold-formed machine ( operating table, raise the machine table); 2. Nutrition, food ( rent a room with a table); 3. A department in an institution in charge of a special range of affairs ( information desk).

Word black has the following figurative meanings: 1. Dark, as opposed to something lighter, called white ( black bread); 2. Has taken on a dark color, darkened ( black from tan); 3. In the old days: chicken ( black hut); 4. Gloomy, desolate, heavy ( black thoughts); 5. Criminal, malicious ( black treason); 6. Not main, auxiliary ( back door in the house); 7. Physically difficult and unskilled ( menial work).

Word boil has the following figurative meanings:

1. Manifest to a strong degree ( work is in full swing); 2. To manifest something with force, to a strong degree ( seethe with indignation); 3. Move randomly ( river was boiling with fish).

As we see, when transferring meaning, words are used to name phenomena that do not serve as a constant, usual object of designation, but are brought closer to another concept by various associations that are obvious to speakers.

Figurative meanings can retain figurativeness ( black thoughts, black betrayal). However, these figurative meanings are fixed in the language; they are given in dictionaries when interpreting words. This is how figurative meanings differ from metaphors created by writers.

In most cases, when transferring meanings, imagery is lost. For example: pipe elbow, teapot spout, carrot tail, clock ticking. In such cases, they speak of extinct imagery in the lexical meaning of the word.

The transfer of names occurs on the basis of similarities in something between objects, characteristics, and actions. The figurative meaning of a word can be attached to an object (sign, action) and become its direct meaning: teapot spout, door handle, table leg, book spine, etc.

The value transfer process goes like this : baby's foot(direct) - table leg(portable) - table leg(direct).

The primary, direct meaning can sometimes be restored only by studying the history of the word.

Let us summarize the above material in the table:

Types of portable values

Depending on what attribute the meaning is transferred from one object to another; the following types of figurative meanings of a word are distinguished.

1) Transfer of values according to any similarity between objects and phenomena. Such figurative meanings are called metaphorical. Metaphor(from the Greek Metaphora - transfer) is the transfer of a name from one object, action, property, phenomenon to other actions, properties, phenomena based on the similarity of their characteristics (for example, shape, color, function, location etc.). Examples of metaphorical meanings:
a) onion head, eyeball - transfer based on the similarity of the shape of objects;
b) the bow of a boat, the tail of a train, the head of a nail - transfer based on the similarity of the arrangement of objects;
c) wiper (meaning “a cleaning device on the glass of a car”), electric position, watchman (meaning “a device on a dish for holding boiling milk”) - transfer based on the similarity of the functions of objects.

Many metaphorical figurative meanings of the word are characterized by anthropomorphism, that is, the likening of the properties of the surrounding physical world to the properties of a person. Compare these examples: an angry wind, indifferent nature, the breath of spring, “The River is Playing” (the title of the story by V.G. Korolenko), the stream is running, the volcano has awakened, etc.

On the other hand, some properties and phenomena of inanimate matter are transferred to the human world, for example: a cold look, an iron will, a heart of stone, a golden character, a mop of hair, a ball of thoughts, etc. There are metaphors general language, when one or another metaphorical meaning of a word is used widely, as a result of which it is known to all speakers of a given language (nail head, river branch, black envy, iron will), and individual, created by a writer or poet, characterizing his stylistic style and not becoming widespread. Compare, for example, metaphors:
S.A. Yesenin: fire of red rowan, birch tongue of the grove, chintz of the sky, grains of the eyes, etc.;
B.L. Pasternak: the labyrinth of the lyre, the bloody tears of September, the buns of lanterns and the crumpets of the roofs, etc.

2) Transfer of name from one subject to another based on adjacency these items. This transfer of values is called metonymy(from Greek Metonymia - renaming). Metonymic transfers of meaning are often formed according to certain regular types:
a) material - a product made from this material. For example, the words gold and crystal can denote products made from these materials (she has gold in her ears; there is solid crystal on the shelves);
b) vessel - the contents of the vessel (ate two plates, drank a cup);
c) author - the works of this author (I read Pushkin, I know Nerkasov by heart);
d) action - the object of the action (actions aimed at publishing a book, an illustrated edition of a book as an object);
e) action - the result of action (construction of a monument - monumental structure);
f) action - a means or instrument of action (putty of cracks - fresh putty, fastening of gear - ski binding, transmission of movement - bicycle transmission);
g) action - place of action (exiting the house - stand at the exit, traffic stop - bus stop);
h) animal - fur or meat of an animal (a hunter caught a fox - what kind of fur is it, arctic fox or fox?).

One of the peculiar types of metonymy is synecdoche. Synecdoche(from the Greek Sinekdoche - ratio) - the ability of a word to name both a part of something and the whole. For example, the words face, mouth, head, hand designate the corresponding parts of the human body. But each of them can be used to name a person: unauthorized persons are prohibited from entering; in the family five mouths; Kolya- light head.

Some characteristic features person - beard, glasses, clothes and others are often used to indicate a person. For example:
- Hey, beard, where are you going?
- I’m standing behind the blue cloak...
“It’s true that it’s expensive,” sigh the red trousers (Ch.)

A word can have one lexical meaning. Such words are called unambiguous, For example: dialogue, purple, saber, on alert, appendicitis, birch, felt-tip pen

There are several types unambiguous words

1. These include, first of all, proper names (Ivan, Petrov, Mytishchi, Vladivostok). Their extremely specific meaning excludes the possibility of varying the meaning, since they are the names of individual objects.

2. Words that have recently arisen and are not yet widely used are usually unambiguous. (briefing, grapefruit, pizza, pizzeria etc.). This is explained by the fact that in order to develop polysemy in a word, it must be used frequently in speech, and new words cannot immediately gain universal recognition and distribution.

3. Words with a narrow subject meaning are unambiguous (binoculars, trolleybus, suitcase). Many of them denote objects of special use and therefore are rarely used in speech (beads, turquoise). This helps them maintain clarity.

4. One meaning usually distinguishes the terms: tonsillitis, gastritis, fibroids, syntax, noun.

Most Russian words have not one, but several meanings. These words are called polysemantic, they are opposed to unambiguous words. The ability of words to have multiple meanings is called polysemy. For example: word root- ambiguous. In the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova, four meanings of this word are indicated:

1. The underground part of the plant. The apple tree has taken root. 2. The inside of a tooth, hair, nail. Turn red to the roots of your hair. 3. trans. The beginning, source, basis of something. The root of evil. 4. In linguistics: the main, significant part of the word. Root- significant part of a word.

Direct meaning of the word- this is its main meaning. For example, adjective gold means "made of gold, composed of gold": gold coin, gold chain, gold earrings.

figurative meaning of the word- this is its secondary, non-basic meaning, which arose on the basis of the direct one. Golden autumn, golden curls- the adjective in these phrases has a different meaning - figurative (“similar to gold in color”). Golden time, golden hands- in these examples the adjective has a figurative meaning - “beautiful, happy.”

The Russian language is very rich in such transfers:

wolf skin- voracious appetite;

iron nail- iron character.

If we compare these phrases, we can see that adjectives with a figurative meaning not only tell us about some quality of a person, but evaluate it, figuratively and vividly describe it: golden character, deep mind, warm heart, cold look.

Use of words in figurative meaning gives speech expressiveness and imagery. Poets and writers are looking for fresh, unexpected, accurate means of conveying their thoughts, feelings, emotions, and moods. Based on the figurative meaning of words, special means of artistic representation are created: comparison, metaphor, personification, epithet etc.

Thus, based on the figurative meaning of the word, the following are formed:

comparison(one object is compared with another). The moon is like a lantern; fog like milk;

metaphor(hidden comparison). Rowan bonfire(rowan, like a fire); bird cherry sprinkles snow(cherry bird is like snow);

personification(human properties are transferred to animals and inanimate objects). The grove dissuaded me; the cranes do not regret; the forest is silent;

epithet(figurative use of adjectives). Golden grove; birch tongue; pearl frost; dark fate.

Subject “When a word is used figuratively.”

Target: achieve conscious assimilation of the figurative and expressive capabilities of the word.

Tasks :

organize student activities to continue studying the lexical meaning and visual and expressive capabilities of a word: show how metaphors, personifications, and epithets are created based on the figurative meaning of words;
promote the development of the ability to find words with a figurative meaning (tropes) in the text, give an interpretation of words used in a figurative meaning, establish the figurative and figurative function of words, thereby helping to enrich the vocabulary of students;
create favorable conditions for cultivating a sense of respect for masters of words and the formation of cognitive interest in learning the Russian language.

Lesson type : combined.

Lesson Plan

I. Organizational moment.

Greetings

So the bell rang,

We are starting our lesson.

Don't yawn in class

And work and write.

Open your notebooks, write down the number and cool work.Slide 1

II. Checking homework.

Warm-up “Pick a daisy.”

(a chamomile is attached to the board; students, if desired, pluck the petals of the flower and answer the questions on the topic of the previous lesson).

What is vocabulary? (Vocabulary of the language)

In which branch of the science of language is the vocabulary of a language studied? (Lexicology)

What is the lexical meaning of a word? ( Main meaning words)

How many lexical meanings does the word have? (One or more)

What are words called depending on the number of lexical meanings? (Single-valued and multi-valued) For example:

What meaning is called figurative? (which transfers the name of an item to another item) For example:

What is one of the secrets of the amazing imagery and expressiveness of the Russian language? (It contains a lot of words that are used not only in a literal but also figurative meaning)

III. Setting the topic and objectives of the lesson.

1. Teacher's word(Slide 2)

Notice the theme written on the screen: "When a word is used figuratively". Are you familiar with this topic? Why then do we return to it again? (We should probably learn something new on this topic)

That's right, we will continue to study the meaning and figurative and expressive capabilities of words. But first, I suggest you take a “short walk to the river” together with the poetess Irina Tokmakova to solve the riddle of one tree. The answer will be the key to the topic of our lesson.

2. Reading of Irina Tokmakova’s poem “Willow” by a student:

Near the river, at the cliff

The willow is crying, the willow is crying.

Maybe,she feels sorry for someone?

Maybeshe's hot in the sun?

Maybe,windplayful

He pulled the willow by the pigtail?

Maybe,willow is thirsty?

Maybe we should go ask?

(Handout)

Did you like the poem?

What seemed unusual to you about this poem?

What words indicate that the willow is like a living tree? Name them.

Read these words carefully again. How do they draw the willow tree in the poem? (Crying like a girl)

3. Teacher's word

The poetess I. Tokmakova saw similarities between willow and crying girl. However, seeing similarities between different objects is not an easy task. In our lesson, we will learn to observe from poets and writers who have a special gift for noticing what is not seen ordinary person. Writers and poets constantly use words with figurative meanings in their works.

This is how special things appear in language means of expression - trails (Slide 3) - a word or figure of speech in a figurative sense that can “come to life, grow stronger, and be filled with expressive power.”

Write it down in your dictionary.

IV. Mastering new material.

You will find out what trails there are by completing

Task 1

Open the textbooks on page 92, read the linguistic text expressively in ex. 259.

What words are you unfamiliar with?

Task 2

(Slide 4)

The Russian language has many means of figurativeness and expressiveness. Meaning of the wordwarm (look)isportable . Types of figurative use are: metaphor, personification, epithet.(Dictionary)

Explain their meaning using a dictionary entry.

(Slide 5 personification

Slide 6 metaphor

Slide 7 epithet)

V. Physical education minute.

Are you probably tired?

Well, then everyone stood up together,

They stomped their feet,

Hands patted.

Twirled, twirled

And everyone sat down at their desks.

We close our eyes tightly,

We count to 5 together.

Open - blink

And we continue to work. (Perform movements following the teacher)

VI. Primary consolidation of new material.

Task 1(Slide 8)

Write down the sentences and underline the means of expression in the proposed passages -trails - metaphors, epithets, personifications.

What pictures do you “see” behind these words?

1) You could hear howwas leavingfrom the forest at nightfreezing. Heknockedstickthe trees are getting quieter, getting further away.

2) For a long timethere was a thunderstorm, but on birch trees from leaf to leafjumpingnaughtyraindrops. Hanging on the tiptrembling with fear, and, sparkling desperately,jumpinginto a puddle.

Task 2(Slide 9)

Guess the riddles

Riddle 1. Red maidenRiddle 2. For a curly tuft

Sitting in prisonI dragged the fox out of the hole.

And the braid is on the street. To the touch - very smooth,

Tastes like sugar, sweet.

(Folk riddle) (E. Blaginina)

What words indicate that you guessed the riddle correctly?

Find words used figuratively.

Based on what signs did the value transfer occur in the first (humanization) and in the second (comparison)riddles?

What is the name of the technique of “humanizing” the plant in the first riddle? (Personification).

Why is the carrot compared to a fox in the second riddle?

Which general signs the fox and the carrot?

What is this comparison technique called? (Metaphor).

In which riddle do you find the most poetic description of the carrot?

Task 3

Metaphors, epithets, personifications are found not only in riddles. They also meet in works of art. Listen to D. Zuev’s miniature “Melody of Spring”.

Each season has its own music. The snow has faded. In an explosive stream, silver balls hastily roll down from the roofs. Sings melodiously, the drops tick loudly. The beating icicles quietly chime and shatter into pieces, like dropped crystal. And in the bushes it’s as if a silver bell is ringing. This is filled with icicles. The violins of frost fell silent, and just yesterday they spoke in full voice.A ray of sunshine starts the music of spring, and the birds and water sing along with it.( Handouts ).

What sounds of spring did you hear?

How do you understand the meaning of the word melody?

Is it used in the title of the miniature in a literal or figurative sense?

Find metaphors, personifications, epithets in the text.

Epithets:“its own music” (intonation expressiveness), “explosive”, “silver”, “beating”, “dropped”, “full”, “quiet”.

Metaphors: “music... of the season”, “silver balls breaking into pieces”, “violins of frost”, “speaking in a full voice”.

Personifications: "the snow has faded,” “the drops are singing,” “the violins were talking,” “the icicles are pouring,” “the sunbeam starts the music.”

VII. Self-test of knowledge.

1. Solve the test

I. Determine which row it is inmetaphor . Slide 10

1. The bow of a ship, the wing of an airplane.

2. Sweet memories, sunny mood.

3. The wind howls, the frost heals.

II. Choose which row you are inpersonification. Slide 11

1. Emerald eyes, golden hands.

2. A mountain of gifts, a lot of wishes.

3 . Angry winter, the forest is dormant.

III. Think about what row they are inepithets . Slide 12

1. Crescent moon, river of time.

2 . Heated argument, heavy feeling, fiery hair.

3. Angry wind, cheerful sun.

(1,3,2) ( Handout material).

2. Evaluate your work: 3b. - “5”, 2b. -“4”, 1b. - “3”.

VIII. Summing up.

1. Determining the degree of implementation of the assigned tasks.

Let's see how well the lesson's objectives have been achieved.

2 Reflection.

1. Task cards

Complete the sentence:

1. Today in class I learned...

2. The best person in the lesson was ...

3. I can praise my classmates for...

4. I can say thank you (to whom?) for (what) ...

5. Today’s lesson was...

2. Find the balls on the desks.

(Slide 13)

If you haveeverything worked outin class, take a pink one,

something didn't work out- blue,

nothing worked out- yellow.

IX. Homework paragraph 34, ex. 261. (Slide 14)

(Slide 15) Thanks for your work!

What is the literal and figurative meaning of the word?

What is the literal and figurative meaning of a word?
These are two terms from word formation - the science of replenishment vocabulary language at its own expense, and not by borrowing from other languages.
According to tradition, some words of a language can distinguish two or more lexical meanings related to each other in some way. This relationship is described, for example, in the book by V.V. Vinogradov “Russian language. The grammatical doctrine of the word”, as well as in academic grammars, according to which school textbooks are compiled.
It is believed that a word with one - direct - meaning is capable in some cases, due to semantic transfer by the similarity of phenomena (metaphor) or by the contiguity of the functions of phenomena (metonymy), to receive an additional - figurative meaning.
Thus, the verb “wound” can have a direct meaning “to injure, damage, destroy the tissues of the human body” (A soldier was wounded by police with a pistol) and a figurative meaning “to hurt a person’s feelings, offend, insult” (E was wounded by the words of a classmate).
In a similar way, we can talk about the direct and figurative meanings of many words: “go, poisonous, transparent, shell” and so on.
It is believed that all figurative meanings of a word arise on the basis of one thing - the direct one, that is, the direct meaning is the initial one for all figurative ones, and figurative ones are always secondary.
It must be said that the issue of figurative meanings is quite controversial: sometimes it is not possible to determine what is primary and what is secondary in the same “word”. Or the mechanism of transfer is unclear (why is a person sometimes called the word “goat”?). Or there is no semantic connection at all between words that sound the same (a person is walking / a dress is walking for her). In such cases, we no longer talk about literal and figurative meaning (together they are defined by the term “polysemy”), but about homonyms.
This is a problem of modern linguistics that has yet to be clearly resolved.
Well, yes
this is when the words don’t add up, for example, eat like a bear, this is an overvalued meaning
The direct meaning of a word is its specific formulation, that is, what it means in the literal sense of the word, and figurative, that is, it is used with a slightly different meaning that is not natural for the world around us, for example, the word tail... The direct meaning is the tail of a dog - the tail of a creature... and the figurative tail is, for example, correcting tails - that is, correcting twos) something like this)
ambiguous and ambiguous words. Direct and figurative meanings of the word Zhdanova L. A. A word can have one lexical meaning, then it is unambiguous or several (two or more) meanings; such a word is called polysemantic. There are quite a large number of unambiguous words in the language, but the most frequent, commonly used words are usually ambiguous. There are many unambiguous words among terms, names of tools, professions, animals, plants, etc. Unambiguous words, for example, are dualism, plane, neuropathologist, roe deer, poplar, tulle, trolleybus, wattle fence. Polysemantic words can have from two to more than two dozen meanings (for example, the word go has 26 meanings in Ozhegov’s Dictionary). If a word is polysemous, there is a semantic connection between its meanings (not necessarily all at once). For example, for the word road in Ozhegov’s Dictionary the following meanings are highlighted: 1. A strip of land intended for movement. Asphalt road. 2. A place to pass or drive through, a route to follow. On the way to the house. 3. Travel, being on the road. Tired from the road. 4. Course of action, direction of activity. The road to success. The first three meanings have a common component of movement in space, the fourth meaning is connected with the second: both contain the meaning of direction (in the second meaning the direction of movement in space, and in the fourth in activity, in development). In a polysemantic word, the direct (main) meaning of the word and figurative (derived) meanings are distinguished. The figurative meaning is the result of the transfer of the name (sound-letter means) to other phenomena of reality, which begin to be designated by the same word. There are two types of name transfer: metaphor and metonymy. It should be noted that the question of which meaning is direct and which is figurative should be resolved on the modern linguistic cross-section, and not transferred to the field of language history. For example, the word cling in Ozhegov’s Dictionary is interpreted as follows...
line and bend
making an elephant out of moss is a figurative meaning, for example, we can’t make an elephant out of a moss, but the direct meaning is to confuse everything, transform the real into something else
With polysemy, one of the meanings of a word is direct, and all the others are figurative.
The direct meaning of a word is its basic lexical meaning. It is directly directed to the designated object, phenomenon, action, sign, immediately evokes an idea of them and is least dependent on the context. Words most often appear in direct meaning.

The figurative meaning of a word is its secondary meaning, which arose on the basis of the direct one.
Toy, -i, f. 1. A thing used for playing. Children's toys. 2. transfer One who blindly acts according to someone else's will is an obedient instrument of someone else's will (disapproved). To be a toy in someone's hands.
The essence of the transfer of meaning is that the meaning is transferred to another object, another phenomenon, and then one word is used as the name of several objects at the same time. In this way, the polysemy of the word is formed.

Depending on the basis on which the value transfer occurs, there are three main types of value transfer:
metaphor,
metonymy,
synecdoche.
Metaphor (from the Greek metaphora transfer) is the transfer of a name by similarity:
ripe apple eyeball (shape);
a person's nose a ship's nose (by location);
chocolate bar chocolate tan (by color);
bird wing airplane wing (by function);
the dog howled; the wind howled (according to the nature of the sound);
etc.
Metonymy (from the Greek metonymia renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their contiguity:
the water boils, the kettle boils;
porcelain dish delicious dish;
native gold Scythian gold
etc.
Synecdoche (from the Greek synekdoche co-impliation) is the transfer of the name of a whole to its part and vice versa:
thick currants; ripe currants;
beautiful mouth extra mouth (oh superfluous person in the family);
big head smart head
etc.
In the process of developing figurative meanings, a word can be enriched with new meanings as a result of narrowing or expanding the basic meaning. Over time, figurative meanings can become direct.

It is possible to determine in what meaning a word is used only in context.
We sat on the CORNER of the bastion, so we could see everything in both directions. In Tarakanovo, as in the most remote corner of the bear, there was no place for secrets.
In the first sentence, the word ANGLE is used in its literal meaning: the place where two sides of something meet or intersect. And in stable combinations in a blind corner, bearish corner, the meaning of the word will be figurative: in a blind corner in a remote area, bearish corner is a blind place.

In explanatory dictionaries, the direct meaning of the word is given first, and the figurative meanings are numbered starting from 2. The meaning that was recently recorded as figurative is marked as trans. :
Wooden, oh, oh. 1. Made from wood. 2. transfer Motionless, unexpressive. Wooden facial expression. #9830;Wood oil is a cheap grade of olive oil
direct when words have their own meaning, and figuratively another, for example, golden hands, in the literal sense, hands of gold, and figuratively, hardworking hands.
The direct meaning of a word is basic and reflects the direct correlation of the word with the called object, attribute, action, phenomenon.
The portable meaning of a word arises on the basis of the direct result of transferring the name of one object (sign, action, etc.) to another, in some way similar to it. Thus, the figurative meaning of a word reflects the connection between the word and the called phenomenon of reality not directly, but through comparison with other words. For example, the direct meaning of the word rain is precipitation in the form of drops, and the figurative meaning is a flow of small particles of something, falling in abundance.

One word can have several figurative meanings. So, the word burn has the following figurative meanings: 1) to be in the heat, in a feverish state (the patient is burning); 2) blush from a rush of blood (cheeks burn); 3) sparkle, shine (eyes glow); 4) experience some strong feeling (burn with love for poetry).

Over time, figurative meanings can become direct. For example, the word nose is now used in its literal meaning when we are talking about the organ of smell, located on the face of a person or on the muzzle of animals, and about the front of a ship.

It is possible to determine in what meaning a word is used only in context: a drop of water, a drop of pity; insatiable insatiable animal, insatiable ambition; gold golden ring, golden autumn. The figurative meaning is one of the meanings polysemantic word and is given in explanatory dictionaries with the mark translation. .

1. Here, where the vault of heaven looks so sluggishly at the skinny earth, - here, plunged into an iron sleep, tired nature sleeps (F. Tyutchev). 2. The sun is golden. Buttercup is single. The river is silver and playful with its water (K. Balmont).