Dombra - a musical instrument - history, photos, videos. Musical instrument dombra: photo, description, history What strings for dombra are made from

Plan:

1 Dombyra in Kazakh culture
2 Etymology of the word dombyra
3 History of the instrument
4 Dombyra - kyu instrument
5 The structure of the dombyra
6 Legends about the origin of dombyra

Introduction

Not to be confused with Domra.

Dombra(Kazakh dombyra) is a musical plucked instrument that exists in the culture of the Turkic peoples. It is considered a folk instrument among the Kazakhs.

1. Dombyra in Kazakh culture

Dombra(Kazakh dombyra) is a Kazakh folk two-stringed plucked musical instrument. It is used as an accompanying and solo instrument, as well as the main instrument in Kazakh folk music. Used by modern performers.

The body is pear-shaped and has a long neck, divided by frets. The strings are usually tuned to fourths or fifths.

One of the greatest dombra players is the Kazakh folk musician and composer Kurmangazy, who had a great influence on the development of Kazakh musical culture, including dombra music: his musical composition“Adai” is popular in Kazakhstan and abroad.

Not only Kazakhs have dombyra. Traditionally in Russian it is called dombra, but in the Kazakh version it is more correct than dombyra.

This instrument has its analogues in many nations. In Russian culture there is an instrument similar in shape, Dumra, in Tajik culture - Dumrak, in Uzbek culture - Dumbyra, Dumbrak, similar in shape Dutar, in Kyrgyz culture - Komuz, in Turkmen culture - Dutar, Bash, Dumbyra, in Bashkir culture- Dumbyra, in the Nogai culture of the Azov region - Dombira, in Turkish culture - Saz. These instruments sometimes differ in the number of strings (up to 3 strings), as well as in the material of the strings (nylon, metal).

2. Etymology of the word dombyra

The etymology of the word Dombyra has not been fully studied. In the Tatar language, Dumbra is a balalaika, and Dombura is a guitar, in Kalmyk - Dombr means the same as dombyra, in Turkish Tambura is a guitar, in Mongolian language Dombura is again dombyra. There are many hypotheses about the origin of this word, but there is no consensus on this matter yet.

3. History of the instrument

In 1989, in Kazakhstan, in the Almaty region, high in the mountains on the plateau (zhailau) “Maitobe”, Professor S. Akitaev, with the help of ethnographer Zhagd Babalykuly, discovered a rock painting depicting a musical instrument and four dancing people in different poses. According to the research of the famous archaeologist K. Akishev, this drawing dates back to the Neolithic period. Now this drawing is in the Museum of Folk Instruments named after. Ykylas Dukenuly in Almaty, Kazakhstan. As can be seen from the picture, the instrument depicted by the ancient artist on the rock is very similar in shape to the dombyra. Based on this, we can say that the prototype of the current dombyra is more than 4,000 years old and is one of the first plucked instruments - the forerunner of modern musical instruments of this type.

Also, at one time, during excavations of ancient Khorezm, terracotta figurines of musicians playing plucked instruments were found. Scientists note that Khorezm two-strings, which existed at least 2000 years ago, have a typological similarity to the Kazakh dombra and were one of the common instruments among the early nomads who lived in Kazakhstan.

Based on the written monuments of the Eurasian continent, we can conclude that the dombyra and its related instruments of other peoples on the mainland have been well known since ancient times. In monuments of different periods in the Eurasian space, we recognize the presence of this plucked instrument, in particular from monuments of Saka and Hunnic origin. This instrument is also found among the Kimans (Cumans). The Kipchaks are descendants of the Cumans. Musical works (kui) of those years have reached us: Ertis tolqyndary (ertis tolqyndary - Waves of the Irtysh), Mundy Kyz (mundy kyz - sad girl), Tepen kok (tepen kok - lynx), Aksak kaz (aqsaq qaz - lame goose) , Bozingen (bozingen - light camel), Zhelmaya (zhelmaja - one-humped camel), Qulannyn tarpuy (qulannyn tarpu'y - kulan stomp), Kokeikesti (kokeikesti - deep experience), etc.

Marco Polo noted in his writings that this instrument was present among the warriors of the nomadic Turks, who at that time in Rus' were called Tatars. They sang and played it before the fight to achieve the appropriate mood.

This instrument, however, is the property of all Turkic peoples of the world.

4. Dombyra - kyu instrument

For Kazakhs, kuy is more than a work, it is a resounding page in the history of their people, their customs and culture. That is why the Kazakhs valued kyui-kuishi performers so highly, among whom dombyra players made up the overwhelming majority (kuis are performed not only on the dombyra). The Kazakh people say: a real Kazakh is not a Kazakh himself, but a real Kazakh-dombyra. At the same time, we must understand that Kazakhs cannot imagine their past, present and future without their favorite instrument, the dombyra. It is also necessary to clarify that the word Kazakh means a free warrior, an independent individual who, if he exists in a group, does so only of his own free will, while joining the community of the worthy and serving it, protecting it, giving labor, life, health and skill without reserve, as a fearless man-warrior and breadwinner.

5. Structure of the dombyra

Over the centuries, dombra has retained its basic structure and appearance. Folk artists constantly strive to expand its sound capabilities and melody, rather than diversify its form. For example, the Central Kazakhstan dombyra has a flat body and two gut strings. A typical, most common dombyra with an oval body is shown in the photograph. Below are the names components dombyry.

Shanak- the body of the dombyra acts as a sound amplifier.

Kakpak- dombyra deck. perceiving the sounds of strings through vibration, amplifies them and gives a certain color to the sound of the instrument - timbre.

Spring- this is a beam on the deck from the inside, in German it is called “der bassbalken”. There were no springs in the Kazakh dombyra before. The violin spring length is expected to range from 250 to 270 mm - 295 mm. In order to improve the sound of the dombyra, a similar spring (250-300 mm long) is now attached to the upper part of the shell and near the stand. As a rule, it is made from spruce that has been aged for several decades without signs of rot.

Shells are made from maple. The blanks must have such a thickness that when finishing the shells, depending on the density of the maple, their thickness is 1-1.2 mm.

Stand- a very important functional element of the dombyra. By transmitting the vibrations of the strings to the soundboard and creating the first resonant circuit along the path of vibrations from the strings to the body, the bridge is the true key to the sound of the dombra. The strength, evenness and timbre of the instrument’s sound depend on its qualities, shape, weight and tuning.

String- the source of sound vibrations of the dombyra. The dombyra traditionally used gut strings made from lamb or goat intestines. It was believed that best qualities have strings from the intestines of a two-year-old sheep. Such strings produce a low sound and, accordingly, a low tune, characteristic of folk music. G-c, A-d, B-es, H-e. From sheep different regions Kazakhstan gives preference to sheep from the Atyrau and Mangystau regions. Apparently, the salinity of livestock pastures in these places has a beneficial effect on the quality of strings made from sheep intestines. For orchestral works world classics, the low mood turned out to be inconvenient. Therefore, in the thirties, in connection with the creation of folk instrument orchestras, the tuning was chosen d-g strings. However, the vein strings could not withstand it and quickly burst. Akhmed Zhubanov tried to use catgut, silk, nylon, etc. as a material, but ordinary fishing line turned out to be the most suitable in sound. As a result, today we have the only widespread type of dombyra among the Kazakhs of a standard form with strings made of fishing line, which has lost its unique sound timbre.

6. Legends about the origin of dombyra

There are legends about dombra and its origin:

The legend of the origin of dombra says that in ancient times two giant brothers lived in Altai. The younger brother had a dombra, which he loved to play. As soon as he starts playing, he forgets about everything in the world. The elder brother was proud and vain. One day he wanted to become famous, for which he decided to build a bridge across a stormy and cold river. He began to collect stones and began to build a bridge. And the younger brother keeps playing and playing.

So another day passed, and a third. The younger brother is not in a hurry to help the elder, all he knows is that he is playing his favorite instrument. The older brother got angry, snatched the dombra from the younger brother and, with all his strength, hit it against the rock. The magnificent instrument broke, the melody fell silent, but an imprint remained on the stone.

Many years have passed. People found this imprint, began to make new dombras based on it, and music began to sound again in the silent for a long time villages.

The legend of how the dombra acquired its modern look says that previously the dombra had five strings and no hole in the middle. Such an instrument was owned by the famous horseman Kezhendyk, known throughout the region. He once fell in love with the daughter of a local khan. Khan invited Kezhendyk to his yurt and ordered him to prove his love for his daughter. Dzhigit began to play, long and beautifully. He sang a song about the khan himself, about his greed and greed. The Khan got angry and ordered the instrument to be damaged by pouring hot lead into the middle of the dombra. Then a hole was burned out in the middle and only two strings remained.

Literature

This literature can be found in Kazakhstan, Almaty, National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan...

Akishev K. A. Kurgan Issyk. - Moscow, 1978.
Alekseeva L.A. Nazhmedenov Zh. Features of the musical structure of the Kazakh dombra.//Kazakh culture: research and search. Collection of scientific articles, Almaty, 2000.
Alekseeva L.A. Nazhmedenov Zh. Features of Kaja dombra.// We and the universe. 2001.№ 1(6), p52-54.
Amanov B. Compositional terminology of dombra kyuis. Alma-Ata, 1982
Aravin. P.V. Steppe constellations. - Alma-Ata, 1979.
Aravin. P.V. Great kuishi Dauletkerei.-Alma-Ata, 1964.
Asafiev B.V. About Kazakh folk music.//Musical culture of Kazakhstan.-Alma-Ata, 1955.
Barmankulov M. Turkic Universe.-Almaty, 1996.
Vyzgo T. Musical instruments Central Asia.-Moscow, 1980.
Gizatov B. Social and aesthetic foundations of Kazakh folk instrumental music. - Alma-Ata, 1989.
Zhubanov A.K. Kazakh folk instrument-dombra.//Musicology.-Alma-Ata, 1976. p.8-10.
, Chordophones, Kazakh musical instruments.
Text is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license.

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children's ethnographic works

"Craftsmen"

1. Last name, first name, patronymic of the participant: Bainiyazov ErlanSerikbaevich

2. Last name, first name, patronymic of teachers: , class teacher . , physics teacher

4. Locality: p. Kasselsky

5. Director of the organization representing the competition participant:

6. Title of the article: Dombra - Kazakh national instrument

7. Contact e-mail: kassel- school@ mail. ru

8. Postal address: Chelyabinsk region, Nagaibaksky district, Kasselsky settlement,

9. Contact phone number of the competition participant and teacher:

Municipal educational institution Kasselskaya secondary school

X district children's

ethnographic competition

Craftsmen

Thematic direction of research work

The object world of the traditional culture of the peoples of the Southern Urals: the history of an ancient object

Title of the research paper

DOMBRA – KAZAKH NATIONAL INSTRUMENT

Completed the job: Bainiyazov Erlan, 10th class.

Managers: , class hands , academic physicists

p. Kasselsky

Dombra in Kazakh culture

The dombra is rightfully recognized as one of the greatest inventions given to the world by the Turkic peoples.

Dombra(Kaz. dombyra) Kazakh folk two-stringed musical instrument. It is used as an accompanying and solo instrument, as well as the main instrument in Kazakh folk music.

In 2010, the dombra was included in the Guinness Book of Records, after 10,450 dombra players performed the Kazakh dombra in China. musical piece"Kenes."

The technique of playing the dombra is similar to the methods of playing other plucked instruments: left hand the musician slides freely along the fingerboard (handle), and with the help of his fingers right hand striking both strings produces sound. The melodious, velvety, rhythmic sounds of the dombra tell of the endless steppes of Kazakhstan, of quiet jailaus with peacefully grazing herds. But as soon as the sound of the strings is strengthened, the melody rushes after a herd of horses galloping through the pasture. In the steppe melodies of the dombra you can hear the rustling of grass and the ringing of streams, the jubilation of bird choirs, the neighing of horses and the clatter of hooves. In the old days, the dombra was played at feasts and before battle to achieve the appropriate mood. Like Russian buffoons, Kazakh folk storytellers akyns walked with dombra through bazaars, fairs and villages, performing one play after another. In just 2-4 minutes (the playing time of one piece), with the help of two strings, steppe musicians conveyed the joys and sorrows of the common people. No matter how sad the melody is, the sound of the dombra always contains a warm, sincere farewell message. People say that the soul of a Kazakh lives in the sounds of dombra.

Dombra device

It is interesting that the Kazakh name “dombra” is formed by a combination of two words: “house” means sound, and “sconce” means tuning the strings. The birth of Kazakh folk instrument begins with the choice of wood; traditionally craftsmen cut out the body from hardwood - maple, oak, pine. Making every detail of the dombra and especially the soundboard with a spring that serves as a sound amplifier. Requires precision and endurance. An error of even 1 mm leads to wheezing and rattling during play.

Previously, natural strings from lamb intestines were pulled onto the body of the dombra, so the instrument produced a deeper, lower and dull sound. Since low tuning is inconvenient for performing orchestral classical works, dombra strings began to be made from polymers.

History of the instrument

In 1989, in Kazakhstan, high in the mountains on the Maytobe plateau (zhailau), Professor S. Akitaev, with the help of ethnographer Zhagd Babalykuly, discovered a rock painting depicting a musical instrument and four dancing people in different poses. According to the research of the famous archaeologist K. Akishev, this drawing dates back to the Neolithic period. The instrument depicted by the ancient artist on the rock is very similar in shape to the dombra. Based on this, we can say that the prototype of the current dombra is more than 4000 years old and is one of the first plucked instruments.

In the 21st century, in the era of electronic music, dombra still arouses the interest of music lovers. For example, Kazakh rock bands combine the sound of dombra, violin and electric guitar, resulting in a completely new sound. The old dombra is winning more and more new fans.

IN recent years In Kazakhstan, many attempts were made to create an electric dombra. But only in 2012 was a tool created that received an international patent. The author of the instrument is master Adil Sabit, who creates and restores guitars and dombras. He entered the honorary guild of London guitar makers.

So far this is the only instrument, the first patented electric dombra. Before this, attempts were made to create an electric dombra. In this case, most often the strings on the instrument were changed to metal ones and a regular pickup was installed. Adil Sabit took a different path. He managed to preserve the nature of the traditional dombra - on it nylon strings. But inside the instrument he installed sensors of a special design, which are his invention. Thanks to this, it became possible to connect additional devices to it: music processors, sound converters and other devices.

The structure of the dombra

Greed" href="/text/category/alchnostmz/" rel="bookmark">greed. The Khan got angry and ordered the instrument to be damaged by pouring hot lead into the middle of the dombra. A hole formed in the middle and only two strings remained.

Another legend about the origin of dombra

A local khan’s son died from the tusks of a boar while hunting, and the servants, fearing the khan’s wrath (he threatened to pour boiling lead down the throat of anyone who told him that something bad had happened to his son) went to the old master Ali for advice. He made a musical instrument, which he called dombra, came to the khan and played it. The strings groaned and cried, as if the plaintive noise of the forest swept under the silk tent of the khan's tent. The sharp whistle of the wind mixed with the howl of a wild animal. The strings cried out loudly, like a human voice, asking for help, and the dombra told the khan about the death of his son. Beside himself with anger, the khan ordered hot lead to be thrown into the round hole of the dombra.

Literature

1. Kurgan Issyk. - Moscow, 1978.

2. , Features of the Kazakh dombra.// We and the universe. 2001.№1(6), p52-54.

3. Musical instruments of Central Asia. - Moscow, 1980.

4. Creativity of a violin maker. - Leningrad, 1988.

5., Ochakovsky dictionary of a young musician. – Moscow “Pedagogy”. 1985.

— It is noteworthy that in the republic they decided to designate a whole day of the year as the day of a musical instrument, and the dombra became this instrument. Dombra is a symbol of musical culture from the nomads of antiquity to today“,” Yuri Petrovich begins his story.

Instruments resembling dombra have existed since time immemorial. If you believe the stones with rock carvings of dancing people, exhibited in the Ykylas Museum of Folk Musical Instruments, our ancestors played them more than 4 thousand years ago. However, the first reliable information about dombra appears only in the 16th-17th centuries.

The ancestor of the dombra is the ancient Turkic musical instrument sherter. It is shaped like a dombra, but has an open body, three strings and a short neck without frets. The sherter was made from a single piece of wood, and a leather deck was stretched over the body.

The sherter was played either by plucking or striking the strings, or with a bow. Kobyz and dombra originated from sherter.

Traditionally, craftsmen hollowed out dombra from a single piece of wood. Any tree species that grew in the area was used as material. Over time, to improve the acoustic properties of the instrument, the method of its manufacture changed. Dombra began to be made from individual glued parts, and hardwoods began to be chosen as raw materials - pine, larch, spruce.

One of the main differences between modern dombra and instruments that were played Kurmangazy And Dauletkerey, - strings. Now they are made from fishing line, but until the beginning of the 20th century, gut strings made by complex process preparation of lamb or goat intestines.

— The fishing line sounds very bright and powerful, but the gut strings give a special flavor, a very deep and soft sound. Frets - in Kazakh they are called “perne” - were also made from veins. Thanks to this, the sound of a traditional dombra is rich in overtones and overtones.

Rich and deep sound

According to Yuri Petrovich Aravin, despite its simple design, the dombra, like other Kazakh musical instruments, has a powerful and rich sound.

— You can understand well how Kazakh musical instruments sound using the example of the kobyz. When a kobyzist plays the kyl-kobyz, he does not press the strings to the fingerboard, but only lightly touches them. Thanks to this, a mass of overtones is created. Kobyz strings are made from horse hair. When this instrument is played, it actually sounds like a choir of 46 individual hairs. The same can be said about the richness of the sound of dombra.

Experienced musicians, performing kuy, can reflect in their music the grandeur of the endless expanses of the steppe, the clatter of hundreds of hooves or the roar of an approaching army. Speaking about the power of dombra sound, Yuri Petrovich remembered a quote from the famous researcher of Kazakh folk music Alexander Zataevich:

— Zataevich, who perfectly penetrated into the peculiarities of Kazakh music, said that the dombra gives the impression not of something small up close, but of something large and even grandiose, but as if from afar, like the chime of a good table clock. A very apt comparison, because table clocks can sound like huge bells. Dombra gives the same amazing effect. You sit nearby, listen, and something huge sounds there, from afar. To feel this, just listen to the kuy “Aksak Kulan”.

According to the musicologist, the phenomenon of dombra lies in its depth and diversity. It can sound like an entire orchestra, conveying a wide palette of sound. Such music resonates in the souls of listeners and resonates with the human psyche. Long neck, rounded shape, soft materials and gut strings - such a simple design creates ideal acoustics.

What kind of dombra is there?

When imagining a dombra, most people keep in mind an instrument of a strictly defined shape. A round teardrop-shaped body, a long neck, two strings - this is how the dombra is depicted everywhere, from the cover of school textbooks to historical documentaries. In fact, there are many varieties of this instrument, which were made in different regions of Kazakhstan. The Arkin, Semipalatinsk, and Zhetysu dombras are well known. Traditionally, researchers distinguish two main types of dombra and schools of playing it - Western Kazakhstan and Eastern Kazakhstan.

The East Kazakhstan dombra has a flat back, a scoop-shaped body, a short thickened neck (neck) with 8 frets.

— Dombra in the central and eastern regions belonged to the Arkin school. It was used as an accompanying instrument to accompany singing. These regions had very rich vocal traditions. It was more convenient for singers to press the flat dombra to their body. It does not sound so loud and does not interrupt the voice.

The West Kazakhstan dombra has become the most widespread in modern times. This is a classic teardrop-shaped dombra, with a long thin neck and 15-16 frets on it. This dombra gives a larger acoustic range.

— Powerful dynamic kuis were played on the West Kazakhstan dombra. Thanks to its sound qualities, it has gained popularity among professional musicians.

The collection of the Ykylas Museum includes unique dombras that belonged to famous akyns, kuishis, composers and poets. Among them you can also find many interesting types of this musical instrument. For example, on the front deck of a 160-year-old dombra Makhambet Utemisova Three small holes were cut instead of one. Also noteworthy is a copy of the famous dombra Abaya. In shape it is a typical East Kazakhstan dombra, but it has three strings.

— Abai’s three-string dombra should not confuse you. The fact is that the Kazakhs in this region came into close cultural contact with the Russian population. Abaev's dombra adopted three strings from the balalaika. Abai respected Russian culture and ordered just such an instrument for himself.

In the mid-30s, the dombra, along with other Kazakh folk instruments, acquired an orchestral sound. Akhmet Zhubanov On the basis of the music and drama technical school, he created the first folk instrument orchestra in the republic. An experimental workshop was opened at the technical school to improve and unify the dombra and kobyz for the orchestral range. To create new versions of dombra, Zhubanov attracted talented craftsmen - brothers Boris And Emmanuila Romanenko, Kambara Kasymova, Makhambet Bukeikhanova. This is how dombra-prima, dombra-alto, dombra-tenor, dombra-bass and other instruments appeared, which became an integral part of national orchestras.

— The Romanenko brothers had experience working with Russian musical instruments. The famous Russian orchestra of V.V. Andreev was taken as a model for the orchestra of folk instruments. Just as at one time the balalaika was remade to suit the orchestral sound, the dombra was transformed. For example, a huge double bass dombra sounds completely different compared to a standard dombra. Instruments made by Romanenko, Kasymov and their followers are still valued among musicologists.

Kuishi skill

Kazakh folk music, which was composed and performed on the dombra, is a complex, vibrant and abstract art. Poetry in it is inextricably linked with music. The works of famous zhyrau, sal and akyn interpret eternal philosophical questions through music and oral creativity.

— The creativity of the kuishi and akyns touches on deep themes. It cannot be taken literally. If, while playing the kyui, it seems that you hear the clatter of horse hooves, then you need to understand that the author did not want to convey the horse’s running, but the impression of this running in his soul. Kazakh art is very meaningful and philosophical; it carries many meanings.

The professional school of oral and musical creativity reached its peak in the Kazakh steppe in the 19th century. Talented akyns and kuishi could devote all their time to composing and performing music, without worrying about other matters. Often they made themselves a suitable instrument. In the villages, the performers were given shelter and food, clothes and horses. The winners of the aitys could count on a good prize and expensive gifts.

— To a good performer kuevs and songs on dombra were welcome in any home and yurt. The tradition of patronage of the arts was very developed. The winner of the aitys could be given an ingot of gold or silver as a fee. There is a known description of how Abai’s mother gave a golden hoof Birzhan-salu, admiring his performing arts.

In our time, there is still debate about who was the most skillful composer of kyuis for dombra. IN Soviet era The cult of Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly was established, but Yuri Petrovich believes that the great kuyshi had many equally talented contemporaries and followers.

— Kui Kurmangazy is very bright, memorable and eccentric, but in the storehouse of Kazakh music there are also stronger works. After the revolution, he was singled out among others because of his poor origin, relegating composers such as Dauletkerey to the background. Just listen to the song “Zhiger”! It contains such depth and tragic power... It is impossible to say who was the most talented Kazakh composer. Musical works There are many for dombra, and everyone can find their favorite.

Dombra in the daily life of Kazakhs

Dombra played an important role in the life of not only professional performers and akyns, but also simple nomadic cattle breeders. Dombra was an indispensable attribute in every yurt and hung in a place of honor on the keg. Children learned music by playing a miniature dombra - shinkildek. Adults knew the motives of famous songs and kues and could play the simplest of them.

— Kazakhs are by nature a very musical and aesthetic people. Long wanderings across the steppe contributed to the development of contemplation and music-making. We must also not forget that music was a means of communication. No one has ever played the dombra just like that, right off the bat. At first you told who you were, who you came from, where you were going and what you saw. Music certainly accompanied the word; it helped the perception of words. For example, to inform loved ones about the death of a relative, they often invited kuishi, who played estirta - notification of death.

ABOUT great importance The importance of dombra in the life of Kazakh society is also reflected in many legends and myths in which this musical instrument appears. The most famous of them is associated with the times of the Mongol invasion:

— U Genghis Khan had a son Zhoshi, who ruled the territory of modern Kazakhstan. Zhoshi also had an eldest son who was very fond of hunting kulans. One day, during a hunt, the leader of a herd of kulans knocked the prince out of the saddle, and the herd trampled him. No one dared to tell Zhoshi the black news, because according to custom, the messenger could be executed for this. Then they invited kuishi, who played the khan on the dombra estirta, sad news. Through the sounds of the dombra, he conveyed the tramp of horses, the fear of the kulans, the courage of their leader and the voice of the soul of the dead young man. When he finished playing, Joshi understood everything and said: “You brought me black news and are worthy of death.” “I didn’t bring it to you, but my dombra,” answered the kuishi. Then the khan ordered hot lead to be poured into the dombra. This legend says a lot about the sound-image properties of dombra and the power of its impact on people.

Many Asian peoples have plucked string instruments similar to the dombra and similar to it in appearance, sound and manner of playing. The Uzbeks and Turkmen have a two-stringed teardrop-shaped instrument called the dutar. The Kyrgyz have a three-stringed instrument, the komuz. The Mongols, Buryats and Khakass also have musical instruments similar to the dombra.

— It cannot be said that the dombra is a unique and inimitable invention of the Kazakhs. Many nations have analogues, but dombra can be called one of the amazing options for musical perfection. This seemingly simple instrument is capable of expressing the deepest feelings. human soul. In the past he was closely connected with the Kazakh people, and I hope that this will continue to be the case in the future.

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Annotation

The study is devoted to creating a holistic picture of the Kalmyk folk instrument - dombra. In this work, based on the study of literature about Kalmyk musical instruments, the history of the emergence of the Kalmyk musical instrument - dombra is analyzed, the etymology of the name of the musical instrument is studied, and the content of the legends about its origin is revealed. The author, as a performer, provides brief description dombra structure and playing technique. An important role in the study is given to the significance of the Kalmyk folk instrument in the development of Kalmyk culture.

INTRODUCTION

The musical culture of Kalmykia has evolved over the centuries. Oral folk musical creativity Kalmyks can be divided into four groups: song creativity, fairy-tale epic, instrumental and song-instrumental creativity. Big role in folk art republics have two latest groups- instrumental and song-instrumental creativity. It has been improved and developed over a long period of time folk art, and with him they experienced their history and musical instruments. One of the most common and most beloved instruments by the people is the dombra, which has also not been spared by changes and adjustments of time. To get to know a country and the people who inhabit it, reading books that give an idea of history, nature, and life is not enough. Only art, with its bright and colorful language, is able to tell about the most intimate, original, which constitutes the essence of national character. In dance, as in song, the soul of the people is revealed. Through music, people express their emotions, their religion, because music is the power that makes you laugh or cry. By playing the dombra we communicate, we talk about our experiences and feelings.

Currently musical culture Kalmykia is experiencing serious difficulties. Young people are not interested in the Kalmyk language, the history of Kalmykia, its customs, traditions and cultural monuments. Therefore, today it is important to restore and disseminate folk values, including folk instruments.

The relevance of this study is due to the need to draw attention to the rapid decline of the original Kalmyk folk culture, in particular, the Kalmyk folk musical instrument - dombra.

The purpose of the study is to create a holistic picture of the Kalmyk folk instrument - dombra.

Study literature about Kalmyk musical instruments;

Study the history of the origin and structure of the Kalmyk musical instrument dombra.

Study the etymology of the name of the musical instrument dombra.

Conduct a meeting and conversation with dombra player Yulia Byurcheeva;

Object of study: Kalmyk musical instrument dombra.

Research methods: work with archival materials, photographs, conversation, visiting concert programs.

The theoretical significance of the research results is that the work can serve as the basis for further scientific research in the field of the Kalmyk musical instrument dombra.

Practical significance of the research results: the materials can be used in educational activities by students and teachers. Also teachers native language can use research work in lessons like methodological development on the topic "Halmg dood".

Research sources:

Book and newspaper and magazine collection National Library name

A. M. Amr-Sanana.

Memoirs of domplayer Yulia Byurcheeva

The work of Turkologist E.R. Tenishev “Comparative-historical grammar Turkic languages»

“Kalmyk-Russian Dictionary” A. M. Pozdneev.

B. Kh. Borlykova “Kalmyk musical terminology”

N. L. Lugansky “Kalmyk folk musical instruments”

1. DOMBRA IN KALMYK CULTURE 1.1. History of the instrument

The history of dombra goes back centuries. Judging by written monuments, dombra and similar instruments were common over a large territory of Asia and on the eastern outskirts of the European part of Russia: Kazakh dombyra, Kyrgyz dombura, Tuvan domra, Chuvash tumra, tamra, etc. It is possible to assume that all of these names come from a common ancient root, which is necessary in some of the centers of a more ancient civilization.

According to musicologist T.S. The desired model for all these national instruments can be recognized as the ancient Arab-Persian tunbur (tanbur), about which there is written information in the second book of the “Great Treatise on Music” by Abu Nasr Muhammad Farabi, a writer of the tenth century.

In 1989, in Kazakhstan, in the Almaty region, high in the mountains on the plateau (zhailau) “Maitobe”, Professor S. Akitaev, with the help of ethnographer Zhagd Babalykuly, discovered a rock painting depicting a musical instrument and four dancing people in different poses. According to the research of the famous archaeologist K. Akishev, this drawing dates back to the Neolithic period. Now this drawing is in the Museum of Folk Instruments named after. Ykylas Dukenuly in Almaty, Kazakhstan. As can be seen from the picture, the instrument depicted by the ancient artist on the rock is very similar in shape to the dombra. Based on this, we can say that the prototype of the current dombra is more than 4000 years old and is one of the first plucked instruments - the ancestors of modern musical instruments of this type.

Archaeological research has established that the Saka nomadic tribes used two-stringed musical instruments, which are similar to the Kazakh dombra and may be its prototype, more than two thousand years ago. Also, at one time, during excavations of ancient Khorezm, terracotta figurines of musicians playing plucked instruments were found. Scientists note that Khorezm two-strings, which existed at least 2000 years ago, have a typological similarity to the Kazakh dombra and were one of the common instruments among the early nomads who lived in Kazakhstan.

Based on the written monuments of the Eurasian continent, we can conclude that the dombra and its related instruments of other peoples on the mainland have been well known since ancient times. In monuments of different periods in the Eurasian space, we learn about the presence of this plucked instrument, in particular from monuments of Hunnic origin. This instrument is also found among the Kimans (Cumans). Marco Polo noted in his writings that this instrument was present among the nomadic Turkic warriors, who at that time in Rus' were called Tatars. They sang and played it before the fight to achieve the appropriate mood.

1.2. The structure of the dombra

Dombra is a stringed musical instrument that exists in the culture of the Turkic peoples. Dombra is considered a folk instrument among the Kazakhs, Kalmyks and other peoples. The Kalmyk language has a wide range of words denoting parts of dombra. Thus, the body of the dombra is called dombrin tsokts (dombrin biy, dombrin kөvrdg), the upper soundboard of the dombra is dombrin elkn, the lower soundboard of the dombra is dombrin nurһn, the resonator (voice box) is dombrin ә hardg nukn, the stand (filly) located on the upper soundboard under the strings is Dombrin Tevk; the neck of the dombra is dombrin ish, the frets of the dombra are dombrin burn; dombra strings - dombrin chivsn, dombra pegs - dombrin chikn, dombra head - dombrin tolkha.

Dombra is a two-stringed instrument made from maple, willow, acacia, mulberry and apricot wood. It consists of a body (1), a neck (2) and a head (3) (see Fig. 1.). The body of most modern dombras has a triangular shape; a pear-shaped body is less common (see Fig. 2, 3). There are two strings along the neck. The string is the source of sound vibrations of the dombra. The dombra was traditionally played with gut strings made from sheep intestines. It was believed that strings made from the intestines of a two-year-old sheep had the best qualities. Such strings produce a low sound and, accordingly, a low tune, characteristic of folk music. However, the vein strings could not stand it and quickly burst. As a result, today we have the only, widespread type of dombra of a standard shape with fishing line strings, which has lost its unique sound timbre.

The current dombras have nylon strings, while the dombras made a long time ago still have the intestinal strings that the Kalmyks had in ancient times. The strings are attached at the bottom to a button on the body, at the top - to the pegs in the head. Pegs are needed to tension and tune the string. Also, when tuning a dombra, the stand plays an important role - the sound of the instrument depends on its position (closer or further from the fretboard). Most dombras have a fourth tuning - the first string is tuned to the A note of the small octave, the second to the D note of the first octave - such dombras are called second dombras.

1.3. Etymology of the name

A lot of research has been devoted to the etymology of the word dombra. For example, the famous Turkologist E.R. Tenishev in “Comparative-Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages” notes that the word domra comes from the Iranian language. The textbook “Kazakh Musical Terminology” provides an overview of scientists’ opinions on the etymology of the word dombyra. Thus, A. Zhubanov believes that the word dombyra comes from the Arabic words dunba and buree - “fat tail of the lamb.” The name is given by the appearance of the instrument: its oval body resembles a mutton tail. K. Zhuzbasov believes that the lexeme dombyra consists of two words - dem and beru - “to give breath”, “to inspire”, “to encourage activity”, which are closely related to musical performance. According to S.S. Dzhanseitova, the etymology of the word dombyra is connected with phonosemantic material. She writes: “In the Kazakh language, from the sound-depicting form dom-, don-, dun-, derivatives danryr are formed - “ringing”, “noise”, “hustle”, “rumbling”; danryra - “a type of percussion instrument”, “to rumble”, “to ring”, “to make noise”; dugIr - “dull sound of dombra”; Dingir - “low sound of dombra.” Common to all names with this meaning is the sonorant -ң. The use of this particular consonant in sound-depicting words, denoting a sonorous, resonating sound, is explained by the formation of a nasopharyngeal resonator, creating a feeling of soft vibration, a booming ringing.”

The word dombr has been found in Mongolian lexicographic works since the mid-twentieth century. So, the phrase hasag tovshuur, lit. “Kazakh tovshuur” is translated as dombra, dumbra. By the defining component hasag - “Kazakh”, one can determine who owns the instrument in question. This dictionary lists different types dombras, differing in range: byatskhan doombor - “piccolo dombra”, erduu doombor - “alto dombra”, tseel doombor - “tenor dombra”, argil doombor - “bass dombra”, Akhmad doombor - “contrabass dombra”.

In the “Kalmyk-Russian Dictionary” by A. M. Pozdneev, as well as in other dictionaries, dombor (dombr) is translated as “balalaika”. In this case, also, the word “balalaika” is not an exact translation of the word dombra; We are talking about two different musical instruments. Balalaika is a Russian folk stringed musical instrument with a triangular body and three strings. Dombra is a Kalmyk folk stringed instrument with a pear-shaped or triangular body and two strings.

1.4. Legends about the origin of dombra

There are legends about dombra and its origin.

The legend about the origin of dombra says that in ancient times two giant brothers lived in Altai. The younger brother had a dombra, which he loved to play. As soon as he starts playing, he forgets about everything in the world. The elder brother was proud and vain. One day he wanted to become famous, for which he decided to build a bridge across a stormy and cold river. He began to collect stones and began to build a bridge. And the younger brother keeps playing and playing. So another day passed, and a third. The younger brother is not in a hurry to help the elder, all he knows is that he is playing his favorite instrument. The older brother got angry, snatched the dombra from the younger brother and, with all his strength, hit it against the rock. The magnificent instrument broke, the melody fell silent, but an imprint remained on the stone. Many years have passed. People found this imprint, began to make new dombras based on it, and music began to sound again in the villages that had been silent for a long time.

The legend about how the dombra acquired its modern form says that previously the dombra had five strings and no hole in the middle. Such an instrument was owned by the famous horseman Kezhendyk, known throughout the region. He once fell in love with the daughter of a local khan. Khan invited Kezhendyk to his yurt and ordered him to prove his love for his daughter. Dzhigit began to play, long and beautifully. He sang a song about the khan himself, about his greed and greed. The Khan got angry and ordered the instrument to be damaged by pouring hot lead into the middle of the dombra. Then a hole was burned out in the middle and only two strings remained.

Another legend about the origin of dombra is similar to the previous one. A local khan’s son died from the tusks of a boar while hunting, and the servants, fearing the khan’s wrath (he threatened to pour boiling lead down the throat of anyone who told him that something bad had happened to his son) went to the old master for advice. He made a musical instrument, which he called dombra, came to the khan and played it. The strings groaned and cried, as if the plaintive noise of the forest swept under the silk tent of the khan's tent. The sharp whistle of the wind mixed with the howl of a wild animal. The strings cried out loudly, like a human voice, asking for help, and the dombra told the khan about the death of his son. The beautiful music of the dombra conveyed to the khan the harsh truth about barbaric cruelty and inglorious death. The angry khan, remembering his threat, ordered the execution of the dombra. Beside himself with anger, the khan ordered hot lead to be thrown into the round hole of the dombra. They say that since then there has been a hole left on the top deck of the dombra - a trace of molten lead.

During the time of the “Four Oirats”, among the national instruments - tovshur, khuchir, mern-khuur, etc. - an instrument similar to a flying battle arrow with feathers began to stand out. It was she who drew and repeated the fate of the Oirats. Two strings, like the trace of a cart train that has reached the desired country. Seven frets are like seven wonderful victories over enemies. The three corners of the dombra’s body are like three nutugs that found free pastures on the banks of the Volga. And finally, an arrowhead that looks like a bamb-tsetsg, a tulip. It was a dombra, looking like a girl with her hand stretched out to the sun, on whose palm two pearls glitter...

1.5. Playing the dombra

There are many performance techniques when playing the dombra. Most often, the sound is produced by striking the strings with the hand. In this case, all five fingers of the hand are involved. Performers can strike the strings in one or two directions, on one string or on two. They also play with two fingers - the index and thumb, or with one finger - just the thumb. The rhythm and combination of techniques depend on the piece being performed. The strings are pressed against the fingerboard with five fingers. The vulture lies between the large and index finger. Due to its small width, the first string can be played not only with the thumb, but with all the other fingers of the hand. Modern dombras have approximately 21 frets. The sills separating the frets are made of iron and nylon. Previously, they were made from animal veins.

Playing the dombra is taught in music schools, schools, as playing a folk musical instrument. Children's ensembles and orchestras participating in local and non-resident events are also formed there. music competitions. In Kalmykia there is a National Orchestra, in which most of the musicians are dombra players. On the dombra it is possible to perform works of many styles - from folk songs to classical, despite having only two strings. Many Kalmyk folk dances are performed to the accompaniment of dombra, such as Chichirdyk, Ishkimdyk. Folk songs also sung to the accompaniment of dombra - Sharka-Barka, Tsagan Sar, Delyash. Have you noticed that playing the dombra is never started loudly? Gradually, slightly tightening or loosening the strings, smoothly moving the fingers along the frets, the musician finds the desired key and begins to play the melody. Ut dun (long-lasting), saatulyn dun (lullaby), uyhn dun (lyrical), keldg dun (fast). Everything is subject to dombra.

Currently, the traditional culture of Kalmykia has begun to fade away. There are only two dombra-makers in the republic. In order to support the development of folk culture in society - in particular among young people - the administration of the city of Elista in the summer of 2015 organized a performance by a combined orchestra of dombra players. The conductor of the orchestra was the conductor of the National Orchestra of the Republic of Kalmykia, Savr Kataev. Performers were collected from all over the republic for two months. As a result, 330 dombra players gathered on the square in front of Khurul (initially it was supposed to be 300 people). Some of the musicians were represented by adult specialists, but most were children, students of music schools. This gave hope that the young part of the population would develop and support folk traditions and culture. The concert was attended by the chief lama of Kalmykia - Telo Tulku Rinpoche. They performed dombra tunes from folk melodies, the first chapter of the epic “Dzhangar”, the work “Green Tara”, dedicated to a Buddhist deity, and the work “Ur Sar”, dedicated to a Buddhist holiday. The combined orchestra also played other Kalmyk folk instruments - biive, tsur, tsang and others. All the musicians were dressed in national costumes various colors (see Fig. 4, 5).

1.6. Biography of Kalmyk dombra teacher Yulia Viktorovna Byurcheeva

Yulia Viktorovna Byurcheeva was born in 1976 in Elista, studied at music school No. 2 (now Children's Art School No. 2) in the Kalmyk dombra class with Lyubov Tyurbeevna Dokhaeva from 1985 to 1990. In 1993, she entered the School of Arts in the department of Kalmyk folk instruments in two specialties: Kalmyk dombra and khuchir. The same teacher remained in Kalmyk dombra; khuchir was taught by two teachers - Ta Namuzzile and Tsevelma Bagsh. From 1995 to 1997 she completed an internship in Mongolia in music school in the city of Ulaanbaatar. Higher education received in Kazan State Conservatory named after Nazib Zhiganov in the Khuchir class. Teacher - People's Artist Tatarstan, professor, director of the state string quartet Shamil Khamitovich Monasypov. In 2002, she came to work at the School of Arts, while simultaneously teaching at the Children's Music School No. 1 named after Sanji-Gary Dorjin. In 2011, she became the head of the department of Kalmyk folk instruments at Children's Music School No. 1, and since 2015 she has been deputy director for academic affairs. In 2015, Byurcheeva Yu.V. by decision of the Administration of Elista, recognized as the best teacher additional education. Over the years, the school has graduated 14 people, six of them with honors. Of these, eight became laureates of international, republican and All-Russian competitions. One of the graduates, Goryaev Chingis, became a laureate of the Head of the Republic of Kalmykia award and a laureate of the Elista City Administration award. Byurcheeva Yulia Viktorovna is the author methodological works, programs, arrangements for Kalmyk dombra and khuchir.

By providing this biography, I wanted to show that currently there are specialists in playing the dombra and learning to play this instrument does not stop.

CONCLUSION

Instrumental and song-instrumental creativity plays a major role in the folk art of the republic. For a long time, folk art was improved and developed, and along with it, musical instruments experienced their history. One of the most common and most beloved instrument by the people is the dombra.

The Kalmyk dombra is an instrument with a really long history, its own performing technique and a difficult fate. Having endured the cold years in Siberia, she returned to her native steppes and began to play loudly again, giving joy and happiness to her listeners. Residents of Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kalmykia have common ancestors. In Mongolia and Kazakhstan there are instruments related to dombra, which have different names - tovshur, dombyra, and so on. Consequently, the dombra is an instrument of the distant ancestors of the Kalmyks. Proof of this is the fact that the ancient Kalmyk epic “Dzhangar” is narrated by the Dzhangarchi, accompanying themselves by playing the dombra. In 2015, the epic “Dzhangar” turned 575 years old, so we can assume that the dombra is at least five centuries old.

Dombra is a stringed musical instrument that exists in the culture of the Turkic peoples. The dombra has a pear-shaped or triangular body and two strings. Dombra is considered a folk instrument among the Kazakhs, Kalmyks and other peoples. A lot of research has been devoted to the etymology of the word dombra.

There are legends about dombra and its origin, one way or another revealing its significance for Kalmyks and Kalmyk culture.

There are many performance techniques when playing the dombra. The rhythm and combination of techniques depend on the piece being performed. Playing the dombra is taught in music schools and colleges as a folk musical instrument. Children's ensembles and orchestras are also formed there and participate in local and out-of-town music competitions. In order to support the development of folk culture in society, in particular among young people, the administration of the city of Elista in the summer of 2015 organized a performance by the combined orchestra of dombra players of the Republic of Kalmykia, which brought together 300 performers from different corners region. This gave hope that the young part of the population would develop and support folk traditions and culture.

Thus, having been born in the west of Mongolia, repeating the fate of the Oirats, having traveled from Dzungaria to the Volga, having experienced wars, devastation, and repression, the Dombra has retained its identity. And our task is to preserve the dombra.

A brief dictionary of Kalmyk musical terms

Tovshur is a type of two-stringed neck lute, one of the oldest Kalmyk folk instruments.

Khuchir is a bowed two-string instrument of the soprano register. The bow is made from an acacia branch, willow and horsehair, two strands of hair are threaded between the strings and the bow is played across two strings at once.

Mern - khuur - two-stringed bowed instrument. The sound is produced with an arched bow made of acacia or willow.

Biive - flute instrument, type - transverse flute. Made from babmuk and reeds. Currently not widespread in Kalmykia.

Tsur is a flute instrument, type - longitudinal flute. Made from wood. In the old days, tsur was common among shepherds and shepherds.

The collet is a percussion instrument. Metal plates that are discs. When playing, the collets are held by special straps. The collets have a low sound, strong noise wave.

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

Alekseeva L.A. Nazhmedenov Zh. Features of the musical structure of the Kazakh dombra.//Kazakh culture: research and search. Collection of scientific articles, Almaty, 2000.

Alekseeva L.A. Nazhmedenov Zh. Features of Kaja dombra.// We and the universe. 2001.№ 1(6), p52-54.

Borlykova B.Kh. Kalmyk musical terminology. Elista, 2009.

Vyzgo T. Musical instruments of Central Asia. Moscow, 1980.

Lugansky N.L. Kalmyk folk musical instruments. Elista, 1987.

Nazhmedenov Zhumagali. Acoustic features of the Kazakh dombra. Aktobe, 2003

APPLICATION

Rice. 1. Structure of the dombra

Rice. 2. Dombra with a pear-shaped body

Rice. 3. Dombra with a triangular body

Rice. 4. Performance by the combined orchestra of dombra players of the Republic of Kalmykia (June 2015)

Rice. 5. Combined dombra orchestra of the Republic of Kalmykia

Dombra(Kazakh dombyra) is a stringed musical instrument that exists in the culture of the Turkic peoples. Dombra is considered a folk instrument of the Kazakhs and some Turkic peoples.

Device and sound

A relative of the balalaika, the dombra has a pear-shaped body with two strings and a long neck, on the neck of which metal frets are attached. By pressing the strings between the frets, you can get a more melodic sound. It is interesting that the Kazakh name “dombra” is formed by a combination of two words: “dom” means “sound”, and “bra” means “tuning the strings”. The birth of a Kazakh folk instrument begins with the choice of wood; traditionally, craftsmen cut out the body from hardwood - maple, oak, pine. The manufacture of each part of the dombra, and especially the soundboard with the spring that serves as a sound amplifier, requires precision and endurance. An error of even 1 millimeter leads to wheezing and rattling during the game. Previously, natural strings from sheep intestines were pulled onto the body of the dombra, so the instrument produced a deeper, lower and dull sound. Since the low tune is inconvenient for performing orchestral classical works, the dombra was Europeanized, replacing its strings with polymer ones.
Sound open strings The dombra is formed by its quart system. It can also be a fifth. The sequence of tones for dombra, starting with the first string, the highest in tone: G, D (small octave).
Intervals between strings: g(part 4)d (letter notation according to Helmholtz, part 4 - perfect fourth).
The musical range of the dombra with 19 frets on the fretboard is two full octaves (part of the small octave, the first and part of the second): from D of the small octave to D of the second octave.

Story

Archaeological finds indicate that two-string prototypes of the Kazakh dombra appeared more than 2000 years ago. Thus, during excavations of the ancient settlement of Koi-Krylgan-Kale, built about 2 thousand years ago, terracotta figurines of musicians with two strings in their hands were found. Neolithic rock paintings were discovered in the Almaty region, in which an ancient artist who lived more than 4,000 years ago depicted dancing men and an instrument similar in shape to a dombra. Legends are dedicated to Dombra, one of them says that one day a certain hero-hero, tired of military feats, decided to rest on the way to his yurt. The hero carved a homemade piece from walnut wood, strung it with horsehair strings and tried to play the instrument, but it was silent. After unsuccessful attempts the warrior fell asleep, and was soon awakened by the melody produced by the homemade product. The hero discovered that someone had attached a wooden threshold at the junction of the head and neck of the neck. The warrior decided that this was the work of shaitan (an evil demon), and since then the people have adopted the name “shaitan-tiek” for the upper threshold of the dombra. In the 21st century, in the era of electronic music, dombra still arouses the interest of music lovers. For example, Kazakh ethno-rock bands combine the sound of dombra, violin and screaming rock guitars, creating a completely new sound. The old dombra is winning more and more new fans.