Spiritual life of the 20s briefly. Cultural and spiritual life at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century. More and more bans fell on the Church

Question 01. What importance did the Soviet government attach to the elimination of illiteracy?

Answer. The Soviet government attached great importance to the elimination of illiteracy. Firstly, it was initially focused on the growth of the number of the proletariat, and the development of technology at that time had long ago reached a stage where at least a minimum level of education was required to work in an enterprise. Secondly, education was organized completely differently from pre-revolutionary standards, and through it the Communist Party rooted its ideals among the masses.

Question 02. What are the negative and positive aspects had a new Soviet school?

Answer. Positives:

1) groups of the population who previously had almost no access to it due to property and nationality gained access to education;

2) training became completely free;

3) elements of self-government were introduced into education;

4) new pedagogical methods were introduced, including more time for independent work students in groups;

5) a large-scale and quite effective system of working with street children has emerged;

6) an effective system for eliminating adult illiteracy has emerged.

Negatives:

1) many received places at universities not based on knowledge, but on the basis of class affiliation and loyalty to the party;

2) many teachers died or immigrated, new ones were also recruited on the principle of loyalty to the new regime, which is why the level of education fell.

Question 03. Why did not a significant part of the Russian intelligentsia accept the Bolshevik regime? What are the motives of those who recognized Soviet power?

Answer. Firstly, before the revolution, a significant part of the intelligentsia took an active political position; it was not monarchical, but the majority of intellectuals did not have communist views. The main thing is during Civil War Communist power showed its face. Intellectuals did not belong to the proletariat, whose dictatorship was proclaimed by the authorities; many went through prisons and concentration camps, where they ended up only for their class affiliation. Many were shocked by the new government's rejection of any alternative opinion. What is surprising is not that so many intellectuals did not accept Soviet power, what is more surprising is that part of the pre-revolutionary intelligentsia accepted it. The latter really believed that the new government would be able to create a new person and build a real paradise on earth.

Question 04. What role did the collection “Change of Milestones” play?

Answer. “Change of milestones” convinced many intellectuals both within the country and in immigration that by serving Soviet power, they were serving the cause of restoration and revival of Russia, and Soviet power was not as “red” as it wanted to seem. This collection of articles influenced many famous figures cultures that subsequently returned from immigration to the USSR.

Question 05. What are the reasons for the persecution directed against Orthodox Church and her servants?

Answer. The socialist revolutionary movement was initially atheistic (this applied to representatives of all parties, not just the Bolsheviks). But there was more to it than that. After seizing power, the Bolsheviks wanted to remain the only ones who determine the spiritual life of the country.

Question 06. What are the main features of the “new Soviet art”?

Answer. Main features:

1) the new art “threw into the dustbin” the achievements of the old;

2) it was necessary to evaluate works not from the point of view of their artistic merits, but from the class affiliation and political preferences of the author;

3) art has not only new ideas, but also new expressive forms;

4) art had to serve the construction of a new society, therefore, for example, serious artists and poets began to create posters.

The main tasks of the cultural revolution: the task was to overcome cultural inequality and make cultural treasures accessible to the working people. elimination of illiteracy: in 1919, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR", according to which the entire population from 8 to 50 years old was obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language. In 1923, the voluntary society “Down with Illiteracy” was established under the chairmanship of M.I. Kalinin.

“Down with illiteracy!” In 1923, the voluntary society “Down with Illiteracy” was established under the chairmanship of M.I. Kalinin. Thousands of educational centers have been opened to eliminate illiteracy.

Public education. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the “Regulations on the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR.” The principle is based free training. By decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, workers and peasants received the priority right to enter universities. The next important milestone was the adoption in 1930 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On universal compulsory primary education." By the end of the 30s, mass illiteracy in our country had been largely overcome

Power and the intelligentsia: the question of attitude towards the revolution. The following were abroad: S. V. Rachmaninov, K. A. Korovin, A. N. Tolstoy, M. I. Tsvetaeva, E. I. Zamyatin, F. I. Shalyapin, A. P. Pavlova, I. A. Bunin, A.I. Kuprin and others. Decrease in the spiritual and intellectual level of 500 major scientists who headed departments and entire scientific directions: P. A. Sorokin, K. N. Davydov, V. K. Agafonov, S. N. Vinogradsky, etc.

“THE INTELLIGENCE HAS ALWAYS BEEN REVOLUTIONARY. THE BOLSHEVIK DECREES ARE SYMBOLS OF THE INTELLIGENCE. Abandoned Slogans That NEED DEVELOPMENT. GOD'S LAND. . . IS THIS NOT A SYMBOL OF ADVANCED INTELLIGENCE? TRUE, THE BOLSHEVIKS DON'T SPEAK THE WORDS OF "GOD", THEY CURSING MORE, BUT YOU CAN'T ERASE THE WORDS FROM THE SONG. BITTERNESS OF THE INTELLIGENTSIA AGAINST THE BOLSHEVIKS ON THE SURFACE. IT ALREADY SEEMS TO PASS. A PERSON THINKS DIFFERENTLY THAN THEY SAY IT. RECONCILIATION IS COMING, MUSICAL RECONCILIATION. . . »Can the intelligentsia work with the Bolsheviks? - Maybe I have to. (A. A. Blok)

Remained in their homeland V. M. Bekhterev N. D. Zelinsky N. I. Vavilov K. A. Timiryazev N. E. Zhukovsky V. I. Vernadsky I. P. Pavlov K. E. Tsiolkovsky

Remained in their homeland M. Voloshin A. Akhmatova N. Gumilyov V. Mayakovsky M. Bulgakov V. Meyerhold and others.

“Smenovekhovstvo” is an ideological, political and social movement that arose in the early 1920s. among the Russian foreign liberal-minded intelligentsia. It got its name from the collection “Change of Milestones,” published in Prague in July 1921. The Smenovekhites set themselves the task of reconsidering the position of the intelligentsia in relation to post-revolutionary Russia. The essence of this revision was the renunciation of armed struggle with the new government, the recognition of the need to cooperate with it in the name of the well-being of the Fatherland.

“Smenovekhovstvo” (results) Returned to their homeland: A. N. Tolstoy S. S. Prokofiev M. Gorky M. Tsvetaeva A. I. Kuprin Attitude of the Bolsheviks: The movement suited the Bolshevik leaders, because it made it possible to split the emigration and achieve recognition of the new authorities.

Class approach to culture The party and the state established complete control over the spiritual life of society. 1921 – trial of the Petrograd combat organization (famous scientists and cultural figures). 1922 – expulsion of 160 prominent scientists and philosophers from the country. 1922 - establishment of Glavlit, and then Glavrepertkom (censorship).

From the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) "On the Party's Policy in the Region fiction"June 18, 1925 Thus, just as the class struggle in general does not stop in our country, it certainly does not stop on the literary front. In a class society there is not and cannot be neutral art. The Party must emphasize the need to create fiction designed for real mass reader, worker and peasant; we need to break more boldly and decisively with the prejudices of the nobility in literature

Bolsheviks and the Church. On December 11 (24), 1917, a decree was issued on the transfer of all church schools to the Commissariat of Education. On December 18 (31), the validity of church marriage is annulled in the eyes of the state and civil marriage is introduced. January 21, 1918 - a decree was published on the complete separation of church and state and the confiscation of all church property.”

The decree provided for specific measures to ensure that religious organizations could carry out their functions. The free performance of rituals that did not violate public order and were not accompanied by encroachments on the rights of citizens was guaranteed; religious societies were given the right to free use of buildings and objects for religious services.

More and more bans fell on the Church. Widespread closure of churches; Confiscation of church property for revolutionary needs; Arrests of clergy; Deprivation of their voting rights; Children from clergy families were deprived of the opportunity to receive special or higher education.

SPIRITUAL LIFE OF THE USSR IN THE 20S.

• 1. Fight against illiteracy.
• 2. Power and the intelligentsia.
• 3.Party control.
• 4. "Change management."
• 5. Bolsheviks and the church.

• Pavlova Anelya Vasilievna
• History teacher
• Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 12, Vyshny Volochok

The main tasks of the cultural revolution:

• The task was to overcome cultural inequality and make cultural treasures accessible to the working people.
• elimination of illiteracy: in 1919, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR", according to which the entire population from 8 to 50 years old was obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language.
• In 1923, the voluntary society “Down with Illiteracy” was established under the chairmanship of M.I. Kalinin.

“Down with illiteracy!”

• In 1923, the voluntary society “Down with Illiteracy” was established under the chairmanship of M.I. Kalinin. Thousands of educational centers have been opened to eliminate illiteracy.

Public education.

• On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the “Regulations on the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR.”
• The basis is the principle of free education.
• By decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, workers and peasants received the priority right to enter universities

• The next important milestone was the adoption in 1930 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On universal compulsory primary education."
• By the end of the 30s, mass illiteracy in our country had been largely overcome

Power and intelligentsia: the question of attitude towards the revolution.

• S.V.Rachmaninov, K.A.Korovin, A.N.Tolstoy, M.I.Tsvetaeva, E.I.Zamyatin, F.I.Shalyapin, A.P.Pavlova, I.A.Bunin, A. I. Kuprin and others.

• 500 major scientists who headed departments and entire scientific areas: P.A. Sorokin, K.N. Davydov, V.K. Agafonov, S.N. Vinogradsky, etc.

• Abroad were:

• Decrease in spiritual and intellectual level

“THE INTELLIGENCE HAS ALWAYS BEEN REVOLUTIONARY. THE BOLSHEVIK DECREES ARE SYMBOLS OF THE INTELLIGENCE. Abandoned Slogans That NEED DEVELOPMENT. GOD'S LAND... IS NOT THIS A SYMBOL OF ADVANCED INTELLIGENCE? TRUE, THE BOLSHEVIKS DON'T SPEAK THE WORDS OF "GOD", THEY CURSING MORE, BUT YOU CAN'T ERASE THE WORDS FROM THE SONG. BITTERNESS OF THE INTELLIGENTSIA AGAINST THE BOLSHEVIKS ON THE SURFACE. IT ALREADY SEEMS TO PASS. A PERSON THINKS DIFFERENTLY THAN THEY SAY IT. RECONCILIATION IS COMING, MUSICAL RECONCILIATION...”

• Can the intelligentsia work with the Bolsheviks? - Maybe I have to. (A.A.Blok)

Remained in their homeland

• V.I.Vernadsky

• K.E.Tsiolkovsky

• N.E. Zhukovsky

• I.P. Pavlov

• N.I.Vavilov

• V.M.Bekhterev

• K.A.Timiryazev

• N.D.Zelinsky

Remained in their homeland

• M. Voloshin
• A. Akhmatova
• N. Gumilev
• V. Mayakovsky
• M. Bulgakov
• V. Meyerhold
• etc.

"Shifting"

• ideological, political and social movement that emerged in the early 1920s. among the Russian foreign liberal-minded intelligentsia. It got its name from the collection “Change of Milestones,” published in Prague in July 1921.
• The Smenovekhites set themselves the task of reconsidering the position of the intelligentsia in relation to post-revolutionary Russia.
• The essence of this revision was the renunciation of armed struggle with the new government, the recognition of the need to cooperate with it in the name of the well-being of the Fatherland.

“Change management” (results)

• A.N. Tolstoy
• S.S. Prokofiev
• M. Gorky
• M. Tsvetaeva
• A.I.Kuprin

• The movement suited the Bolshevik leaders, because it made it possible to split the emigration and achieve recognition of the new government.

• Returned to their homeland:

• Bolshevik attitude:

Class approach to culture

• The party and the state established complete control over the spiritual life of society.
• 1921 – trial of the Petrograd combat organization (famous scientists and cultural figures).
• 1922 – expulsion of 160 prominent scientists and philosophers from the country.
• 1922 - establishment of Glavlit, and then Glavrepertkom (censorship).

From the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) "On the party policy in the field of fiction" June 18, 1925

• Thus, just as the class struggle in general does not stop in our country, it certainly does not stop on the literary front. In a class society there is not and cannot be neutral art.
• The Party must emphasize the need to create fiction designed for a truly mass reader, worker and peasant; we need to break more boldly and decisively with the prejudices of the nobility in literature

Bolsheviks and the Church.

• On December 11 (24), 1917, a decree was issued on the transfer of all church schools to the Commissariat of Education.
• On December 18 (31), the validity of church marriage is annulled in the eyes of the state and civil marriage is introduced.
• January 21, 1918 - a decree was published on the complete separation of church and state and the confiscation of all church property.”

• The decree provided for specific measures to ensure that religious organizations could carry out their functions.
• The free performance of rituals that did not violate public order and were not accompanied by encroachments on the rights of citizens was guaranteed; religious societies were given the right to free use of buildings and objects for religious services.

More and more bans fell on the Church

• Widespread closure of churches;
• Confiscation of church property for revolutionary needs;
• Arrests of clergy;
• Deprivation of their voting rights;
• Children from clergy families were deprived of the opportunity to receive special or higher education.

• http://www.pugoviza.ru/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl?num=1220371796
• http://alkir.narod.ru/rh-book/l-kap9/l-09-03-3.html
• http://www.uralligaculture.ru/index.php?main=library&id=100007
• http://www.xumuk.ru/bse/993.html
• http://literra.ru/2006/10/
• http://mp3slovo.com/list2_13_5.html
• http://russianway.rhga.ru/catalogue-books/index.php?SECTION_ID=326&ELEMENT_ID=23253
• http://dugward.ru/library/blok/blok_mojet_li.html

• Sources: A.A. Danilov, History of Russia XX – beginning of XXI century
• M., “Enlightenment”, 2008.
• Internet resources:

17. 02.2017
Spiritual life

FEATURES OF CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
in the 1920-1930s
1918 -
Overcome disadvantages
cultural development
PEOPLE'S
period of Tsarist Russia:
COMMISSARIARY
class restrictions;
ENLIGHTENMENT
low level
education, etc.
(NARKOMPROS)
politicize
culture;
put her to work
Soviet state
and Bolshevik
parties;
raise a “new”
A.V.Lunacharsky
person" –
first people's commissar of education
(1917-1929)
"CULTURAL REVOLUTION"

The main tasks of the cultural revolution:

overcome cultural inequality,
make it accessible to workers
cultural treasures;
eradication of illiteracy: in 1919
The Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree “On the liquidation
illiteracy
among
population
RSFSR", according to which the entire population from
8 to 50 years old had to study
literacy in native or Russian language;
V
1923
year
was
established
voluntary
society
"Down with
illiteracy" chaired by
M.I.Kalinina.

1. Fight against illiteracy
Read
document
(page 159)
and answer
to questions
to the document.
The starting point for literacy levels throughout
country at the beginning of the century, data on
1897, recognized as domestic and
foreign scientists: total - 21.1%, including
including 29.3% men and 13.1% women.
In Siberia, literacy was
respectively 12% (excluding children under 9
years - 16%), in Central Asia - 5 and 6%
respectively from the entire population.
And although in subsequent years, until 1914, the level
literacy increased (according to various estimates
up to 30-45% in industrialized
provinces), but “after wars and generally intensified
Educational courses
sets, the literacy rate is falling.”
Educational courses
Lenin one of the main tasks of building socialism
in the country he considered the fight against illiteracy.

“Down with illiteracy!”

In 1923, the voluntary society “Down with
illiteracy" chaired by M.I. Kalinin.
Were open
thousands of points
for liquidation
illiteracy
violence

1. Fight against illiteracy
Total in 1917-1927
was taught to read and write
up to 10 million adults,
including in the RSFSR
5.5 million
Soviet propaganda
posters from the 1920s

In 1918 it was
approved "Regulation
about a unified labor school
RSFSR" - school
was proclaimed
free, it
was managed on the basis
self-government,
was encouraged
pedagogical
innovation, respect
to the child's personality.
Lesson at school,
con. 1920s - early 1930s
But a series of experiments
had a negative
side - canceled
lessons, desks, home
assignments, marks,
exams.

Public education

September 30, 1918 Next
important
All-Russian Central Executive Committee
approved milestone - adoption in 1930
“Regulations on the single year of the Central Committee resolution
labor
school of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On the universal
RSFSR". Based on mandatory
laid
principle of initial education."
free training.
By the end of the 30s
Decree of the Council of People's Commissars dated 2 mass
August
1918
g. illiteracy in our
preferential
country mainly
the right to admission was overcome
workers received universities
and peasants

2. Construction of a Soviet school
Upon admission to universities
advantages
workers used
and peasants sent
to study according to party
and Komsomol vouchers.
In order for workers
and the peasants could study
in universities, with them
workers were created
faculties.
The state provided
graduates of workers' faculties
scholarships
and dormitories. The workers' faculty is coming (university students)
(B. Joganson. 1928)

2. Construction of a Soviet school
Workers' faculty
By 1927, a network of higher educational institutions and technical schools of the RSFSR
consisted of 90 universities (in 1914 - 72 universities) and 672 technical schools
(in 1914 - 297 technical schools).

2. Construction of a Soviet school
N.K. Krupskaya –
A.V.Lunacharsky -
A.S. Makarenko –
since 1929 deputy
People's Commissar of Education
first people's commissar of education
(1917-1929)
Soviet teacher
and writer
Great contribution to the organization public education and enlightenment,
N.K. contributed to the development of pedagogy. Krupskaya, A.V. Lunacharsky,
talented teachers A.S. Makarenko, P.P. Blonsky, S.T. Shatsky.

3. Russian language reform
December 1917 –
Russian spelling reform:
were excluded from the Russian alphabet
obsolete letters Ѣ (yat), Ѳ (fita), І (“and
decimal"), hard sign (Ъ) on
the end of words and parts difficult words, But
was kept as a dividing
sign (rise, adjutant);
in genitive and
accusative case of adjectives
and participle endings -ago, -ago
was replaced by -oh, his (for example, newgo → new, better
→ best, early → early), in
nominative and accusative cases
plural feminine and
neuter -yya, -iya - on -y, ee (new (books, publications) → new)
etc.
Title page of the novel "War and Peace" with old spelling.
Published by I.D. Sytin for the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino, Moscow, 1912.

4. Power and the intelligentsia
SUPPORT
REVOLUTIONS
EMIGRATION
M. Gorky,
I. Bunin,
A. Kuprin,
F. Chaliapin,
S. Prokofiev,
S. Rachmaninov,
I. Repin,
M. Chagall,
V. Kandinsky
etc.
Bolshevik
(B. Kustodiev. 1920)
OPPOSITION
A. Akhmatova,
M. Bulgakov,
M. Voloshin,
M. Prishvin
etc.
V. Mayakovsky,
A. Blok,
B. Kustodiev
K.Petrov-Vodkin
etc.

Remained in their homeland

V.M.Bekhterev
N.I.Vavilov
V.I.Vernadsky
N.E. Zhukovsky
N.D.Zelinsky
K.A.Timiryazev
I.P. Pavlov
K.E.Tsiolkovsky

M. Voloshin
A. Akhmatova
N. Gumilev
V. Mayakovsky
M. Bulgakov
V. Meyerhold

4. Power and the intelligentsia
... So they walk with a sovereign step -
Behind is a hungry dog,
Ahead - with a bloody flag,
And invisible behind the blizzard,
And unharmed by a bullet,
With a gentle tread above the storm,
Snow scattering of pearls,
In a white corolla of roses -
Ahead is Jesus Christ.

4. Power and the intelligentsia
In the history of Russian culture, the revolution came at its peak
"Silver Age". Many cultural masters value freedom of creativity
found themselves abroad.
“Change of Milestones” - collection
journalistic
articles
philosophicallyBack
to Russia
political science
content,
(in the 1920-1930s
gg.):
published in Prague in 1921
A. Tolstoy,
S. Prokofiev,
prominent
representatives
liberal
directions
V
M. Tsvetaeva,
M. Gorky
public A. Kuprin
Russian thought
emigration.
Participants in “Change of Milestones” made an attempt to comprehend the role of the Russian
intelligentsia in new political and economic conditions. The general idea
year
collection was the idea of ​​​​the possibility of adopting the Bolshevik 1909
revolution
And
reconciliation with its results for the sake of preserving the unity and power of the Russian
states. The first ideologist of change of leadership was Professor N.V. Ustryalov.

4. Power and the intelligentsia
The Bolsheviks sought to attract famous scientists to cooperate. From them
activities depended on the country's defense capability. These people were created
conditions for normal life and research. Many scientists believed that
we must work for the good of the Motherland, although they did not accept the ideology of the Bolsheviks.
I.P. Pavlov
N.D.Zelinsky
I.V.Michurin
V.I.Vernadsky
In the 20s the scientific activities of I. Pavlov, N. Zhukovsky continued,
K. Tsiolkovsky, N. Zelinsky, I. Michurin, V. Vernadsky and others.

4. Power and the intelligentsia
After the Kronstadt rebellion, the Bolsheviks strengthened control over the spiritual
sphere of social life. In August 1921, the Petrogradskaya
combat organization.
According to the charge
in belonging
were there for her
shot
N. Gumilev,
M. Tikhvinsky
and other figures
science and culture.
Cover of volume 177 of the “case” of N. S. Gumilyov.
1921

4. Power and the intelligentsia
"The Philosophical Steamer" - the RSFSR government's expulsion campaign
people unwanted by the authorities went abroad in September and November 1922.
P. A. Sorokin
N. A. Berdyaev
S. N. Bulgakov
I. A. Ilyin
In 1922, 160 scientists were expelled from the country.
“We sent these people away
Among those expelled are Russian philosophers and thinkers: because they cannot be shot
I. Yu. Bakkal, N. A. Berdyaev, V. F. Bulgakov, S. N. Bulgakov, was
V. V. Zvorykin,
I. A. Ilyin,
reason, but to endure
was
L.P. Karsavin, A.A. Kizevetter, N.A. Kotlyarevsky, D.V. Kuzmin-Karavaev, I. I. Lapshin,
impossible"
N. O. Lossky, V. A. Myakotin, M. M. Novikov, M. A. Osorgin, P. A. Sorokin, S. E. Trubetskoy,
L.D.Trotsky
A. I. Ugrimov, S. L. Frank, N. N. Tsvetkov, V. I. Yasinsky and others.

4. Power and the intelligentsia
Scientists worked in exile
with world famous names:
microbiologist S.N.Vinogradsky,
geologist N.I.Andrusov,
soil scientist V.K. Agafonov,
chemists V.N.Ipatiev
and A.E. Chichibabin,
aircraft designer I.I. Sikorsky,
one of the creators
television V.K. Zvorykin,
historian N.P. Kondakov and others.
I.I. Sikorsky - Russian and American aircraft designer,
scientist, inventor, philosopher. Creator of the world's first:
four-engine aircraft "Russian Knight" (1913),
passenger plane "Ilya Muromets" (1914),
transatlantic seaplane, serial helicopter
single-screw circuit.

4. Power and the intelligentsia
In 1922 it was established
Glavlit, who carried out
censorship of all printed matter
products.
Created in 1923
Glavrepetkom with the same
functions.
But until 1925 in culture
relative
spiritual freedom.
Party leaders fighting each other
with a friend, we couldn't
agree on a single line.
With the rise of Stalin
the situation has changed
ideologization began
artistic creativity.

5. State and church
At the end of October 1917
was restored in Russia
patriarchate.
Activities of Patriarch Tikhon:
condemned the execution of the royal
families;
condemned the persecution of the church;
fought against confiscation
church values
(1922);
tried to establish a dialogue and
state cooperation
and churches.
Patriarch Tikhon
(1917-1925)

5. State and church
Reasons for the struggle
with church and religion:
atheistic views
party leaders;
desire to remove
spiritual competitor
spheres.
Fragment of the Decree on Freedom of Conscience,
church and religious societies.
1918
At the beginning of 1918
the church was separated
from the state
and the school is from the church.

5. State and church
Church cartoons

5. State and church
1922 – confiscation of church
values.
“We cannot approve seizures from churches,
at least through voluntary
donation of sacred objects,
the use of which is not for liturgical purposes
purposes is prohibited by the canons of the Ecumenical
Church and is punished by It as sacrilege -
the laity by excommunication from Her,
clergy - eruption from
sana"
From the Appeal of Patriarch Tikhon.
Poster for aid to starving regions of the RSFSR “Spider Hunger Suffocates”
peasantry of Russia."
The most starving regions are marked in black (Lower Urals,
Volga region, Crimea, southern Ukraine). Allegorical streams emanating from
various religious institutions (Orthodox, Catholic and
Muslim), infect the body of the “hunger spider”

Seizure of church valuables
Opening of the relics of Alexander
Nevsky and the seizure of the precious crayfish.
May 1922.

5. State and church
Church property
requisitioned for the struggle fund
with hunger. This led to
speeches of believers.
In response, power transferred to
offensive In the spring of 1922
took place in Moscow and Petrograd
trials over
church leaders.
Several people were
executed, and Patriarch Tikhon
arrested. In 1925 after
death of Tikhon elections
patriarch were banned (until
1943).
Simonov Monastery. The destruction of the temple.
1923

Literary movements
XX century in Russia
symbolism
acmeism
imagism
futurism

Symbolists (French symbolisme from Greek
symbolon - sign, symbol).
Z. N. Gippius,
V. Ya. Bryusov,
K. D. Balmont,
F. K. Sologub,
A. A. Blok,
S. Solovyov,
K. Balmont,
V. Ivanov,
I.F.Annensky
A.Blok
A. Bely
K. Balmont
Symbolism
built
on
basis
interpretation of the concept of symbol as a fundamental principle
connections between being, thinking, personality and culture.

Acmeists (from the Greek akme` - edge, highest
degree of something, blooming power).
N. S. Gumilev
A. A. Akhmatova
O. E. Mandelstam
G. V. Ivanov
V. I. Narbut
A. Akhmatova
O. Mandelstam
Acmeism
was based
on
proclamation
materiality, objectivity of themes and images,
accuracy of the word.

Futurists (from the Latin futurum - future).
V. Khlebnikov
V. V. Mayakovsky
D. D. Burliuk
I. Severyanin
David
Burliuk
Velimir
Khlebnikov
Futurism was based on speed, movement,
energies that
tried to convey enough
simple techniques.

Imagists (from the French image - image)
S. A. Yesenin
S. Yesenin
A. B. Mariengof
V. G. Shershenevich
Anatoly
Mariengof
Imagism characterizes
anarchic motives.
creative
shocking,

Class approach to culture

The Party and the state have established complete
control over the spiritual life of society.
1921 – trial of the Petrograd battle
organization (famous scientists and figures
culture).
1922 – expulsion from the country of 160 large
scientists and philosophers.
1922
–
establishment
Glavlita
(main directorate for literature and publishing
elstv), and then the Glavrepertkom (organ
approves of censorship).

From the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) “On the party’s policy in the field of fiction” - June 18, 1925.

Thus, as we do not stop
class struggle in general, it’s definitely not
stops on the literary front as well. IN
there is not and cannot be a class society
neutral art.
The party must emphasize the need
creation
artistic
literature,
designed for truly massive
reader, worker and peasant; need to
bolder
And
more decisively
break
With
prejudices of the nobility in literature

6. New art
PROLETKULT - mass
cultural and educational
and literary and artistic
organization of the proletarian
amateur activities under the People's Commissariat
enlightenment that existed
from 1917 to 1932.
The ideologists of Proletkult proceeded from
definitions of “class culture”,
formulated by Plekhanov.
In their opinion, any work
art reflects the interests and
worldview of only one class
and therefore unsuitable for another.
Therefore, the proletariat
you need to create your own
own culture from scratch.

6. New art
First workers' theater
Proletkult in 1924-32.
located in
cinema "Colosseum"
on Chistoprudny
boulevard (now a building
Theater "Sovremennik")
I set it before myself
propaganda tasks,
contributed to the development
and approval on stage
Soviet drama.
Worked in the theater:
G.V. Alexandrov,
E.P. Garin, I.A. Pyryev,
MM. Strauch;
CM. Eisenstein et al.
Theater of Working Youth (TRAM).
1930

6. New art
S.M. Eisenstein.
"Battleship Potemkin" - silent feature film,
filmed by director Sergei Eisenstein at the Mosfilm studio
in 1925 (to mark the 20th anniversary of the 1905 revolution). Repeatedly over the years
recognized as the best or one of best films of all times and peoples
based on surveys of critics, filmmakers and the public.

6. New art
In 1921 it was published
first number
first Soviet
thick magazine
"Red news"
Editor from 1921 – 1927
was A.K. Voronsky.

6. New art
"Quiet Don" - epic novel
Mikhail Sholokhov in four
volumes, written from 1925 to 1940.
One of the most significant
works of Russian
literature of the 20th century, drawing
a wide panorama of Don life
Cossacks during the First
world war, revolutionary
events of 1917 and civil
wars in Russia.
For this novel in 1965
Sholokhov was awarded
Nobel Prize for
literature with the wording “For
artistic strength and integrity
epic about Don Cossacks V
a turning point for Russia."
Magazine "Roman-newspaper", 1928.
(one of the first publications of the novel
and portrait of the author)

6. New art
I.M. Babel.
D.A. Furmanov.

6. New art
Lenin
And I,
and now
like the spring of humanity,
more alive than all living things.
born
Our knowledge
- and in battle,
in the works
I sing
strength
my fatherland,
and weapons.
my republic!
From the poem From the poem “Good”
(1927).
"Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
(1924).
V.V. Mayakovsky.

6. New art
“Windows of satire ROSTA” -
series of posters created
in 1919-1921
Soviet poets
and artists who worked
in the Russian system
telegraph
agency (ROSTA).
"Windows ROSTA" -
specific form
mass propaganda
art that arose
during the Civil
wars and interventions
1918-1920
A large role in the creation of "Windows"
ROSTA” played by V. Mayakovsky.

6. New art
D. Moore.
Propaganda posters.
V. Denis.
Propaganda posters.

6. New art
V.E. Meyerhold
E.B. Vakhtangov
A.Ya.Tairov
In the theater, in addition to the system of K.S. Stanislavsky, they are looking for new forms
artistic expression (revolutionary romance, grotesque,
satire, biomechanics, etc.)

7. Communal life
Communal apartment –
apartment where he lives
several families,
not being
relatives.
Appeared after the revolution
1917 during
"seals" when
Bolsheviks forcibly
took away housing from the rich
townspeople and moved them in
new people's apartment,
active supporters
Soviet power
(communists, military,
CHK employees).
Most utilities
apartments appeared
in Leningrad (St. Petersburg).

8. Satire
M.A. Bulgakov
The story was written in 1925, for the first time
published in 1968 simultaneously
in the magazine "Grani" (Frankfurt) and
Alec Flegon's magazine "Student"
(London).
In the USSR in the 1960s it was distributed in
samizdat. For the first time it was officially
published in the USSR in 1987 in the 6th
issue of Znamya magazine.
Since then it has been reprinted several times.

8. Satire
I. Ilf and E. Petrov

8. Satire
V.V. Mayakovsky.
In the background "Windows of ROSTA"

RESULTS:
+
the level has been significantly raised
population literacy
culture has become popular and
publicly available
was still preserved in the 20s
relative freedom
creativity, no rigid
censorship
Poster. 1920
Author: A. Radakov.

RESULTS
end of the "Silver Age"
multiple development paths
culture begins gradually
liquidated by Soviet power
as the dictatorship formed
Stalin's party began
attack on culture
restriction of freedom of creativity,
development of "socialist"
realism"
activities of the intelligentsia
will gradually be brought under
party control (especially this
appear in the 30s)
Poster. 1930
Authors: I. Lebedev, N. Krasilnikov.

Culture of Russia Late XIX - early XX centuries. became an extremely fruitful period in the development of national culture. The spiritual life of society, reflecting the rapid changes that occurred in the appearance of the country at the turn of two centuries, is turbulent political history Russia in this era was distinguished by its exceptional wealth and diversity. “In Russia at the beginning of the century there was a real cultural renaissance,” wrote N.A. Berdyaev. “Only those who lived at that time know what a creative upsurge we experienced, what a breath of spirit swept through Russian souls.” The creativity of Russian scientists, literary and artistic figures has made a huge contribution to the treasury of world civilization.

Science and natural history In the second half of the 19th century. Science is becoming one of the most important areas social activities. Discoveries of world significance were made in the field of chemistry. Professor of St. Petersburg University Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev () formulated the periodic law in 1869 chemical elements, which has become one of the most important in natural science. D. I. Mendeleev

Natural scientist Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov (a student of G. Helmholtz and teacher of I. P. Pavlov, was an innovator in the field of physiology. The result of his research into higher nervous activity was the work “Reflexes of the Brain” (1866), which proved the unity and interaction of mental and physical processes in the body. The works of the founder of soil science Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev () and the main one “Russian Chernozem” (1883) are associated with the successes of natural science. The scientist argued that soil is a special natural organism with its own laws of formation, development and depletion. Dokuchaev compiled a map of the soil characteristics of European Russia and gave a classification of soils in the country (1886). I. M. Sechenov

Geography Russian geographers and natural scientists have significantly enriched ideas not only about their own country, but also about the Earth, its continents and continents. In the 6090s. a brilliant galaxy of tireless travelers is emerging, exploring the little-explored edges of the Earth. The Russians played a major role in organizing the expeditions. geographical society, headed by P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, who replaced its founder F.P. Litke in 1873. P. P. Semenov was the first European to travel through the Tien Shan mountains (). Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky () after an expedition to the Ussuri region () carried out four expeditions to Central Asia (), visiting Tibet, Mongolia, and China. He discovered many previously unknown mountain ranges, rivers and lakes, for the first time described unknown breeds of animals (Tibetan bear, Przewalski's horse, etc.), and collected a valuable collection of plants. Przhevalsky N. M.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay () traveled outside of Russia, visiting the cities. in Madeira, Morocco, New Guinea. In for scientific purposes he was in the Malay Islands of Polynesia. The close friendly contacts of the Russian scientist with the local population gave him the opportunity to conduct serious anthropological and ethnographic research that could counter racist theories. N. N. Miklouho-Maclay

Art In Russian culture the second half of the 19th century V. literature took precedence. Ideological and aesthetic principles prevailing in it critical realism had a powerful impact on all areas of art. The determining factors here are the requirements of closeness to life, to the people, the desire to respond to the demands of society, to satisfy its needs for truth, for beauty, which art seeks in reality itself.

Painting The process of renewal in painting began with a “revolt” at the Academy of Arts of Young Artists in 1863. Refusing to write competition works on traditional subjects from mythology, they demanded a free choice of topics. Having been refused, 14 painters, led by I. N. Kramskoy, left the academy and founded the Artel of Artists. It served as a step towards a new association in 1870, the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions, which finally took shape with the adoption of the charter in 1876. Over the two decades of its existence, the Peredvizhniki showed exhibitions of their paintings in more than 20 cities. Their union was simultaneously professional, ideological, and commercial, uniting almost everyone talented artists who affirmed the principles of realism and nationality.

To the fore in the 6070s. moved forward genre painting with its pronounced social motives. Here, Vasily Grigorievich Perov () achieved serious success with his paintings of district and village post-reform Russia (“Tea drinking in Mytishchi”, “The arrival of the chief for the investigation”, “Rural religious procession at Easter”). The artist rises to genuine tragedy by painting the funeral of an orphaned peasant woman family of his breadwinner (“Farewell to the Dead”), Grigory Grigorievich Myasoedov () managed to convey the poetry of peasant labor (“Mowers”), the close connection of the rural world with nature, dependence on it (“Drought”), showed the relationship of peasants with zemstvo institutions (“Drought”), showed the relationship of peasants with zemstvo institutions (“Drought”). The zemstvo is having lunch." The heyday of the work of Ilya Efimovich Repin () occurred at the beginning of the 20th century, but already in the 1870s. his mighty talent was revealed. An event in art and public life became the painting “Barge Haulers on the Volga” (1872). In the faces of the barge haulers, sharply individual and at the same time constituting a single whole, there is patience and suffering, humility and readiness to protest. Responding to the pressing issues of the time, Repin creates a kind of triptych about the common intelligentsia: “Arrest of the propagandist,” “Refusal of confession,” “They didn’t expect it.”

The paintings of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Yaroshenko () “Student”, “Student”, “Stoker” are dedicated to new types of post-reform Russia. The plots of Vladimir Egorovich Makovsky’s paintings () “On the Boulevard”, “Bank Collapse”, “Date”, “Party”, “I Won’t Let You In!” were snatched from the thick of everyday city life. IN historical genre At this time, artists moved away from the traditional source of ancient history, turning to the past of their fatherland, striving to recreate its events and images with complete authenticity. On the canvas “The Morning of the Streltsy Execution” by Vasily Ivanovich Surikov there is no depiction of the actual execution of opponents of Peter’s reforms. But the mortal struggle of Rus', leaving and renewing itself, is conveyed with enormous force. The rich coloring of the painting and the complex, original composition help convey the author’s intent.

The same conflict between old and new as the basis family drama, embodied in the painting by Nikolai Nikolaevich Ge () “Peter I interrogates Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich in Peterhof.” There are no external manifestations of this drama here; the poses of its participants are also calm. Only Peter’s gaze speaks of the depth of the conflict: there is no hatred in him for his son who betrayed him, only bitterness and torment, the consciousness that his life’s work will not be continued by those who were supposed to inherit him. Battle painting 6090s is in close contact with history. Here is the same departure from academic conventions, decorativeness, and pomp. V. I. Surikov the battle painter (“Suvorov’s Crossing of the Alps”, “The Conquest of Siberia by Ermak”) acts as a kind of director of the mise-en-scène, which he builds in strict accordance with the course of hostilities, with historical truth, without sacrificing it in the name of greater effect. “Peter I interrogates Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich in Peterhof”

Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin () formally did not belong to the Itinerants, but shared their ideological and aesthetic preferences. Under the artist’s brush, war appears as an unnatural state for humans. His painting The Apotheosis of War, depicting a scorching desert with a destroyed city in the distance and a pyramid of human skulls in the foreground, was perceived as an anti-war symbol. "Apotheosis of War"

Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky () x. a mature master, recognized as the best marine painter not only in Russia, but also in Europe. He captured the sea element in very different states from calm to storm (“The Ninth Wave”, “Black Sea”, “Among the Waves”). One of his best paintings is “The Sea”. There is nothing on the canvas except the harsh, boundless sea and endless sky. “The Sea” by Aivazovsky can be considered one of the most grandiose works of the world landscape. "The Ninth Wave"

Heyday landscape painting associated with the work of Isaac Ilyich Levitan (). In the paintings “Autumn Day. Sokolniki", "Evening. Golden Reach”, “Quiet Abode”, “At the Pool”, “Haystacks. Twilight” you can hear both the aching music of Russian nature and its special silence. They evoke light sadness and thoughts about life, in which there is no harmony and beauty inherent in nature. Despite their outward unpretentiousness, Levitan’s landscapes are the result of the highest skill and innovation of the artist, who in many ways foresaw the development of painting in the 20th century. " Golden autumn»

Architecture Rapid growth after the reforms of the 60s. cities, networks railways, industrial enterprises, a sharp increase in the number of banks and joint stock companies, educational and cultural institutions, all this determined the colossal scale of construction. Architects were faced with new and diverse tasks, which brought to the fore the need for a functional solution appropriate to the type of building. Church of the Resurrection of Christ

Opera B opera genre national opera based on plots comes to the fore Russian history. In "Pskovityanka" Rimsky-Korsakov, “Prince Igor” by Borodin, not only do folk tunes sound, but the people also take part in a stage musical performance. N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov Alexander Porfirievich Borodin

Theater In the post-reform era, many private theaters and enterprises appeared, but the imperial theaters remained the centers of theatrical culture. They are financed by the government, the best acting forces are attracted here, the direction and scenography were staged here at the modern European level. In the theatrical life of the two capitals, the Maly Theater set the tone with its stable traditions of stage realism, coming from the great Shchepkin and Mochalov. The Maly Theater was called the “House of Ostrovsky”: all the plays of the outstanding playwright were performed here. The acute social issues of his works made it possible to bring on stage a gallery of Russians social types, show the life and customs of the urban strata, the complex relationships in post-reform society between its classes. P. M. Sadovsky, G. N. Fedotova, M. N. Ermolova shone on the stage of the Maly Theater. The theater was not limited to realistic art: since the mid-70s. here, as in other theaters in Russia, romanticism with its pathos and pathos is increasingly gaining ground. Maria Nikolaevna Ermolova Painting by V. Serov