Since the 2014-2015 academic year in the state program final certification schoolchildren present a final graduation essay. This format differs significantly from the classic exam. The work is of a non-subject nature, relying on the graduate’s knowledge in the field of literature. The essay aims to reveal the examinee’s ability to reason in given topic and argue your point of view. Mainly, the final essay allows you to assess the level speech culture graduate. For exam paper Five topics from a closed list are proposed.

1. Introduction
2. Main part - thesis and arguments
3. Conclusion - conclusion

Final essay 2016 assumes a volume of 350 words.

The time allotted for the examination work is 3 hours 55 minutes.

Topics for the final essay

The issues proposed for consideration are usually addressed to inner world person, personal relationships, psychological characteristics and concepts of universal morality. Thus, the topics of the final essay for the 2016-2017 academic year include the following areas:

1. "Experience and mistakes"

Here are concepts that the examinee will have to reveal in the process of reasoning, referring to examples from the world of literature. In the final essay 2016, the graduate must identify the relationships between these categories based on analysis, building logical relationships and applying knowledge of literary works.

One of these topics is “Experience and Mistakes.”

As a rule, works from the course school curriculum in literature - this is a large gallery of different images and characters that can be used to write a final essay on the topic “Experience and mistakes.”

• Novel by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”
• Novel by M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
• Novel by M. A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”
• Roman I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
• Novel by F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”
• The story of A.I. Kuprin " Garnet bracelet»

Arguments for the final essay 2016 “Experience and mistakes”

• “Eugene Onegin” by A.S. Pushkin

The novel in verse “Eugene Onegin” clearly demonstrates the problem of irreparable mistakes in a person’s life, which can lead to serious consequences. So, main character- Evgeny Onegin, by his behavior with Olgoy in the Larins’ house, provoked the jealousy of his friend Lensky, who challenged him to a duel. The friends came together in a mortal battle, in which Vladimir, alas, turned out to be not as agile a shooter as Evgeniy. Misbehavior and a sudden duel between friends, thus, turned out to be a big mistake in the hero’s life. It is also worth referring here to love story Eugene and Tatiana, whose confessions Onegin cruelly rejects. Only years later does he realize what a fatal mistake he made.

• “Crime and Punishment” by F. M. Dostoevsky

The central question for the hero of the work F . M. Dostoevsky begins to desire to understand his ability to act, to decide the destinies of people, neglecting the norms of universal morality - “Am I a trembling creature, or do I have the right?” Rodion Raskolnikov commits a crime by killing an old pawnbroker, and later realizes the full gravity of the committed act. The manifestation of cruelty and inhumanity, a huge mistake that led to Rodion’s suffering, became a lesson for him. Subsequently, the hero takes the right path, thanks to the spiritual purity and compassion of Sonechka Marmeladova. The crime committed remains a bitter experience for him for the rest of his life.

• “Fathers and Sons” by I.S. Turgenev

Essay example

On his life's path, a person has to make a large number of vital decisions, choose what to do in a given situation. In the process of experiencing various events, a person acquires life experience, which becomes his spiritual luggage, helping in future life and interaction with people and society. However, we often find ourselves in difficult, contradictory conditions when we cannot guarantee the correctness of our decision and be sure that what we consider correct now will not become a big mistake for us.

An example of the influence of actions on a person’s life can be seen in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin.” The work demonstrates the problem of irreparable mistakes in a person’s life, which can lead to serious consequences. Thus, the main character, Eugene Onegin, by his behavior with Olga in the Larins’ house, provoked the jealousy of his friend Lensky, who challenged him to a duel. The friends came together in a mortal battle, in which Vladimir, alas, turned out to be not as agile a shooter as Evgeniy. Misbehavior and a sudden duel between friends, thus, turned out to be a big mistake in the hero’s life. It is also worth turning here to the love story of Eugene and Tatiana, whose confessions Onegin cruelly rejects. Only years later does he realize what a fatal mistake he made.

It is also worth turning to I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons,” which reveals the problem of errors in the unshakability of views and beliefs, which can lead to disastrous consequences.

In the work of I.S. Turgenev Evgeny Bazarov is a progressive-minded young man, a nihilist who denies the value of the experience of previous generations. He says that he does not believe in feelings at all: “Love is rubbish, unforgivable nonsense.” The hero meets Anna Odintsova, with whom he falls in love and is afraid to admit it even to himself, because this would mean a contradiction to his own beliefs of universal denial. However, later he becomes fatally ill, without admitting it to his family and friends. Being seriously ill, he finally realizes that he loves Anna. Only at the end of his life does Eugene realize how greatly he was mistaken in his attitude towards love and nihilistic worldview.

Thus, it is worth talking about how important it is to correctly evaluate your thoughts and actions, analyzing actions that can lead to a big mistake. A person is constantly developing, improving his way of thinking and behavior, and therefore he must act thoughtfully, relying on life experience.

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Victory is always desired. We are waiting for victory with early childhood, playing catch up or board games. We need to win at all costs. And the one who wins feels like the king of the situation. And someone is a loser because he doesn’t run so fast or the chips just fell out wrong. Is victory really necessary? Who can be considered the winner? Is victory always an indicator of true superiority?

In Anton Pavlovich Chekhov's comedy “The Cherry Orchard,” the conflict is centered on the confrontation between the old and the new. Noble society, brought up on the ideals of the past, have stopped in their development, accustomed to receiving everything without much difficulty, by right of birth, Ranevskaya and Gaev are helpless before the need for action. They are paralyzed, cannot make a decision, cannot move. Their world is collapsing, going to hell, and they are building rainbow projects, starting an unnecessary holiday in the house on the day of the estate auction. And then Lopakhin appears - a former serf, and now - the owner cherry orchard. Victory intoxicated him. At first he tries to hide his joy, but soon triumph overwhelms him and, no longer embarrassed, he laughs and literally shouts:

My God, my God, cherry orchard my! Tell me that I'm drunk, out of my mind, that I'm imagining all this...

Of course, the slavery of his grandfather and father may justify his behavior, but in the face of, according to him, his beloved Ranevskaya, it looks, at least, tactless. And here it is already difficult to stop him, like a real master of life, a winner he demands:

Hey musicians, play, I want to listen to you! Come and watch how Ermolai Lopakhin takes an ax to the cherry orchard and how the trees fall to the ground!

Maybe, from the point of view of progress, Lopakhin’s victory is a step forward, but somehow it becomes sad after such victories. The garden is cut down without waiting for departure former owners, Firs is forgotten in a boarded-up house... Does such a play have a morning?

In the story “The Garnet Bracelet” by Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin, the focus is on fate young man who dared to love a woman outside his circle. G.S.J. He has long and devotedly loved Princess Vera. His gift - a garnet bracelet - immediately attracted the woman’s attention, because the stones suddenly lit up like “lovely, rich red living lights. “Definitely blood!” - Vera thought with unexpected alarm.” Unequal relationships are always fraught with serious consequences. The alarming premonitions did not deceive the princess. The need to put the presumptuous scoundrel in his place at all costs arises not so much from the husband as from Vera’s brother. Appearing in front of Zheltkov, representatives high society a priori behave like winners. Zheltkov’s behavior strengthens them in their confidence: “his trembling hands ran around, fiddling with buttons, pinching his light reddish mustache, touching his face unnecessarily.” The poor telegraph operator is crushed, confused, and feels guilty. But only Nikolai Nikolaevich remembers the authorities to whom the defenders of the honor of his wife and sister wanted to turn, when Zheltkov suddenly changes. No one has power over him, over his feelings, except the object of his adoration. No authorities can prohibit loving a woman. And to suffer for the sake of love, to give one’s life for it - this is the true victory of the great feeling that G.S.Zh. was lucky enough to experience. He leaves silently and confidently. His letter to Vera is a hymn to a great feeling, a triumphant song of Love! His death is his victory over the insignificant prejudices of pathetic nobles who feel like masters of life.

Victory, as it turns out, can be more dangerous and disgusting than defeat if it tramples eternal values, distorts the moral foundations of life.

“Reason is given to man to understand: it is impossible to live by reason alone, people live by feelings”

(Erich Maria Remarque)

Reason and feeling... Which of these two components human soul more important? What should we listen to more in life: the voice of reason or the call of the heart? It is these questions that the topic I have chosen makes me think about.

For many centuries, humanity has lived, developed and created precisely thanks to reason. It is the ability to think that distinguishes humans from other animals. But each of us is also endowed with the ability to feel. Reason and feeling are the most important components of a person. In my opinion, they must coexist in each of us in harmony, because if a person lives only by reason, then he is deprived of all the joys given to him by life. If a person lives only by feelings, then there is a high probability that one day he will commit a rash act under the influence of emotions. However, each person gives his own answer to the question of what is more important, and many writers have discussed this.

Let us remember the work of A.I. Kuprina. The story “The Garnet Bracelet” tells the love story of poor telegraph operator Grigory Stepanovich Zheltkov for Princess Vera Nikolaevna Sheina. Our heroes have completely different ideas about what is more important in life: feeling or reason. Vera Nikolaevna lives guided by her reason, her life proceeds according to routine. Her life is a monotonous existence. And for Zheltkov, love for the princess, his feelings, became the meaning of life, although he was well aware of the insurmountable gap that lay between them. But the hero chooses the path indicated by his heart, his soul, he loves, and this makes the hero happy. Having devoted eight years of his life to the princess and receiving nothing in return except a note telling him to stop pursuing her, he dies. And only his death brought Vera Nikolaevna to his home and made her understand that Zheltkov’s love was the only one in her life true love, which every woman dreams of. Her soul was finally reborn. After reading the work, we understand that it was important for the author to show that people who try to live only by reason are doomed to a spiritually empty existence, for only love can give a person true happiness.

As a second argument, I would like to cite the work of Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin “ Poor Lisa». Main character story, a young girl from a poor family falls in love with a rich nobleman. She completely surrendered to her feelings and could not even imagine that her beloved could one day betray her. Erast marries a rich elderly widow for money, and upon learning of this, Lisa commits suicide. The author of the story shows us that love is a wonderful feeling that can elevate and transform a person, but sometimes it can destroy a person, as happened with Lisa. She forgot about everything, following the call of her heart; her mind, being in the background, could not save her.

To summarize, I would like to say that you cannot live by one thing alone. Feelings are given to us to feel the fullness of life, and reason to complete the right choice. A person will live a full life only when reason and feelings are harmoniously combined in him.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Final essay. Thematic area: Experience and mistakes. Prepared by: Shevchuk A.P., teacher of Russian language and literature, MBOU “Secondary School No. 1”, Bratsk

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List of recommended literature: Jack London “Martin Eden”, A.P. Chekhov “Ionych”, M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don", Henry Marsh "Do No Harm" M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time” “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” A. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter”; “Eugene Onegin”. M. Lermontov “Masquerade”; “Hero of Our Time” I. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”; "Spring Waters"; " Noble nest" F. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment.” L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"; "Anna Karenina"; "Resurrection". A. Chekhov “Gooseberry”; "About love." I. Bunin “Mr. from San Francisco”; " Dark alleys" A. Kupin “Olesya”; "Garnet Bracelet" M. Bulgakov " Heart of a Dog»; « Fatal eggs" O. Wilde “The Picture of Dorian Gray”. D.Keys "Flowers for Algernon." V. Kaverin “Two Captains”; "Painting"; “I’m going to the mountain.” A. Aleksin “Mad Evdokia”. B. Ekimov “Speak, mother, speak.” L. Ulitskaya “The Case of Kukotsky”; “Sincerely yours, Shurik.”

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Official comment: Within the framework of the direction, discussions about the value of spiritual and practical experience are possible individual, the people, humanity as a whole, about the cost of mistakes on the way to understanding the world and gaining life experience. Literature often makes you think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes, without which it is impossible to move forward. life path, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

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Methodical recommendations: “Experience and errors” is a direction in which a clear opposition of two polar concepts is less implied, because without errors there is and cannot be experience. A literary hero, making mistakes, analyzing them and thereby gaining experience, changes, improves, takes the path of spiritual and moral development. By assessing the actions of the characters, the reader gains invaluable life experience, and literature becomes a real textbook of life, helping not to make one’s own mistakes, the price of which can be very high. Speaking about the mistakes made by heroes, it should be noted that it is incorrect decision made, an ambiguous act can affect not only the life of an individual, but also have the most fatal impact on the fate of others. In literature we also encounter tragic mistakes that affect the destinies of entire nations. It is in these aspects that one can approach the analysis of this thematic area.

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Aphorisms and sayings famous people:  One should not be timid for fear of making mistakes, the most big mistake- this is to deprive yourself of experience. Luc de Clapier Vauvenargues  You can make mistakes in different ways, but you can do the right thing only in one way, which is why the first is easy, and the second is difficult; easy to miss, difficult to hit the target. Aristotle  In all matters we can learn only by trial and error, falling into error and being corrected. Karl Raymund Popper  He is deeply mistaken who thinks that he will not make a mistake if others think for him. Aurelius Markov  We easily forget our mistakes when they are known only to us. François de La Rochefoucauld  Learn from every mistake. Ludwig Wittgenstein  Shyness may be appropriate everywhere, but not in admitting one’s mistakes. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing  It is easier to find an error than the truth. Johann Wolfgang Goethe

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As support in your reasoning, you can refer to the following works. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Raskolnikov, killing Alena Ivanovna and confessing to what he had done, does not fully realize the tragedy of the crime he committed, does not recognize the fallacy of his theory, he only regrets that he could not commit the crime, that he will not now be able to classify himself among the chosen ones. And only in hard labor does the soul-weary hero not only repent (he repented by confessing to the murder), but embark on the difficult path of repentance. The writer emphasizes that a person who admits his mistakes is able to change, he is worthy of forgiveness and needs help and compassion. (In the novel, next to the hero is Sonya Marmeladova, who is an example of a compassionate person).

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M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”, K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram". Heroes are so different works They are making a similar fatal mistake, which I will regret all my life, but, unfortunately, they will not be able to correct anything. Andrei Sokolov, leaving for the front, pushes away his wife hugging him, the hero is irritated by her tears, he gets angry, believing that she is “burying him alive,” but the opposite happens: he returns, and the family dies. This is a loss for him - terrible grief, and now he blames himself for every little thing and says with inexpressible pain: “Until my death, until my last hour, I will die, and I will not forgive myself for pushing her away then!”

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Story by K.G. Paustovsky is a story about lonely old age. Grandmother Katerina, abandoned by her own daughter, writes: “My beloved, I will not survive this winter. Come at least for a day. Let me look at you, hold your hands.” But Nastya calms herself with the words: “Since her mother writes, it means she’s alive.” Thinking about strangers, while organizing an exhibition of a young sculptor, the daughter forgets about the only thing loved one. And only after hearing warm words of gratitude “for caring for a person”, the heroine remembers that she has a telegram in her purse: “Katya is dying. Tikhon." Repentance comes too late: “Mom! How could this happen? After all, I have no one in my life. It is not and will not be dearer. If only I could make it in time, if only she could see me, if only she would forgive me.” The daughter arrives, but there is no one to ask for forgiveness. The bitter experience of the main characters teaches the reader to be attentive to loved ones “before it’s too late.”

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M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". The hero of the novel, M.Yu., also makes a series of mistakes in his life. Lermontov. Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin belongs to the young people of his era who were disillusioned with life. Pechorin himself says about himself: “Two people live in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges him.” Lermontov's character is energetic, smart man, but he cannot find application for his mind, his knowledge. Pechorin is a cruel and indifferent egoist, because he causes misfortune to everyone with whom he communicates, and he does not care about the condition of other people. V.G. Belinsky called him a “suffering egoist” because Grigory Aleksandrovich blames himself for his actions, he is aware of his actions, worries and does not bring him satisfaction.

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Grigory Alexandrovich is a very smart and reasonable person, he knows how to admit his mistakes, but at the same time wants to teach others to admit theirs, as, for example, he kept trying to push Grushnitsky to admit his guilt and wanted to resolve their dispute peacefully. But then the other side of Pechorin also appears: after some attempts to defuse the situation in the duel and call Grushnitsky to conscience, he himself proposes to shoot in a dangerous place so that one of them will die. At the same time, the hero tries to turn everything into a joke, despite the fact that there is a threat to both the life of young Grushnitsky and his own life.

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After the murder of Grushnitsky, we see how Pechorin’s mood changed: if on the way to the duel he notices how beautiful the day is, then after the tragic event he sees the day in black colors, there is stone on his soul. The story of the disappointed and dying soul of Pechorin is outlined in diary entries a hero with all the ruthlessness of introspection; being both the author and the hero of the "magazine", Pechorin fearlessly speaks about both his ideal impulses and dark sides your soul, and about the contradictions of consciousness. The hero is aware of his mistakes, but does nothing to correct them; his own experience does not teach him anything. Despite the fact that Pechorin has an absolute understanding of what he is destroying human lives(“destroys the lives of peaceful smugglers,” Bela dies through his fault, etc.), the hero continues to “play” with the destinies of others, thereby making himself unhappy.

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L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". If Lermontov's hero, realizing his mistakes, could not take the path of spiritual and moral improvement, then Tolstoy's favorite heroes, the acquired experience helps them become better. When considering the topic in this aspect, one can turn to the analysis of the images of A. Bolkonsky and P. Bezukhov. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky stands out sharply from the high society environment with his education, breadth of interests, dreams of accomplishing a feat, and desires great personal glory. His idol is Napoleon. To achieve his goal, Bolkonsky appears in the most dangerous places of the battle. Harsh military events contributed to the fact that the prince was disappointed in his dreams and realized how bitterly he was mistaken. Seriously wounded, remaining on the battlefield, Bolkonsky experiences a mental crisis. At these moments it opens before him new world, where there are no selfish thoughts, lies, but only the purest, highest, fair.

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The prince realized that there is something more significant in life than war and glory. Now the former idol seems small and insignificant to him. Having experienced further events - the birth of a child and the death of his wife - Bolkonsky comes to the conclusion that he can only live for himself and his loved ones. This is only the first stage in the evolution of a hero who not only admits his mistakes, but also strives to become better. Pierre also makes a considerable series of mistakes. He leads a riotous life in the company of Dolokhov and Kuragin, but understands that such a life is not for him. He cannot immediately correctly evaluate people and therefore often makes mistakes in them. He is sincere, trusting, weak-willed.

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These character traits are clearly manifested in his relationship with the depraved Helen Kuragina - Pierre makes another mistake. Soon after marriage, the hero realizes that he was deceived and “processes his grief alone.” After breaking up with his wife, being in a state of deep crisis, he joins the Masonic lodge. Pierre believes that it is here that he will “find rebirth to a new life,” and again realizes that he is again mistaken in something important. The experience gained and the “thunderstorm of 1812” lead the hero to drastic changes in his worldview. He understands that one must live for the sake of people, one must strive to benefit the Motherland.

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M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don". Speaking about how the experience of military battles changes people and forces them to evaluate their mistakes in life, we can turn to the image of Grigory Melekhov. Fighting either on the side of the whites or on the side of the reds, he understands the monstrous injustice around him, and he himself makes mistakes, gains military experience and draws the most important conclusions in his life: “...my hands need to plow.” Home, family – that’s the value. And any ideology that pushes people to kill is a mistake. A person already wise with life experience understands that the main thing in life is not the war, but the son who greets him at the doorstep. It is worth noting that the hero admits that he was wrong. This is precisely the reason for his repeated darting from white to red.

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M.A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog". If we talk about experience as “a procedure for reproducing a phenomenon experimentally, creating something new under certain conditions for the purpose of research,” then the practical experience of Professor Preobrazhensky to “clarify the issue of the survival of the pituitary gland, and subsequently its influence on rejuvenation organism in humans” can hardly be called completely successful. From a scientific point of view, it is very successful. Professor Preobrazhensky performs a unique operation. The scientific result was unexpected and impressive, but in everyday life it led to the most disastrous consequences.

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The guy who appeared in the professor’s house as a result of the operation, “short in stature and unattractive in appearance,” behaves defiantly, arrogantly and insolently. However, it should be noted that the emerging humanoid creature easily finds itself in the changed world, but human qualities is no different and soon becomes a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the inhabitants of the entire house. Having analyzed his mistake, the professor realizes that the dog was much more “humane” than P.P. Sharikov.

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Thus, we are convinced that the humanoid hybrid Sharikov is more a failure than a victory for Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: “Old donkey... This, doctor, is what happens when a researcher, instead of going parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge.” Philip Philipovich comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to catastrophic results. In the story “Heart of a Dog,” the professor corrects his mistake - Sharikov again turns into a dog. He is happy with his fate and with himself. But in real life, such experiments have a tragic effect on people’s destinies, warns Bulgakov. Actions must be thoughtful and not destructive. Main idea The writer is that naked progress, devoid of morality, brings death to people and such a mistake will be irreversible.

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V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera". When discussing mistakes that are irreparable and bring suffering not only to each individual person, but also to the people as a whole, one can turn to the indicated story by a twentieth-century writer. This is not just a work about the loss of one’s home, but also about how wrong decisions lead to disasters that will certainly affect the life of society as a whole. The plot of the story is based on true story. During the construction of the hydroelectric power station on the Angara, the surrounding villages were flooded. Relocation has become a painful experience for residents of flooded areas. After all, hydroelectric power stations are built for a large number of people.

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This is an important economic project, for the sake of which we need to rebuild, and not hold on to the old. But can this decision be called unambiguously correct? Residents of flooded Matera are moving to a village built inhumanely. The mismanagement with which huge amounts of money are spent hurts the soul of the writer. Fertile lands will be flooded, and in the village built on the northern slope of the hill, on stones and clay, nothing will grow. Gross interference with nature will certainly entail environmental problems. But for the writer it is not so much they that are important as the spiritual life of people. For Rasputin it is absolutely clear that the collapse, the disintegration of a nation, people, country begins with the disintegration of the family.

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And the reason for this is the tragic mistake that progress is much more important than the souls of old people saying goodbye to their home. And there is no repentance in the hearts of young people. The older generation, wise from life experience, does not want to leave their native island, not because they cannot appreciate all the benefits of civilization, but primarily because for these amenities they demand to give Matera, that is, to betray their past. And the suffering of the elderly is an experience that each of us must learn. A person cannot, should not, abandon his roots. In discussions on this topic, one can turn to history and the disasters that human “economic” activity entailed. Rasputin's story is not just a story about great construction projects, it is the tragic experience of previous generations as an edification to us, people XXI century.

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Composition. “Experience is the teacher of everything” (Gaius Julius Caesar) As a person grows up, he learns from books, school classes, conversations and relationships with other people. In addition, the environment, traditions of the family and the people as a whole have an important influence. While learning, the child gains a lot theoretical knowledge, but the ability to apply them in practice is necessary in order to acquire skills and gain personal experience. In other words, you can read the encyclopedia of life and know the answer to any question, but in reality, learning to live will only help personal experience, that is, practice, and without this unique experience a person will not be able to live a bright, full, rich life. Authors of many works fiction depict the characters in dynamics to show how each person develops his personality and goes through his own path.

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Let us turn to Anatoly Rybakov’s novels “Children of the Arbat”, “Fear”, “The Thirty-Fifth and Other Years”, “Dust and Ashes”. The difficult fate of the main character Sasha Pankratov passes before the reader’s gaze. At the beginning of the story, he is a sympathetic guy, an excellent student, a school graduate and a first-year student. He is confident in his rightness, in his future, in the party, his friends, this open man ready to help those in need. It is because of his sense of justice that he suffers. Sasha is sent into exile, and suddenly he finds himself an enemy of the people, completely alone, far from home, convicted under a political article. Throughout the trilogy, the reader observes the development of Sasha’s personality. All his friends turn away from him, except for the girl Varya, who selflessly waits for him, helping his mother overcome the tragedy.

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Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables tells the story of the girl Cosette. Her mother was forced to give her baby to the family of the innkeeper Thenardier. They treated someone else's child very badly there. Cosette saw how the owners pampered and loved their own daughters, who were smartly dressed, played and were mischievous all day long. Like any child, Cosette also wanted to play, but she was forced to clean the tavern, go to the forest to get water from the spring, and sweep the street. She was dressed in miserable rags, and slept in a closet under the stairs. Bitter experience taught her not to cry, not to complain, but to silently carry out the orders of Aunt Thenardier. When, by the will of fate, Jean Valjean snatched the girl from the clutches of Thenardier, she did not know how to play, did not know what to do with herself. The poor child learned to laugh again, play with dolls again, spending his days carefree. However, in the future, it was this bitter experience that helped Cosette become modest, with with a pure heart and an open soul.

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Thus, our reasoning allows us to formulate the following conclusion. It is personal experience that teaches a person about life. Whatever this experience may be, bitter or blissful, it is our own, experienced, and the lessons of life teach us, forming character and nurturing personality.

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Final essay.
Thematic direction
Experience and mistakes.
Prepared by: Shevchuk A.P.,
Russian language teacher
and literature
MBOU "Secondary School No. 1" Bratsk

List of recommended literature:
Jack London "Martin Eden"
A.P. Chekhov "Ionych"
M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don"
Henry Marsh "Do No Harm"
M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time"
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign."
A. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter”; “Eugene Onegin”.
M. Lermontov “Masquerade”; "Hero of Our Time"
I. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”; "Spring Waters"; "Nobles' Nest"
F. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment.”
L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"; "Anna Karenina"; "Resurrection".
A. Chekhov “Gooseberry”; "About love."
I. Bunin “Mr. from San Francisco”; "Dark Alleys"
A. Kupin “Olesya”; "Garnet Bracelet"
M. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”; "Fatal Eggs"
O. Wilde “The Picture of Dorian Gray”.
D.Keys "Flowers for Algernon."
V. Kaverin “Two Captains”; "Painting"; “I’m going to the mountain.”
A. Aleksin “Mad Evdokia”.
B. Ekimov “Speak, mother, speak.”
L. Ulitskaya “The Case of Kukotsky”; “Sincerely yours, Shurik.”

Official comment:
Within the framework of the direction, discussions about the value are possible
spiritual and practical experience of an individual,
people, humanity as a whole, about the cost of mistakes along the way
knowledge of the world, gaining life experience. Literature
often makes you think about the relationship between experience and mistakes:
about experience preventing mistakes, about mistakes, without
which it is impossible to move along the path of life, and about
irreparable, tragic mistakes.

Methodical recommendations:
“Experience and mistakes” is a direction in which to a lesser extent
implies a clear opposition between two polar
concepts, because without errors there is and cannot be experience.
Literary hero making mistakes, analyzing them and
thereby gaining experience, changes, improves, rises
on the path of spiritual and moral development. Giving an assessment
actions of the characters, the reader acquires his invaluable
life experience, and literature becomes a real textbook
life, helping not to make your own mistakes, the price
which can be quite high. Speaking of committed
heroes of mistakes, it should be noted that the incorrectly accepted
a decision or an ambiguous act can affect not only
the life of an individual, but also in the most fatal way
affect the destinies of others.
In literature we also encounter such tragic errors that
affect the destinies of entire nations. It is in these aspects that one can
approach the analysis of this thematic area.

Aphorisms and sayings of famous people:
One should not be timid for fear of making mistakes, the biggest
A mistake is to deprive yourself of experience.
Luc de Clapier Vauvenargues
You can make different mistakes, but you can only do one thing right
way, that’s why the first is easy and the second is difficult; easily
miss, it's hard to hit the target. Aristotle
In all matters we can only learn by trial and error.
mistakes, falling into error and being corrected. Karl Raymund
Popper
He is deeply mistaken who thinks that he will not make a mistake if he
others will think of him. Aurelius Markov
We easily forget our mistakes when they are known only to us
one.
Francois de La Rochefoucauld
Learn from every mistake. Ludwig Wittgenstein
Shyness may be appropriate everywhere, but not in business
admitting your mistakes.
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
It is easier to find error than truth. Johann Wolfgang Goethe

To support your reasoning, you can refer to
to the next works.
F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and
punishment". Raskolnikov, killing Alena Ivanovna and
admitting to what he has done, does not fully realize the whole
the tragedy of the crime he committed does not recognize
the fallacy of his theory, he only regrets that he could not
to commit the crime that he will no longer be able to classify himself among
chosen ones. And only in penal servitude did the soul-weary hero not
simply repents (he repented by admitting
murder), but takes the difficult path of repentance.
The writer emphasizes that a person who recognizes his
mistakes, is capable of change, he is worthy of forgiveness and
needs help and compassion. (In the novel next to
the hero is Sonya Marmeladova, who is an example
compassionate person).

M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram". Heroes so different
works make a similar fatal mistake, regret
which I will talk about all my life, but, unfortunately, I have already corrected it
they won't be able to do anything. Andrei Sokolov, leaving for the front,
pushes away his wife hugging him, the hero is irritated by her
tears, he is angry, believing that she is “burying him alive”, and
everything comes out
on the contrary: he returns, and
the family dies. This loss is for
it is a terrible grief, and now
he blames himself for every little thing
and with inexpressible pain says:
"Until death, until the last
my hour, I will die, and not
I’ll forgive myself for pushing her away then!”

Story by K.G. Paustovsky is a story about a lonely
old age. Grandmother Katerina abandoned by her own daughter
writes: “My beloved, I will not survive this winter. Come at least
for a day. Let me look at you, hold your hands.” But Nastya
reassures herself with the words: “If the mother writes, it means she is alive.”
Thinking about strangers, organizing an exhibition of young
sculptor, the daughter forgets about her only loved one. AND
only after hearing warm words of gratitude “for caring about
person,” the heroine remembers what she has in her purse
telegram: “Katya is dying. Tikhon." Repentance sets in
too late: “Mom! How could this happen?
After all, I have no one in my life. No and not
it will be more dear. If only I had time, if only
she saw me, if only she would forgive me.”
The daughter comes, but asks for forgiveness
no one has anymore. The bitter experience of the main characters
teaches the reader to be attentive to loved ones
"before it's too late."

M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". A series of mistakes
in his life the hero of the novel M.Yu. Lermontov.
Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin belongs to the young
people of their era who were disillusioned with life.
Pechorin himself says about himself: “Two people live in me:
one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and
judges him." Lermontov's character is energetic, intelligent
man, but he cannot find a use for his mind,
your knowledge. Pechorin is a cruel and indifferent egoist,
because he causes misfortune to everyone with whom he associates, and
he doesn't care about other people's condition.
V.G. Belinsky called him "suffering
selfish" because Gregory
Alexandrovich blames himself for his
actions, he is aware of his actions,
worries and brings him nothing
satisfaction.

Grigory Alexandrovich - very smart and reasonable
man, he knows how to admit his mistakes, but he wants to
this is to teach others to confess their own, as, for example, he
kept trying to push Grushnitsky to admit his
guilt and wanted to resolve their dispute peacefully. But right there
another side of Pechorin also appears: after some
attempts to defuse the situation in a duel
and call Grushnitsky to conscience himself
offers to shoot at a dangerous
place for one of them to die.
At the same time, the hero tries to convert
everything is a joke, despite the fact that
there is a threat to both the life of the young
Grushnitsky and his own
life.

After the murder of Grushnitsky, we see how things have changed
Pechorin's mood: if on the way to a duel he notices
how beautiful the day is, after a tragic event
he sees the day in black colors, there is stone in his soul.
The story of Pechorin's disappointed and dying soul
set out in the hero’s diary entries from all over
the ruthlessness of self-analysis; being both
author and hero of the "magazine", Pechorin fearlessly speaks
and about his ideal impulses, and about the dark sides of his
souls, and about the contradictions of consciousness. The hero realizes his
errors, but does nothing to correct them,
his own experience teaches him nothing. Despite
the fact that Pechorin has an absolute understanding that he
destroys human lives (“destroys the lives of peaceful
smugglers", due to his fault Bela dies, etc.), hero
continues to “play” with the destinies of others, which he does himself
unhappy.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". If Lermontov's hero,
realizing his mistakes, he could not take the path of spirituality and
moral improvement, then to your favorite heroes
Tolstoy, the experience gained helps you become better. At
Considering the topic in this aspect, you can refer to
analysis of the images of A. Bolkonsky and P. Bezukhov. Prince Andrey
Bolkonsky stands out sharply from the high society environment
with his education, breadth of interests, dreams
to accomplish a feat, desires great personal glory. His idol
- Napoleon. To achieve his goal, Bolkonsky appears in
the most dangerous places in the battle. Severe military events
contributed to the prince becoming disillusioned with his
dreams, understands how bitterly he was mistaken. Hard
wounded while remaining on the battlefield, Bolkonsky
is experiencing a mental crisis. In these moments in front of him
a new world is opening up, where there are no selfish thoughts, lies,
but there is only the purest, highest, fair.

The prince realized that there is something more significant in life,
than war and glory. Now the former idol seems to him
small and insignificant. Having survived further events -
the birth of a child and the death of his wife - Bolkonsky comes to
the conclusion that he can only live for himself and his loved ones.
This is only the first stage of the hero’s evolution, not only
admitting his mistakes, but also striving to improve.
Pierre also makes a considerable series of mistakes. He leads
wild life in the company of Dolokhov and Kuragin, but
understands that such a life is not for him, He cannot immediately
evaluate people correctly and therefore often makes mistakes about them.
He is sincere, trusting, weak-willed.

These character traits are clearly manifested in
relationship with the depraved Helen Kuragina - Pierre
makes another mistake. Soon after marriage the hero
realizes that he was deceived, and "recycles one within himself
your grief." After breaking up with his wife, being in a state of
deep crisis, he joins the Masonic lodge. Pierre
believes that it is here that he "will find rebirth to a new
life," and again understands that in something important again
is wrong. The experience gained and the “thunderstorm of 1812” lead
hero to drastic changes in worldview. He understands
that we must live for the sake of people, we must strive to bring
benefit to the Motherland.

M.A.
Sholokhov "Quiet Don". Talking about how experience
military battles change people and force them to evaluate
your life mistakes, you can turn to the image
Grigory Melekhov. Fighting now on the side of the whites, now on
side of the Reds, he understands how monstrous
injustice around, and he himself makes mistakes,
gains military experience and draws the most important conclusions in
of his life: “...my hands need to plow.” Home, family - here
value. And any ideology that pushes people to kill is
error. A person already wise with life experience
understands that the main thing in life is not the war, but the person who greets you
son is on the threshold of his house. It is worth noting that the hero admits that
was wrong. This is precisely the reason for his repeated
throwing from white to red.

M.A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog". Speaking of experience
as “a procedure for reproducing some phenomenon
experimentally, creating something new in
certain conditions for the purpose of research", then
practical experience of Professor Preobrazhensky for
“clarification of the issue of survival of the pituitary gland, and in
further and about its influence on the rejuvenation of the body in
people” can hardly be called completely successful. WITH
From a scientific point of view, it is very successful.
Professor Preobrazhensky conducts
unique operation. Scientific
the result was unexpected
and impressive, but in everyday life,
in everyday life it led to
the most disastrous consequences.

The guy who appeared in the professor's house as a result of the operation,
“small in stature and unattractive appearance,” leads
oneself defiantly, arrogantly and arrogantly. However, it should
note that the appeared humanoid creature
easily finds himself in a changed world, but
does not differ in human qualities and soon
becomes a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also
for residents of the entire house.
After analyzing my mistake,
the professor understands that
the dog was much
"more humane" than
P.P. Sharikov.

Thus, we are convinced that the anthropoid
Sharikov's hybrid is more of a failure than a victory
Professor Preobrazhensky. He understands this himself:
“Old donkey... This, doctor, is what happens when
researcher instead of going parallel and
groping with nature, forcing the question and raising
curtain: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge.” Philip
Filippovich comes to the conclusion that violent
interference in the nature of man and society leads to
disastrous results. In the story “Dog”
heart” the professor corrects his mistake - Sharikov
turns back into a dog. He is happy with his fate and
by yourself. But in life such experiments
tragically affect the destinies of people, warns
Bulgakov. Actions must be thought out and not carry
destructive beginning. The main idea of ​​the writer is
that naked progress, devoid of morality, brings
people will die and such a mistake will be irreversible.

V.G.
Rasputin "Farewell to Matera". Talking about
mistakes that are irreparable and bring suffering not only
each individual, but also the people as a whole,
You can also turn to this story by a twentieth-century writer.
This is not just a work about the loss of one’s home, but also about
how wrong decisions lead to disasters,
which will definitely affect the life of society as a whole.
The plot of the story is based on a true story. IN
during the construction of hydroelectric power stations on the Angara were flooded
surrounding villages. Relocation became painful
a phenomenon for residents of flooded areas. After all, hydroelectric power station
built for a large number of people.

This is an important economic project for which it is necessary
rebuild, don’t hold on to the old. But is it possible
call this decision definitely correct? Residents
Flooded, the Maters move to a village not built by Polyudski. The mismanagement with which
huge amounts of money are spent and it hurts the writer’s soul.
Fertile lands will be flooded, and in a village built on
on the northern slope of the hill, on rocks and clay, nothing to grow
there won't be. Rough interference with nature is mandatory
will lead to environmental problems. But for
they are not so important for a writer,
how much is the spiritual life of people.
For Rasputin it is absolutely clear
that the collapse, the collapse of the nation,
people, country begins with
family breakdown.

And the reason for this is the tragic mistake that
that progress is much more important than the souls of old people saying goodbye to
your home. And there is no repentance in the hearts of young people.
The older generation, wise with life experience, is not
wants to leave his native island not because he cannot
appreciate all the benefits of civilization, and above all because
for these conveniences they demand to give Matera, that is, to betray his
past. And the suffering of the elderly is the experience that
each of us must learn. Can't, shouldn't
a person abandons his roots. In reasoning on
this topic can be referred to history and topics
disasters that resulted from the “economic”
human activity. Rasputin's story is not easy
a story about great construction projects, this is a tragic experience
previous generations for the edification of us, people of the XXI
century.

Composition. “Experience is the teacher of everything” (Gaius Julius Caesar)
As a person grows up, he learns from
books, in school classes, in conversations and
relationships with other people. Besides,
environment and traditions have an important influence
family and people as a whole. While learning, the child gains a lot
theoretical knowledge, but the ability to apply it to
practice is necessary in order to acquire the skill,
gain your own experience. In other words, you can
read the encyclopedia of life and know the answer to any
question, but in reality learning to live will help
only personal experience, that is, practice, and without this
unique experience, a person will not be able to live a bright,
a full, rich life. Authors of many
works of fiction depict
characters in dynamics to show how
Each person develops his personality and
walking your own path.

Let us turn to Anatoly Rybakov’s novels “Children
Arbat", "Fear", "Thirty-fifth and other years",
"Dust and Ashes." Before the reader's gaze passes
the difficult fate of the main character Sasha Pankratov. IN
at the beginning of the story, this is a sympathetic guy, an excellent student,
school graduate and first-year student. He's confident in
your rightness, in your tomorrow, in the party, your
friends, this is an open person, ready to come to
helping someone in need. Precisely because of my feeling
justice he suffers. Sasha is sent to
exile, and suddenly he turns out to be an enemy of the people,
completely alone, far from home, condemned
political article. Throughout the trilogy
the reader observes the development of Sasha’s personality.
All his friends turn away from him, except for the girl Varya,
who selflessly waits for him, helping his mother
overcome tragedy.

It is known that Anatoly Rybakov
I thought about writing a trilogy,
but after the release of the third novel
he received many letters asking:
“Are Sasha and Varya really like this?
won't they meet?"
And so the fourth novel, Dust and Ashes, was born. Before
Nami is a gloomy person who does not dare loudly
express your opinion. He is cautious and secretive.
This is how you could survive
in the USSR 1930-1940s.
Youthful exuberance
hero turns into restraint
and gloominess. The link turns out to be
teacher of real, harsh life.

Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables tells the story
Cosette's girls. Her mother was forced to give her
a baby into the family of the innkeeper Thenardier. There is very
treated someone else's child poorly. Cosette saw how
the owners pampered and loved their own daughters,
who were smartly dressed, played all day and
were being naughty. Like any child, Cosette also wanted
play, but she was forced to clean the tavern,
go to the forest to the spring for water, sweep the street. She is dressed
was in miserable rags, and slept in a closet under
stairs. Bitter experience taught her not to cry, not
complain and silently follow your aunt’s orders
Thenardier. When, by the will of fate, Jean Valjean tore out
the girl from Thénardier's clutches, she didn't know how to play, didn't know
something to do with yourself. The poor child learned to laugh again
play with dolls again, spending carefree days. However, in
in the future, it was this bitter experience that helped Cosette
become modest, with a pure heart and an open soul.

Thus, our reasoning allows
formulate the following conclusion. It’s personal experience
teaches a person about life. Whatever the experience,
bitter or blissful, he is his own,
experiences, and the lessons of life teach us, shaping character
and developing personality.