Herzen is known as Alexander Ivanovich Herzen. Family relationships and connections

Russian publicist, writer, philosopher, teacher

Alexander Herzen

Brief biography

Russian writer, publicist, philosopher, revolutionary, founder of domestic political emigration - was the illegitimate child of a wealthy Moscow landowner I. Yakovlev. Born on April 6 (March 25, O.S.), 1812, the boy was given the surname Herzen, invented by his father. He grew up in his father's house and received an upbringing typical of noble families of that time. The opportunity to read French educators and encyclopedists from his home library influenced the formation of his worldview. As a teenager, Alexander met Nikolai Ogarev, a friendship with whom he carried through the years. The Decembrist uprising of 1825 became a landmark event for Herzen's biography. The impressions from him turned out to be so strong that Herzen and Ogarev swore an oath to serve freedom all their lives.

In 1829, Herzen became a student at Moscow University (department of physics and mathematics). He and his faithful comrade Ogarev become active participants in a circle of freedom-loving youth opposed to the actions of the government. In 1834, Herzen was among the arrested participants and was exiled to Perm. Later he was sent to Vyatka, where he served in the governor's office. When the royal heir, the future Alexander II, came to the city, Herzen participated in a local exhibition and gave explanations to a high-ranking person. Thanks to this, he was transferred to Vladimir, where he served as an adviser to the board and married a Moscow bride. Despite being in exile, Herzen recalled these days as the happiest of his life.

In 1836, he began to publish and act as a publicist, taking the pseudonym Iskander. At the beginning of 1840, Herzen was allowed to return to Moscow, and in the spring he changed his place of residence to St. Petersburg. The father insisted that his son get a job in the office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but after Herzen spoke impartially about the police in a letter to him, he was exiled again in July 1841, this time to Novgorod.

A year later, in 1842, Herzen returned to the capital. At that time the main direction social thought there was an ideological dispute between Slavophiles and Westerners. Herzen not only, by actively participating in it, shares the position of the latter - thanks to his erudition, talent for thinking, and conducting polemics, he turns into one of the key figures in the Russian public life. In 1842-1843. he published a series of articles “Amateurism in Science” in 1844-1845. – “Letters on the Study of Nature,” in which he calls for an end to the confrontation between philosophy and the natural sciences. Seeing in literature a mirror of social life and an effective way of struggle, the writer presents to the public anti-serfdom works of fiction - “Doctor Krupov” (1847), “The Thieving Magpie” (1848). During 1841-1846. Herzen writes a socio-psychological novel, one of the first of its kind in Russia - “Who is to Blame?”

The move to Europe (France) in 1847 after the death of his father marked the beginning of a new period in Herzen’s biography. He happened to witness the defeat of the revolutions of 1848-1849, and under the influence of disappointment in the revolutionary potential of Western countries, thoughts of dying old Europe the philosopher creates the “theory of Russian socialism” and lays the foundations of populism. The literary embodiment of the ideas of that time were the books “From the Other Shore” (1847-1850), “On the Development revolutionary ideas in Russia" (1850).

In 1850, Alexander Ivanovich and his family settled in Nice, where he closely communicated with representatives of European emigration and the Italian national liberation movement. In 1851, the Russian government assigned Herzen the status of an eternal exile and deprived him of all rights for disobedience to the requirement to return to his homeland. Having lost his wife, in 1852 Herzen went to live in London and a year later founded the “Free Russian Printing House”, intended for printing literature prohibited in Russia. In 1855, Herzen became the publisher of the Polar Star almanac, and in 1857, after N. Ogarev moved to London, he began publishing the first Russian revolutionary newspaper, Kolokol. From its pages, merciless criticism fell on the Russian government, calls were made for radical reforms, for example, the liberation of the peasantry, openness in court, the elimination of censorship, etc. This publication played a huge role in the formation of Russian social thought and the worldview of young revolutionaries. “The Bell” existed for 10 years.

In 1868, Herzen finished writing the autobiographical novel “The Past and Thoughts,” which he began back in 1852. It is considered not only the pinnacle of his creativity as an artist of words, but also one of the best examples of Russian memoirs. At the end of his life, Herzen came to the conclusion that violence and terror are unacceptable methods of struggle. The last years of his life are associated with different cities: Geneva, Lausanne, Brussels, Florence. A.I. died Herzen January 21, 1870 in Paris from pneumonia. He was buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery, then his ashes were reburied in Nice.

Biography from Wikipedia

Alexander Ivanovich Herzen(March 25 (April 6) 1812, Moscow - January 9 (21), 1870, Paris) - Russian publicist, writer, philosopher, teacher, one of the most prominent critics of official ideology and politics Russian Empire in the 19th century, a supporter of revolutionary changes.

Childhood

Herzen was born into the family of a wealthy landowner Ivan Alekseevich Yakovlev (1767-1846), descended from Andrei Kobyla (like the Romanovs). Mother is 16-year-old German Henriette Wilhelmina Luisa Haag, the daughter of a minor official, a clerk in the state chamber in Stuttgart. The parents' marriage was not formalized, and Herzen bore the surname invented by his father: Herzen - “son of the heart” (from German Herz).

Father of A. I. Herzen - Ivan Alekseevich Yakovlev

In his youth, Herzen received the usual noble education at home, based on reading works of foreign literature, mainly from the end of the 18th century. French novels, comedies by Beaumarchais, Kotzebue, works by Goethe, Schiller with early years set the boy in an enthusiastic, sentimental-romantic tone. There were no systematic classes, but the tutors - French and Germans - gave the boy a solid knowledge of foreign languages. Thanks to his acquaintance with Schiller’s work, Herzen was imbued with freedom-loving aspirations, the development of which was greatly facilitated by the teacher of Russian literature I. E. Protopopov, who brought Herzen notebooks of Pushkin’s poems: “Odes to Freedom”, “Dagger”, “Thoughts” by Ryleev, etc., as well as Bouchot, a participant in the French Revolution, who left France when the “depraved and rogues” took over. Added to this was the influence of Tanya Kuchina, Herzen’s young aunt, “Korchevskaya cousin” (married Tatyana Passek), who supported the childish pride of the young dreamer, predicting an extraordinary future for him.

In December 1820, I. A. Yakovlev enrolled his son in the department of the “expedition of the Kremlin building,” indicating his age as 14 years old instead of 8; in 1823 he was awarded the rank of collegiate registrar.

Already in childhood, Herzen met and became friends with Nikolai Ogarev. According to his memoirs, the news of the Decembrist uprising on December 14, 1825 made a strong impression on the boys (Herzen was 13, Ogarev was 12 years old). Under his impression, their first, still vague dreams of revolutionary activities; During a walk on the Sparrow Hills, the boys vowed to fight for freedom.

Already in 1829-1830, Herzen wrote a philosophical article about “Wallenstein” by F. Schiller. During this youthful period of Herzen’s life, his ideal was Karl Moor, the hero of F. Schiller’s tragedy “The Robbers” (1782).

University (1829−1833)

In the fall of 1823, Herzen entered the department of physical and mathematical sciences at Moscow University, and here this mood intensified even more. At the university, Herzen took part in the so-called “Malov story” (student protest against an unloved teacher), but got off relatively lightly - with a short imprisonment, along with many of his comrades, in a punishment cell. Of the teachers, only M.T. Kachenovsky with his skepticism and M.G. Pavlov, who introduced listeners to German philosophy at agricultural lectures, awakened young thought. The youth were, however, quite stormy; she welcomed the July Revolution (as can be seen from Lermontov's poems) and other popular movements (the excitement of students was facilitated by the cholera that appeared in Moscow, in the fight against which all university youth took an active part). At this time, Herzen met with Vadim Passek, which later turned into friendship, the establishment of a friendly connection with Ketcher and others. The group of young friends grew, made noise, seethed; from time to time she allowed small revelries, of a completely innocent nature, however; She read diligently, being carried away mainly by social issues, studying Russian history, assimilating the ideas of Saint-Simon (whose utopian socialism Herzen then considered the most outstanding achievement of contemporary Western philosophy) and other socialists.

Link

In 1834, all members of Herzen's circle and he himself were arrested. Herzen was exiled to Perm, and from there to Vyatka, where he was assigned to serve in the governor’s office.

For organizing an exhibition of local works and the explanations given during its inspection to the heir to the throne (the future Alexander II), Herzen, at the request of Zhukovsky, was transferred to serve as an adviser to the board in Vladimir, where he got married, having secretly taken his bride from Moscow, and where he spent his happiest and bright days of your life.

After the link

At the beginning of 1840, Herzen was allowed to return to Moscow. In May 1840, he moved to St. Petersburg, where, at the insistence of his father, he began to serve in the office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. But in July 1841, for a harsh review in one letter about the activities of the police, Herzen was exiled to Novgorod, where he served in the provincial government until July 1842, after which he settled in Moscow.

Here he had to face the famous circle of Hegelians Stankevich and Belinsky, who defended the thesis of the complete rationality of all reality.

Most of Stankevich’s friends became close to Herzen and Ogarev, forming a camp of Westerners; others joined the Slavophil camp, with Khomyakov and Kireevsky at their head (1844).

Despite mutual bitterness and disputes, both sides had much in common in their views and, above all, according to Herzen himself, the common thing was “a feeling of boundless love for the Russian people, for the Russian mentality, embracing the entire existence.” Opponents, “like a two-faced Janus, looked into different sides, while the heart beat alone.” “With tears in our eyes”, hugging each other, recent friends, and now principled opponents, went in different directions.

Herzen often traveled to St. Petersburg for meetings of the Belinsky circle; and soon after the death of his father he went abroad forever (1847).

In the Moscow house where Herzen lived from 1843 to 1847, the A. I. Herzen House Museum has been operating since 1976.

In exile

Herzen arrived in Europe more radically republican than socialist, although the publication he began in Otechestvennye zapiski of a series of articles entitled “Letters from Avenue Marigny” (later in a revised form published in “Letters from France and Italy”) shocked him friends - Western liberals - with their anti-bourgeois pathos. The February Revolution of 1848 seemed to Herzen the fulfillment of all his hopes. The subsequent June workers' uprising, its bloody suppression and the ensuing reaction shocked Herzen, who decisively turned to socialism. He became close to Proudhon and other prominent figures of the revolution and European radicalism; Together with Proudhon, he published the newspaper “The Voice of the People” (“La Voix du Peuple”), which he financed. The beginning of his wife's passion for the German poet Herwegh dates back to the Parisian period. In 1849, after the defeat of the radical opposition by President Louis Napoleon, Herzen was forced to leave France and moved to Switzerland, and from there to Nice, which then belonged to the Kingdom of Sardinia.

During this period, Herzen moved among the circles of radical European emigration that gathered in Switzerland after the defeat of the revolution in Europe, and, in particular, became acquainted with Giuseppe Garibaldi. He became famous for his book of essays “From the Other Shore,” in which he reckoned with his past liberal convictions. Under the influence of the collapse of old ideals and the reaction that occurred throughout Europe, Herzen formed a specific system of views about the doom, the “dying” of old Europe and the prospects for Russia and the Slavic world, which are called upon to realize the socialist ideal.

In July 1849, Nicholas I arrested all the property of Herzen and his mother. After this, the seized property was pledged to the banker Rothschild, and he, negotiating a loan to Russia, achieved the lifting of the imperial ban.

“The Bell” by A. I. Herzen, 1857

After a series of family tragedies that befell Herzen in Nice (his wife’s infidelity with Herwegh, the death of a mother and son in a shipwreck, the death of his wife and newborn child), Herzen moved to London, where he founded the Free Russian Printing House to print prohibited publications and, from 1857, published a weekly newspaper "Bell".

A. I. Herzen, approx. 1861

The peak of the influence of the Bell occurs in the years preceding the liberation of the peasants; then the newspaper was regularly read in the Winter Palace. After the peasant reform, its influence begins to decline; support for the Polish uprising of 1863 sharply undermined circulation. At that time, Herzen was already too revolutionary for the liberal public, and too moderate for the radical one. On March 15, 1865, under the persistent demand of the Russian government to the British government, the editorial board of Kolokol, headed by Herzen, left London forever and moved to Switzerland, of which Herzen had by that time become a citizen. In April of the same 1865, the “Free Russian Printing House” was also transferred there. Soon people from Herzen’s circle began to move to Switzerland, for example, in 1865 Nikolai Ogarev moved there.

A. I. Herzen on his deathbed

On January 9 (21), 1870, Alexander Ivanovich Herzen died of pneumonia in Paris, where he had recently arrived on family business. He was buried in Nice (the ashes were transferred from the Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris).

Literary and journalistic activities

Herzen's literary activity began in the 1830s. In the Athenaeum for 1831 (II volume) his name appears under one translation from French. The first article signed by a pseudonym Iskander, was published in the Telescope for 1836 (“Hoffmann”). The “Speech Delivered at the Opening of the Vyatka Public Library” and “Diary” (1842) date back to the same time. In Vladimir it is written: “Notes of one young man" and "More from the notes of a young man" ("Notes of the Fatherland", 1840-1841; in this story Chaadaev is depicted in the person of Trenzinsky). From 1842 to 1847, he published articles in Otechestvennye Zapiski and Sovremennik: “Amateurism in Science”, “Romantic Amateurs”, “Workshop of Scientists”, “Buddhism in Science”, “Letters on the Study of Nature”. Here Herzen rebelled against learned pedants and formalists, against their scholastic science, alienated from life, against their quietism. In the article “On the Study of Nature” we find philosophical analysis various methods of knowledge. At the same time, Herzen wrote: “About one drama”, “On various occasions”, “New variations on old themes”, “A few notes on the historical development of honor”, ​​“From the notes of Dr. Krupov”, “Who is to blame?”, “Magpie” -thief”, “Moscow and St. Petersburg”, “Novgorod and Vladimir”, “Edrovo Station”, “Interrupted Conversations”. Of all these works, the most notable are the story “The Thieving Magpie,” which depicts the terrible situation of the “serf intelligentsia,” and the novel “Who is to Blame?”, dedicated to the issue of freedom of feeling, family relationships, and the position of women in marriage. The main idea of ​​the novel is that people who base their well-being solely on the basis of family happiness and feelings, alien to the interests of social and universal humanity, cannot ensure lasting happiness for themselves, and in their lives it will always depend on chance.

Of the works written by Herzen abroad, the following are especially important: letters from “Avenue Marigny” (the first published in Sovremennik, all fourteen under the general title: “Letters from France and Italy”, edition of 1855), representing a remarkable description and analysis of events and the moods that worried Europe in 1847-1852. Here we encounter a completely negative attitude towards the Western European bourgeoisie, its morality and social principles, and the author’s ardent faith in the future significance of the fourth estate. Herzen’s work “From the Other Shore” (originally in German “Vom anderen Ufer”, Hamburg, 1850; in Russian, London, 1855; in French, Geneva, 1870) made a particularly strong impression both in Russia and in Europe. in which Herzen expresses complete disappointment with the West and Western civilization - the result of that mental revolution that determined Herzen’s worldview in 1848-1851. It is also worth noting the letter to Michelet: “The Russian people and socialism” - a passionate and ardent defense of the Russian people against the attacks and prejudices that Michelet expressed in one of his articles. “The Past and Thoughts” is a series of memories that are partly autobiographical in nature, but also give a whole series highly artistic paintings, dazzlingly brilliant characteristics, and Herzen’s observations from what he experienced and saw in Russia and abroad.

All other works and articles of Herzen, such as: “ Old world and Russia”, “Russian People and Socialism”, “Ends and Beginnings”, etc. - represent a simple development of ideas and sentiments that were fully defined in the period 1847-1852 in the works mentioned above.

In general, as B. A. Kuzmin noted, “having started - and not by chance - by studying with Heine, Herzen then created his own special genre of fiction. The entire presentation is very emotional. The author’s attitude to the events described is expressed in his remarks, exclamations, and digressions.”

Philosophical views of Herzen during the years of emigration

Attraction to freedom of thought, “freethinking”, in best value This word was especially strongly developed in Herzen. He did not belong to any one party, either open or secret. The one-sidedness of “men of action” alienated him from many revolutionary and radical figures in Europe. His mind quickly comprehended the imperfections and shortcomings of those forms of Western life to which Herzen was initially drawn from his ugly, distant Russian reality of the 1840s. With amazing consistency, Herzen abandoned his passions for the West when it turned out in his eyes to be lower than the previously drawn up ideal.

As a consistent Hegelian, Herzen believed that the development of humanity proceeds in steps, and each step is embodied in famous people. Herzen, who laughed at the fact that Hegel’s god lived in Berlin, essentially transferred this god to Moscow, sharing with the Slavophiles the belief in the impending replacement of the Germanic period by the Slavic. At the same time, as a follower of Saint-Simon and Fourier, he combined this belief in the Slavic phase of progress with the doctrine of the upcoming replacement of the rule of the bourgeoisie with the triumph of the working class, which should come thanks to the Russian community, just discovered by the German Haxthausen. Together with the Slavophiles, Herzen became disillusioned with Western culture. The West has rotted, and new life cannot be injected into its dilapidated forms. Faith in the community and the Russian people saved Herzen from a hopeless view of the fate of humanity. However, Herzen did not deny the possibility that Russia too would go through the stage of bourgeois development. Defending the Russian future, Herzen argued that there is a lot of ugliness in Russian life, but there is no vulgarity that is rigid in its forms. The Russian tribe is a fresh, virgin tribe that has the “aspiration of the future century”, an immeasurable and endless reserve vitality and energies; “The thinking person in Russia is the most independent and most unprejudiced person in the world.” Herzen was convinced that Slavic world strives for unity, and since “centralization is contrary to the Slavic spirit,” the Slavs will unite on the principles of federations. Having a free-thinking attitude towards all religions, Herzen recognized, however, that Orthodoxy had many advantages and merits in comparison with Catholicism and Protestantism.

Herzen's philosophical and historical concept emphasizes the active role of man in history. At the same time, it implies that reason cannot realize its ideals without taking into account existing facts history, that its results constitute the “necessary basis” for the operations of the mind.

Pedagogical ideas

There are no special theoretical works on education in Herzen's legacy. However, throughout his life Herzen was interested in pedagogical problems and was one of the first Russian thinkers and public figures of the mid-19th century to address the problems of education in his works. His statements on issues of upbringing and education indicate the presence thoughtful pedagogical concept.

Herzen's pedagogical views were determined by philosophical (atheism and materialism), ethical (humanism) and political (revolutionary democracy) convictions.

Criticism of the education system under Nicholas I

Herzen called the reign of Nicholas I a thirty-year persecution of schools and universities and showed how the Nicholas Ministry of Education stifled public education. The tsarist government, according to Herzen, “laid in wait for the child at the first step in life and corrupted the cadet-child, the high school student, the student-boy. Mercilessly, systematically, it eradicated the human embryos in them, weaning them, as if from a vice, from all human feelings except obedience. It punished minors for violation of discipline in a way that hardened criminals are not punished in other countries.”

He resolutely opposed the introduction of religion into education, against the transformation of schools and universities into a tool for strengthening serfdom and autocracy.

Folk pedagogy

Herzen believed that the most positive influence children are influenced by the common people that it is the people who bear the best Russian national qualities. Young generations learn from the people respect for work, selfless love for the homeland, and aversion to idleness.

Upbringing

Herzen considered the main task of education to be the formation of a humane, free personality who lives in the interests of his people and strives to transform society on a reasonable basis. Children must be provided with conditions for free development. “Reasonable recognition of self-will is the highest and moral recognition of human dignity.” “Talent” plays an important role in everyday educational activities. patient love“, the teacher’s disposition towards the child, respect for him, knowledge of his needs. A healthy family environment and good relationships between children and educators are a necessary condition moral education.

Education

Herzen passionately sought the spread of education and knowledge among the people, called on scientists to take science out of the classroom walls and make its achievements public domain. Emphasizing the enormous educational importance of the natural sciences, Herzen was at the same time in favor of a system of comprehensive general education. He wanted students secondary school along with natural science and mathematics, they studied literature (including the literature of ancient peoples), foreign languages, history. A. I. Herzen noted that without reading there is and cannot be either taste, style, or multifaceted breadth of understanding. Thanks to reading, a person survives centuries. Books influence the deepest areas of the human psyche. Herzen emphasized in every possible way that education should contribute to the development of independent thinking in students. Educators should, relying on children’s innate inclinations to communicate, develop social aspirations and inclinations in them. This is achieved through communication with peers, collective children's games, and general activities. Herzen fought against the suppression of children's will, but at the same time gave great value discipline, considered the establishment of discipline a necessary condition for proper education. “Without discipline,” he said, “there is no calm confidence, no obedience, no way to protect health and prevent danger.”

Herzen wrote two special works in which he explained natural phenomena to the younger generation: “The Experience of Conversations with Young People” and “Conversations with Children.” These works are wonderful examples of talented, popular presentation of complex ideological problems. The author simply and vividly explains to children the origin of the Universe from a materialistic point of view. He convincingly proves the important role of science in the fight against incorrect views, prejudices and superstitions and refutes the idealistic fabrication that a soul also exists in a person, separate from his body.

Family

In 1838, in Vladimir, Herzen married his cousin Natalya Alexandrovna Zakharyina; Before leaving Russia, they had 6 children, two of whom lived to adulthood.

200 years ago, on April 6, 1812, the Russian writer, philosopher and revolutionary Alexander Ivanovich Herzen was born.

Alexander Ivanovich Herzen (1812-1870) - Russian thinker, author of the theory of “peasant socialism” (“Russian socialism”). He was born in Moscow and was illegitimate son wealthy Russian landowner Ivan Alekseevich Yakovlev and German Henrietta Louise Haag. Alexander did not have the right to bear his father’s surname, so he was given a surname derived from the German word Herz - heart. Although Alexander was officially considered only a “pupil” in the Yakovlev house, his father did everything to provide him with a good education and career.

In 1826, during the coronation of Nicholas I, young Herzen, together with his friend N. Ogarev, swore an oath on the Sparrow Hills to fight the tsarist regime all his life and avenge the executed Decembrists. Alexander Ivanovich remembered this oath all his life.

In 1830 A.I. Herzen entered Moscow University and graduated three years later. Since 1831, the young man was fascinated by the theories of Western European utopian socialism - the teachings of Saint-Simon, Fourier, Lamennais. Gradually, a small friendly circle formed around him, which included N. Ogarev, N. Satin, N. Sazonov, N. Ketcher and others. The circle was distinguished from other numerous friendly associations that existed at that time by the pronounced predominance of political interests among the majority of its members. It did not exist, however, for long. In 1834 it was destroyed by the police. Its members were exiled. Both Herzen and Ogarev ended up in exile for a long time.

Having spent more than 5 years in Russian provincial cities, - Perm, Vyatka and Vladimir, - Alexander Ivanovich returns to Moscow in 1839. There he joins the Westerners. In the first half of the 40s. A.I. Herzen actively collaborates in the press, publishing scientific articles And literary works. However, he gradually begins to move away from T.N.’s circle. Granovsky. His views are becoming more and more radical.

In 1847 A.I. Herzen goes abroad. The next two years become turning points in his fate. Disappointment in the revolutionary potential of Europe, longing for his homeland, and personal troubles caused him during this period a severe mental crisis, which ended in a radical change in ideological positions. Alexander Ivanovich comes to the idea of ​​a special place and role of Russia in the process historical development- towards the creation of a socialist society.

However, two serious obstacles stood in the way of realizing the socialist ideal. This is, firstly, the “German” monarchy in Russia and, secondly, the patriarchal system of the community itself. A.I. Herzen understood that a social revolution was necessary to overcome these obstacles. And he begins to fight for its implementation.

In the early 50s. Alexander Ivanovich creates the “Free Russian Printing House” in London and harshly criticizes the Nicholas regime. At the end of June 1853, the first proclamation “St. George's Day! St. George's Day! Then “Baptized Property” was published as a separate brochure. A.I. Herzen is engaged in establishing channels for the transfer of literature to Russia. Gradually, he began to have employees who sent materials to London and helped in writing proclamations. At the same time, Alexander Ivanovich actively publishes in the Western European press. In the late 40s - early 50s, his largest works appeared devoted to the substantiation of the theory of “peasant socialism”: “Russia” (1849), “On the development of revolutionary ideas in Russia”, “Russian people and socialism” (1851 .), “The Old World and Russia” (1854). In the early 50s. A.I. Herzen becomes a major, significant ideological force, capable of exerting a significant influence not only on the ever-increasing circle of Russian emigrants abroad, but also on public opinion in Russia itself. Along with the growth of Herzen's authority, the influence of the ideas of socialism he preached increased.

Peak of popularity of A.I. Herzen dates back to the second half of the 50s. XIX century. During the years of preparation for the peasant reform in Russia, the magazine “Bell”, founded by him abroad, was read not only by the democratic intelligentsia, but also by major government officials. His critics fear him like fire. Copies of “The Bell” even appear on the desktop of Emperor Alexander II.

However, in the early 60s. Herzen's popularity plummets. Alexander Ivanovich supported the Polish uprising of 1863 - 1864. And Russian society he was not forgiven for this. Herzen is gradually losing his influence in the circles of Russian emigration. In the second half of the 60s. In the 19th century, he became close to the figures of the First International; his journalism was addressed mainly to Western European readers.

A.I. died Herzen on January 21, 1870 in Paris. IN last path thousands of people saw him off. Tribute to the Russian thinker was paid by many representatives of the European democratic and socialist movement. A.I. was buried Herzen was in Nice next to the grave of his first wife Natalia Alexandrovna. In 1875, a statue was erected on his grave, designed by the sculptor Zabello. Currently, both in our country and in Western Europe A respectful attitude towards A.I. is maintained. Herzen, as one of the original and original Russian thinkers of the 19th century.

For A.I. Herzen as a philosopher is characterized by the desire to implement his own philosophical constructs. Therefore, for him, what came first was not so much theoretical philosophy as “philosophy of action.” It is no coincidence that one of the philosophical terms that is constantly found in Herzen’s works was the concept of “actualization”, “actualization” (however, this term did not take root in Russian philosophy). Precisely because Herzen perceived philosophy, first of all, as a methodology of practical action, his own philosophical views were changeable throughout his life, and they changed depending on his assessment of the actual state of affairs and, first of all, depending on political situation.

In development philosophical views A.I. Herzen can be divided into several stages. In his youth (until the 30s of the 19th century) he was interested in the ideas of creating a just society, “Voltairianism”, socialist theories Saint-Simon, the ideas of a free personality, Christian ideals also played a significant role. Actually, it was during this period of development of Herzen’s worldview that the main basis was laid - the perception of philosophy not only as a theoretical science, but also as a “philosophy of action,” for it was philosophy that was supposed to become scientific basis developing the ideals of a future just society.

The next period of philosophical creativity of A.I. Herzen fell in the 30s - 40s. XIX century. During these years, he seriously studied the philosophy of Hegel. Hegelian dialectics is close to him and it is no coincidence that in his article “On Amateurism in” Herzen writes:

“Substance attracts manifestation, the infinite - to the finite... In perpetual motion, into which all things are carried away, truth lives... in this is the universal dialectical beating of the pulse of life.”

In fact, Herzen recognizes that history is dominated by a certain logic (“panlogism”), according to which human history moves towards a certain goal, and historical contingency is completely subordinated to historical patterns.

However, even during this period it is difficult to consider Herzen a true Hegelian. This is certainly evident in the way Herzen perceives the philosophy of nature - in this respect he stands closer to Schelling than to Hegel. In “Letters on the Study of Nature,” Herzen develops the idea of ​​the need for a union of philosophy and natural science, and tries to derive thinking and logic directly from the development of nature. According to the Russian thinker, nature has its own patterns of development, different from the “dialectics of pure reason”:

“Life has its own embryogeny, which does not coincide with the dialectics of pure reason.”

And again: “The understanding of man is not outside of nature, but is nature’s understanding of itself.”

In general, Herzen’s natural philosophical searches are conducted in the direction of searching for the material unity of nature.

Herzen’s socio-political views of this period were dominated by the idealization of the West as an example for Russia. Ideas for the need for development individual, preaching individualism, “limitless freedom” of the individual, - characteristic feature works of Herzen, in which one can find a real celebration of the human personality:

“All the aspirations and efforts of nature are completed by man, they strive towards him, they flow into him, like into the ocean.”

"Personality is the pinnacle historical world“,” Herzen wrote, “everything adjoins it, everything lives by it.”

Herzen especially idealizes the democratic system. At the same time, democracy, a “republic” for Herzen is not just an ideal of a political system, but rather a moral ideal of the existence of humanity, because under a republican system, according to the Russian thinker, all the abilities of every human person can be revealed.

A new stage in the philosophical development of A.I. Herzen begins in the first years of his life abroad - con. 40s - early 50s XIX century. Faced with the realities of Western European life, the Russian thinker becomes disillusioned with his former ideals. He is convinced that in Western European countries there is no “triumph of the individual,” but the “triumph of the merchant” prevails; there is no true personal freedom. Moreover, it appears that Western democracy leads to the loss of human individuality; and, most importantly, the Western democratic system does not ensure the moral progress of the individual. These discoveries became a real tragedy for Herzen, and it is no coincidence that he said that during these years he stood “on the brink of moral death.”

Disappointment in socio-political ideals led to disappointment in Hegelian philosophy, especially in its panlogism. Back in the early 40s. Herzen came across thoughts that it is not necessity, but chance that has the true fatal force.

This idea - the dominance of chance - became even stronger after Herzen's emigration from Russia. In the book “Past and Thoughts” he writes:

“We were quite surprised at the abstract wisdom of nature and historical development; It’s time to realize that in nature and history there is a lot that is accidental, stupid, failed, and confused.”

Thus, Hegelian panlogism is replaced in Herzen’s worldview by the idea of ​​alogism - the denial of logic in history and the recognition of the reign of chance. He comes to the conclusion that “history has no purpose”, “goes nowhere”:

“Neither nature nor history leads anywhere and therefore they are ready to go wherever they are shown, if possible.”

“There is no future,” writes Herzen, “it is formed by a combination of thousands of conditions, necessary and accidental, and human will... History is improvised... it takes advantage of every chance, knocking on thousands of gates at once...”

The only support that can give meaning to such a chaos of chance that reigns in the world is the human personality. In the book “From the Other Shore” Herzen wrote:

“It is possible to some extent to stop the fulfillment of destinies: history does not have that strict, unchangeable purpose that philosophers preach about; The formula for its development includes many changeable principles - firstly, personal will and power...”

And again: “I do not advise arguing with the world, but I advise starting an original independent life, which could find salvation in itself even when the whole world around us would perish.”

From such a worldview, Herzen formed a philosophy of “nihilism”, by which Herzen understands “perfect freedom”:

“Nihilism is a science without dogmas, unconditional submission to experience and resigned acceptance of all consequences.”

In essence, Herzen's nihilism is the rejection of all logic and all metaphysics. But nihilism is also a philosophy of unbelief. That is why during these years Herzen came to deny God and.

However, Herzen’s lack of faith was peculiar. The fact is that Herzen was characterized by a certain religiosity, for Herzen replaced faith in God with faith in a “bright future”, in a “social ideal”, in a dream. Herzen supplemented historical alogism and philosophical nihilism with the category of “opportunities.” It was on this illogical belief in the “possible” that Herzen built his famous theory of “Russian (peasant) socialism.”

Back in 1848, Herzen wrote about “the need to save something of one’s own from the whirlwind of accidents.” Expanding this idea onto socio-political issues, he created the theory of “Russian socialism”. If, according to Herzen, Europe has completely exhausted its potential, then leadership in the reorganization of the world “may” pass to Russia, which still retains many untouched, fresh forces. While the bourgeois-philistine element and the desire for enrichment prevailed in Europe, the community was preserved in Russia, ensuring the existence of collective forms of life and work. The community, according to A.I. Herzen, “could” become the cell on the basis of which a new socialist society “could” be built. The Russian peasant was not infected with the bacillus of Western European individualism, he was a collectivist by instinct, and this made it possible to count on the fact that the socialist idea would be positively received by him and implemented in practice.

In fact, one of the first Russian thinkers, Herzen, declared that in Russia it is “possible” to build a just socialist society, bypassing the stage. Thus, the category of “possibility” became the most important not only for Herzen, but also for all subsequent revolutionary thought in Russia.

One of the most prominent pillars of Russian liberalism, Alexander Ivanovich Herzen, was born on March 25, 1812 in the family of a very wealthy Moscow aristocrat, Ivan Yakovlev. Herzen was his illegitimate son from 16-year-old German Henrietta Haag, whom Yakovlev, who lived abroad for a long time, brought from Germany. As an illegitimate child, Alexander could not receive his father's family name. His parents themselves came up with the name Herzen (“son of the heart”, from the German “Herz”).

Portrait of Alexander Herzen in his youth. 1830s

Herzen's father was distinguished by a strange, difficult character, with a tendency toward unbelief and skepticism. For his young son, he hired teachers according to his taste: one of the teachers introduced the boy in detail to the events of the great French Revolution, the other brought him forbidden “freedom-loving” poems Ryleeva and Pushkin. In his father’s library, Herzen early became acquainted with the books of the “enlightenment” XVIII century. The same “critical” spirit was supported in Alexander by many of his relatives.

At the age of 12-13, Herzen met his distant relative Nikolai Ogarev, who also came from a very rich family. Ogarev, like Alexander, was filled with an ardent “love of freedom” and admired the Decembrists. During one walk on the Sparrow Hills, two boys took an oath to “sacrifice their lives in the fight for the good of their homeland,” which adherents of Russian liberalism to this day extol almost as an important historical event.

In 1829, Herzen became a student at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at Moscow University. Around him and Ogarev there formed a circle of noble youth who admired constitutions and terror french revolution and fashionable Saint-Simonism with its “innovative” sexual morality.

The circle came under police surveillance. Soon after Herzen graduated from the university, he was arrested (1834) for participating in a party with the singing of revolutionary songs. After a nine-month stay in prison under investigation, Herzen was exiled to Perm, but then transferred from there closer to the capitals, to Vyatka, where he held an official post. During the passage of the heir to the throne (the future Emperor Alexander II) through Vyatka in 1837, Herzen managed to please him. At the end of 1837 he received permission to move to Vladimir, and in the summer of 1839 police surveillance was removed from him. While still in Vyatka, Alexander Ivanovich, without obstacles from the authorities, began to publish articles in metropolitan magazines.

In 1840, Herzen received a good position at the Ministry of Internal Affairs in St. Petersburg. Before moving there, he lived for several months in Moscow, where a new famous free-thinking circle, Stankevich, now existed. Under the influence of Herzen, members of this circle (including Belinsky) moved from a conservative interpretation of Hegelian philosophy to a revolutionary radical one.

Herzen did not serve long in the St. Petersburg ministry: the police opened his letter to his father with sharp criticism of the police. For this, Alexander Ivanovich was “exiled” to the post of adviser to the provincial government in Novgorod (1841). Having his father's rich funds, he resigned in 1842 and returned to Moscow.

By this time, Herzen’s views had moved even more to the left. He finally leaned toward materialism and admired Feuerbach’s atheistic work “The Essence of Christianity.” In Moscow, Stankevich's circle split into Westerners and Slavophiles. Herzen, Belinsky and historian Granovsky became the leader of Westernism. Herzen began to write journalistic and philosophical articles to magazines, carrying out their radical views in them. He also published several works of fiction in the same spirit: “Notes of Doctor Krupov”, “Who is to blame?” (1846), "The Thieving Magpie." Herzen's views were so uncompromising that even some Westernizing friends broke with him because of them.

After the death of his father (March 1846), Herzen inherited his huge fortune and in January 1847 he and his family left “unwashed” Russia for “enlightened” Europe. From Paris he began sending letters about French life for publication in the Sovremennik magazine.

Illegitimate son of a wealthy landowner Ivan Alekseevich Yakovlev and a German woman, Louise Ivanovna Haag. At birth, the father gave the child the surname Herzen (from the German word herz - heart).

Received a good home education. From his youth he was distinguished by his erudition, freedom and open-mindedness. The December events of 1825 had a great influence on Herzen's worldview. Soon he met his distant relative on his father’s side, Nikolai Platonovich Ogarev, and became his close friend. In 1828, they, being like-minded people and close friends, took an oath of eternal friendship on Sparrow Hills in Moscow and showed their determination to devote their whole lives to the struggle for freedom and justice.

Herzen was educated at Moscow University, where he met a number of progressive-minded students who formed a circle in which they discussed wide circle issues relating to science, literature, philosophy and politics. After graduating from the university in 1833 with a candidate of science degree and a silver medal, he became interested in the teachings of the Saint-Simonists and began to study the works of socialist writers of the West.

A year later A.I. Herzen, N.P. Ogarev and their other comrades were arrested for freethinking. After spending several months in prison, Herzen was exiled to Perm, and then to Vyatka to the office of the local governor, where he became an employee of the newspaper Gubernskie Vedomosti. There he became close to the exiled architect A.I. Vitberg. Then Herzen was transferred to Vladimir. For some time he was allowed to live in St. Petersburg, but soon he was exiled again, this time to Novgorod.

Since 1838 he has been married to his distant relative Natalya Aleksandrovna Zakharyina. The parents did not want to give Natalya to the disgraced Herzen, so he kidnapped his bride, married her in Vladimir, where he was in exile at that time, and confronted his parents with a fait accompli. All contemporaries noted the extraordinary affection and love of the Herzen spouses. Alexander Ivanovich more than once turned to the image of Natalya Alexandrovna in his works. In marriage he had three children: a son, Alexander, a professor of physiology; daughters Olga and Natalya. The last years of the couple's life together were overshadowed by Natalya Alexandrovna's sad infatuation with the German Georg Herwegh. This ugly story, which made all its participants suffer, ended with the death of Natalya Alexandrovna from childbirth. Illegitimate child died along with his mother.

In 1842, Herzen received permission to move to Moscow, where he lived until 1847, studying literary activity. In Moscow, Herzen wrote the novel “Who is to Blame?” and a number of stories and articles dealing with social and philosophical issues.

In 1847, Alexander Ivanovich left for Europe, living alternately in France, Italy, and Switzerland and working in various newspapers. Disillusioned with the revolutionary movement of Europe, he was looking for something different from western way development of Russia.

After the death of his wife in Nice, A.I. Herzen moved to London, where he organized the publication of the free Russian press: Polar Star and Kolokol. Speaking with a freedom-loving and anti-serfdom program for Russia, Herzen’s “Bell” attracted the attention and sympathy of the progressive part of Russian society. It was published until 1867 and was very popular among the Russian intelligentsia.

Herzen died in Paris and was buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery, then his ashes were transported to Nice.

HERTEN ALEXANDER IVANOVICH

(b. 1812 – d. 1870)

Famous Russian revolutionary democrat, publicist and writer.

The illegitimate son of a wealthy landowner Ivan Yakovlev and a German woman, Louise Haag, Alexander Herzen was born on March 25, 1812 in Moscow. The boy received a surname invented by his father (from German. Herz- heart). He received a good upbringing and education, his life was spent in contentment, but the stigma of being an illegitimate child always poisoned Herzen’s life.

The Decembrist uprising on December 14, 1825 captured the teenager’s imagination and determined his future interests. He became a passionate champion of freedom and justice. In his dreams of revolution and “people's happiness,” young Herzen found a like-minded person who would become his friend from the age of 12 until his death - Nikolai Ogarev. An entire era of the Russian democratic liberation movement of the 1840s–1850s is associated with Herzen and Ogarev. In 1829–1833, Herzen studied at the physics and mathematics department of Moscow University. There he and Ogarev organize a student revolutionary circle.

Herzen graduated from the University with a candidate's degree and a silver medal, but a year later he and Ogarev were arrested for participating in a student party at which a bust of Emperor Nicholas I was broken. What is interesting: neither Herzen nor Ogarev were even present at this party, nevertheless, on the basis of “circumstantial evidence” and “way of thinking,” they were brought into the case of “a conspiracy of young people devoted to the teachings of Saint-Simonism.”

Herzen spent 9 months in prison, at the end of which he received a death sentence and a personal pardon from the emperor, who ordered a corrective measure to be applied to the prisoner - exile to Perm, and three weeks later - to Vyatka. In exile, Herzen worked as a clerical clerk in the civil service.

Only in 1837, thanks to the petition of the poet and educator of the heir to the throne, Vasily Zhukovsky, who visited Vyatka, Herzen was allowed to settle in Vladimir. There he serves in the governor’s office and edits the official newspaper “Additions to the Vladimir Provincial News.” In 1840, Herzen was allowed to return to Moscow. While still in Vyatka, Herzen published his first literary works under the pseudonym Iskander, and upon returning to Moscow, he rightfully began to dream of fame as a writer.

Here Herzen finds himself in the society of young frondeurs, becomes closely acquainted with Belinsky and Bakunin, and is imbued with their ideas of criticism of the monarchical regime. At the insistence of his father, Alexander enters service in the office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, moves to St. Petersburg, but does not break off his “suspicious” connections. In 1841, for a harsh comment in a private letter about the morals of the Russian police, Herzen was sent to Novgorod, and there he served on the provincial government. Thanks to the efforts of friends and relatives, in 1842 Alexander managed to escape from Novgorod and, after retiring, moved to Moscow.

Herzen lived in Moscow for five years, these were years for him literary creativity and ideological quests. By the mid-1840s, Herzen was not only a convinced “Westernizer,” but also the leader of young democrats who dreamed of a “Western model” of Russian development. Back in 1841, he wrote the story “Notes of a Young Man”; in subsequent years, the novel “Who is to blame?”, the stories “Doctor Krupov” and “The Thieving Magpie” came out from his pen.

In 1847, Herzen and his family went abroad. He will never see his homeland again. He settles in Paris, where the revolution of 1848 takes place before his eyes, of which he becomes a participant. In 1849, Herzen moved to Geneva, where, together with Proudhon, he published the anarchist newspaper “Voice of the People.”

However, after the defeat of the revolution, Herzen became disillusioned with the revolutionary capabilities of the West and abandoned “Westernism,” criticizing Western social utopias and romantic illusions. He was the first to formulate the theory of “Russian socialism”, becoming one of the founders of the populism movement. In his book “On the Development of Revolutionary Ideas in Russia,” written in 1850, Herzen highlighted the history of the development of the Russian liberation movement, emphasizing that Russia has a special revolutionary path. In 1850 he moved to Nice, where he became close to the leaders of the Italian liberation movement. In the same year, when the tsarist government demanded that he immediately return to Russia, Herzen refused.

The years 1851–1852 became a time of sorrow and terrible losses for him - his mother and son died during a shipwreck, and his wife died.

Left alone, Herzen moved to London, where he founded the Free Russian Printing House. For the first two years of its existence, without receiving materials from Russia, he printed leaflets and proclamations, and since 1855 he published the revolutionary almanac “Polar Star”. In 1856, Herzen's friend Nikolai Ogarev moved to London. At this time, Herzen wrote “Letters from France and Italy”, “From the Other Shore”, gradually becoming an iconic figure in the liberation movement.

Since 1857, Herzen and Ogarev published the first Russian revolutionary newspaper, Kolokol. Its wide distribution in Russia contributed to the unification of democratic and revolutionary forces and the creation of the organization “Land and Freedom”. Fighting against the Russian monarchy, the newspaper supported the Polish uprising of 1863–1864. The support of the “rebellious Poles” became fatal for “The Bell”: Herzen is gradually losing readers - patriots accuse him of betraying Russia, moderates recoil because of “radicalism,” and radicals because of “moderation.”

Herzen begins to publish “The Bell” in Geneva, but this cannot improve the situation, and in 1867 the publication of the newspaper was discontinued. Oblivion, lonely old age and squabbles with old friends - this was Herzen’s lot in exile.

IN recent years In his life, he often changes his place of residence: he lives in Geneva, then in Cannes, Nice, Florence, Lausanne, Brussels, but his rebellious spirit finds peace nowhere. He continues to work on the autobiographical novel “The Past and Thoughts,” writes the essay “For the Sake of Boredom” and the story “The Doctor, the Dying and the Dead.”

And by this time new figures had already appeared in the revolutionary movement - Marx, Lassalle, Bakunin, Tkachev, Lavrov... Herzen remained a lone propagandist who “launched revolutionary agitation.”

January 9, 1870 Alexander Ivanovich dies in Paris; his ashes are buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery.

This text is an introductory fragment.

HERTEN ALEXANDER IVANOVICH (born in 1812 - died in 1870) Famous Russian revolutionary democrat, publicist and writer. The illegitimate son of a wealthy landowner Ivan Yakovlev and a German woman, Louise Haag, Alexander Herzen was born on March 25, 1812 in Moscow. The boy received a surname

GUCHKOV ALEXANDER IVANOVICH (born in 1862 - died in 1936) Leader of the Octobrist Party in Russia, one of the organizers of the February Revolution of 1917, Minister of the Provisional Government. Alexander Ivanovich Guchkov was born in the Moscow Old Believers (bespopovsky direction)

KOSOROTOV Alexander Ivanovich pseudonym. Outside;24.2(7.3).1868 – 13(26).4.1912 Playwright, prose writer, publicist. Employee of the magazines “New Time”, “Theater and Art”. Plays “Princess Zorenka (Mirror)” (1903), “Spring Stream” (1905), “God’s Flower Garden” (1905), “The Corinthian Miracle” (1906), “Dream of Love” (1912)

HERTZEN Alexander Ivanovich (1812–1870), publicist, one of the leaders of the “Westerners.” In 1847 he went abroad, founded the Free Russian Printing House in London, and from 1857 published the Russian weekly newspaper “Kolokol,” which was in opposition to the autocracy. Highly appreciated Gogol's work.Gogol

DOGADOV Alexander Ivanovich (08/08/1888 - 10/26/1937). Member of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) - CPSU (b) from 06/02/1924 to 06/26/1930 Candidate member of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) from 07/13/1930 to 01/26/1932 Member of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) ) - CPSU(b) in 1924 - 1930. Candidate member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1930 - 1934. Candidate member of the Central Control Commission of the RCP(b) in 1921 - 1922. Member

KRINITSKY Alexander Ivanovich (08/28/1894 - 10/30/1937). Candidate member of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks from February 10, 1934 to July 20, 1937. Member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1934 - 1937. Candidate member of the party's Central Committee in 1924 - 1934. Member of the CPSU since 1915. Born in Tver, in the family of a minor official. Russian. Studied at Moscow University,

CHUKHAREV Alexander Ivanovich Alexander Ivanovich Chukharev was born in 1915 in the village of Lemazy, Duvansky district of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, into a peasant family. Russian. In 1928 he came to the construction of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works. Graduated from FZU (now GPTU-19), became

KUTEPOV ALEXANDER IVANOVICH From 1942 until the end of the war, A.I. Kutepov served in intelligence. His military exploits began in Belarus, he went for “tongues” in Ukraine and Moldova, in Hungary and Romania. Exterminated the invaders in their own lair, disarmed the divisions

MININ ALEXANDER IVANOVICH It was on the Kursk-Oryol Bulge. A platoon of machine gunners, assigned to Sergeant Minin's crew, was ordered to move to the outskirts of the Ponyri station, take possession of a hill, gain a foothold on it and facilitate the advance of the battalion with their fire.

SPITSYN ALEXANDER IVANOVICH The division in which Alexander Spitsyn fought liberated over 40 cities, thousands of villages and workers' settlements. Spitsyn crossed more than twenty rivers, and he handed over 18 “tongues” to the battalion headquarters. 12 destroyed machine guns, three pillboxes, ten fortified dugouts on

Bashkin Alexander Ivanovich Born in 1922 into a peasant family in the village of Pryakhino, Venevsky district, Tula region. After graduating from eighth grade high school, worked in the Mordves branch of the State Bank. In the first days of the Great Patriotic War went to the front. In battles with

Grigoriev Alexander Ivanovich Born in 1923 in the village of Bogoslovka, Kamensky district, Tula region. After graduating from the Arkhangelsk seven-year school in 1937, he worked on a collective farm. In 1941 he was drafted into the ranks Soviet Army. Title of Hero Soviet Union assigned July 22, 1944