Individual picture of creation. Mapping a person’s individual picture of the world onto his texts. map of the individual picture of the world Features of the manifestation of the individual picture of the world

A unique picture of the world of an individual and its reflection on texts: using the example of texts of people who committed crimes

Marina Novikova-Grund Social psychology Absent

This book may be useful to those who work professionally with words, be they psychologists, philologists, writers, historians. But first of all, it is addressed to psychotherapists, for whom analysis of the client’s statements is the most important source of information about him, and what they themselves say is their only working tool.

A strict analysis of a text, devoid of arbitrary interpretations and “reading into” extraneous meanings, allows one to recreate the individual picture of the world of the author of this text - that is, to see the world through the eyes of another.

The book consists of four sections devoted to various aspects productive time with your baby. The first section of the book introduces the reader to the moral aspects of education; it is full of valuable advice on personality development and the formation of a child’s character.

The second proposes a practical method for developing speech, describing in detail such exercises as telling a story based on a picture, shadow theater, and techniques for studying poetry. The next two sections are devoted to the child’s health and entertainment, in which readers will learn about the vitamin diet, vaccinations and hardening of the baby, as well as interesting organization of leisure time and introducing the child to native traditions and culture.

The book will be useful and interesting for young parents, psychologists, teachers and anyone interested in the problems of raising children.

It can be used for individual and group lessons.

Interior design

Natalia Mitina Job search, career Absent

Have you decided to become a professional interior designer? individual entrepreneur or open your own studio. What's the first thing you need to know? If you judge the work of an interior designer from TV shows dedicated to apartment renovations, you get the impression that the designer simply chooses the color of the walls and sofa cushions or hangs pictures artistically.

In fact, his task is to make the client’s dream of a beautiful, harmonious and comfortable interior come true, and this requires quite prosaic work: measurements, drawings, technical solutions, approvals, drawing up estimates, searching for the necessary building materials and furniture, working with builders.

In addition, when a designer has a serious business, he has to think about taxes, advertising, finding new clients and much more. Natalia Mitina, architect and interior designer, founder and head of the Koncepcija studio, dispels myths around interior design and talks about all the nuances of a professional’s work - starting from the choice educational institution before creating your own design studio.

I was Khrushchev's son-in-law

Alexey Adzhubey Biographies and Memoirs The legacy of the Kremlin leaders

– ...I did not write a political biography of Khrushchev - this is an activity for historians. It’s good that such a biography did not appear in our country during Nikita Sergeevich’s lifetime - it would hardly have been truthful. I do not enter into an argument with anyone, because everyone has the right to their own point of view.

The measure of decency and responsibility is also purely individual. When I was thinking about how to build a narrative about the now distant years, it seemed to me important not so much to follow chronological steps or try to draw an exact diagram of events, in all their volume and diversity - and I am not capable of such work - but to create a picture from touches and factual sketches about people, events, joyful and sorrowful, not only about Khrushchev... Alexey Adzhubey, husband of Rada Nikitichna Khrushcheva, editor-in-chief of the newspapers “ Komsomolskaya Pravda" and "Izvestia".

Adzhubey decided to publish memoirs about his father-in-law and his difficult time only at the height of perestroika.

Strokes of a speech portrait of the Kama region: a textbook for a special course

T. I. Erofeeva Linguistics Absent

Tutorial in a special course, presents the results of a study of the speech of townspeople from a perspective determined by the problems of social dialectology. The norms of oral urban literary speech, the lexicon of urban sociolects, the methodology for their research, individual speech production are demonstrated - thereby creating the strokes of the linguistic picture of the world of city residents.

Intended for students of the Faculty of Philology, school teachers and those interested in the problems of a complex study of man - writers, sociologists, psychologists, etc.

How to get rid of stress

Anatoly Yakovlevich Antsupov General psychology Missing No data

The work reveals in a popular form the role of stress in life modern man, its essence and dependence on the evolutionary structure of the psyche. The objective factors of stress and its connection with individual and social vices are characterized.

Practical recommendations are given to eliminate socio-psychological and personal causes of stress. The influence of the boundaries of a person’s picture of the world on stress is substantiated: spatial, temporal, meaningful and probabilistic. The close connection between stress and conflicts is revealed.

The dependence of stress on the quality of management, primarily strategic, is shown. Tests are offered to assess different characteristics of stress in a particular person.

Psychology of biethnic family relations

Z. I. Aigumova Other educational literature Absent

The monograph presents a well-developed author's position, which examines the features of biethnic family relationships through various aspects: psychological problems of family relationships, marital satisfaction, models of cultural adaptation, the role of interpsychic and intrapsychic factors in motivating the choice of a spouse, features of spouses’ adaptation to a foreign ethnic environment, psychological features of role expectations in biethnic family relationships and the degree of their consistency.

The personal characteristics of spouses and their children from biethnic marriages are also discussed - the personal characteristics of spouses from biethnic families, psycho-sociocultural factors that determine the identity of a person from biethnic families, ethnic identity spouses.

It is extremely important that spouses from biethnic families, to one degree or another, encounter difficulties in interaction. This collision of often contradictory pictures of the world, different systems of values ​​that were previously not in contact or had little contact, led to the need to pair them at the level of individual consciousness, psychological adaptation to a different system of meanings and values.

For students specializing in psychology, family psychology, ethnopsychology.

Eric and revenge on Knave

Alexey Sosnin Fighting fantasy Absent

Opening this book, like a magic casket, we cannot even imagine that from the very first lines of this unusual work, against our will, we will be involved in a fabulously romantic in form, but quite real and vital in content, human cycle.

The unusualness of Alexei Sosnin’s new story “Eric and Revenge on the Knave” lies in the fact that the classical scheme “form corresponds to content” here recedes before the power of our imagination. That inexplicable force that uncontrollably draws us into magical world fantasy.

The action of the story develops without any outlining descriptions. From the very first pages of the book, fabulous, but realistically outlined visions are revealed to us, and contrary to our rationalism, we are transported to a romantic playing field. We immediately imagine medieval knights, we feel ourselves surrounded by magicians and wizards.

In order not to bore the reader, the author uses a minimal set artistic means. All storylines designed by him only as conceptual sketches. For the rest, he completely trusts the reader. Every stage concept is determined by individual life reality, so the reader will have his own game, his own picture of the world, corresponding to his ideas and feelings.

The author gives our imagination the opportunity to complement the picture with our own images, actions and thoughts. Thus inviting us to become co-authors of an extraordinary narrative. And, like passionate gamers, we will play this game to the very bitter end, to the very last line.

Together with the heroes of the story, we will go through all the stages of gaining maturity and wisdom. We mature in battles with werewolves, in battles with evil wizards. We will be elevated by the happiness of love and brought down by the passion of hatred. We will be gullible, believing in the truth and being deceived by insidious lies.

As the meaning of life, filial duty will rise for us to the same level as the great mission of saving humanity. What will remain behind is the thorny path of life, sanctified by the spirit of the struggle between good and evil. And on this path we will always follow our father’s completely earthly covenant to follow our heart in all matters, because it is it that helps us make the right decision in difficult times.

Having passed through this entire cycle of character in social nature, like the heroes of the book, we will inevitably come to the line beyond which it is worth summing up. Albeit intermediate, but equally necessary in order to continue on your life path at a new level.

And the main thing is to proudly write these results into your biography, as will happen in the work opened in front of you: “Despite the sadness of the departed, the two kingdoms celebrated a victory that will be written in the history of elves and people.”

Labor disputes. Educational and practical manual for bachelor's and master's degrees

Nikolai Georgievich Gladkov Educational literature Bachelor and Master. Academic course

The manual comprehensively covers the procedure for considering and resolving individual labor disputes in the courts, taking into account the simultaneous application of labor and civil procedural norms by the courts resolving individual labor disputes. The problems that arise when resolving collective labor disputes, and ways to resolve them, and the procedure for resolving individual labor disputes by jurisdictional bodies are considered.

This publication reveals the picture of judicial practice in resolving labor disputes in accordance with those developed by the Plenum Supreme Court RF guiding clarifications to the courts. The structure of the manual includes questions that will help students monitor their knowledge.

The image of the world in the mirror of language

Collection of articles Cultural studies Conceptual and linguistic worlds

The collection of scientific articles (the first issue of the new series “Conceptual and Linguistic Worlds”) is devoted to the consideration of such issues relevant to modern linguistics as the mentality and mentality of the people, conceptual, linguistic and individual author’s pictures of the world, the history of the people and the linguistic consciousness of the individual, mental space of artistic text, etc.

The collection is intended for linguists, literary critics, cultural experts, psychologists and wide range readers interested in problems of language, psychology, and culture.

General and inorganic chemistry. In 2 hours. Part 1. Theoretical foundations, 2nd ed., trans. and additional Textbook and

Nina Georgievna Nikitina Educational literature Vocational education

The textbook will help students form a scientific picture of the world that is adequate to the modern level of knowledge based on knowledge of the laws of chemistry, the composition and structure of matter, the chemical and physicochemical properties of elements and compounds. The first part examines the basics of chemical thermodynamics, kinetics, properties of solutions, the theory of atomic structure and chemical bonding, redox reactions and electrochemical processes, and properties of complex compounds.

The second part of the textbook is devoted to the chemistry of s-, p-, d-elements. Each chapter contains characteristics of a subgroup, physical and chemical properties simple substances and their compounds, information about their preparation, use, toxicity and environmental hazard. The textbook contains examples of problem solving, test questions and tests.

The Appendices provide all necessary supporting information. For better assimilation of the material, the textbook includes an extensive laboratory workshop. Laboratory work contain individual assignments with elements of scientific research, carrying out quantitative calculations and assessing the error of determinations.

Hide behind the flowers (collection)

Lyudmila Temnova-Zimina Essay Absent

The book by film playwright and documentary director Lyudmila Temnova-Zimina includes film scripts, poems, essays, reflections on cinema and life. Many films have been made around the world, varying in genre and quality. Each of them represents the individual view of the writer and director.

Ultimately, the story told begins to live on the screen independently in the form that the creators of the film gave it, while they themselves remain behind the scenes, like elf wizards hiding behind flowers.

Art. Modern. Notebook eleven

Vita Khan-Magomedova Missing No data

The art of China maintained a connection with ancient traditions; artists learned well the lessons of the old masters. A painter in 1800 painted pictures the same way they did in 1300. Today, turning to tradition, artists inventively introduce elements of the language of Western creators, transform them in an original way, use new technologies, creating bright, individual works; find symbols to connect the past and present like Mao, the Government House of the 18th century (backdrop for the works of Wang Guangyi, Ai Weiwei).

Be careful, people. From works of 1957–2017

Ilya Krupnik Contemporary Russian literature Absent

Ilya Krupnik’s prose was almost never published in the second half of the 20th century: the writer was included in the so-called “black list”. Krupnik’s “almost realistic” works are internally akin to Fellini’s neorealism and the parallel spaces of Chagall’s paintings, where visual (sur)reality reveals timeless, eternal themes life: the confrontation between kindness and cruelty, the collapse of the usual order, the mystery of creativity, collapse individual world, the great power of sincere feelings - that is, what excites readers of the new 21st century.

With all the abundance of literature dedicated to P. M. Tretyakov, it seems that an unknown artist sketched his image with light strokes, took up the paints - but never completed the picture, did not color it with the bright colors of individuality, did not breathe into it God’s spark of the soul... Of course, Speaking about Tretyakov, one cannot ignore what was his goal in life - the creation of a collection of paintings in Lavrushinsky Lane.

In this book Tretyakov Gallery a lot of space will be given up. However, the author of this book sees his main task in showing the reader, based on documentary evidence, the multifaceted personality that Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov was.

Net. Decision Making Tool

Matt Watkinson Foreign business literature Absent

A groundbreaking book by award-winning author Matt Watkinson. best book in Management 2014, presents a harmonious and simple system for making error-free decisions in business. The author considers an enterprise or company as an integral organism in which all elements are closely interconnected, so that any changes in one of them will inevitably entail serious consequences for the entire system.

He managed to develop an easy-to-use, but very effective analytical model - a grid that allows you to correctly assess the overall picture, look at the situation in dynamics, predict the results of changes, and organize both team and individual work.

“The grid I'm going to talk about is a tool for making smarter, more informed decisions. With its help, you can identify problems and find promising areas in an existing business, as well as test new ideas. I wrote it to make the life of each of my readers easier and better.

Everyone will benefit from this.” (Matt Watkinson).

Valentin Serov. Beloved son, father and friend: Memoirs of contemporaries about the life and work of an outstanding

Collection Biographies and Memoirs Portrait of an Epoch

When you mention the name of Valentin Serov, the picture “Girl with Peaches” immediately appears before your eyes, familiar to everyone from childhood. In the artist’s early paintings one can discern the impressionist style, which over time will develop into a special individual style of painting.

This great worker, a man of unique talent, rich spiritual life, rare inner beauty, by nature very silent and persistent in his once and for all chosen principles, was an excellent landscape painter and graphic artist, but it was his works in the portrait genre that made him famous.

In the ability to show a person alive on canvas and accurately convey him inner essence Serov had no equal. He is still loved and revered today, as was clearly shown by the exhibition dedicated to the artist’s 150th anniversary – it was visited by about half a million visitors. This book contains the memories of Valentin Serov from his contemporaries: mother, daughter, colleagues and writers.

Submitting your good work to the knowledge base is easy. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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Mapping a person’s individual picture of the world onto his texts. Map of an individual picture of the world

The proposed work is based on empirical observations of 3000 texts of textual techniques (TM), which are pairs of short spontaneous stories that are written within 15 minutes. on a specially selected topic, one on one’s own behalf, and the other on behalf of another person. Confirmed by a clinical conversation, anamnestic data, as well as a number of experiments, they indicate that a person returns to an unresolved problem and a trauma that has not been fully experienced in his stories until he solves it and survives it.

The consequence of this is a clarification: existential anxieties and fears are objects of constant return and are repeated many times in a person’s speech, since they cannot be finally resolved and experienced.

Within the framework of this concept, based on observation of regularly repeated elements of TM texts, TM was created, correlated with existential anxieties. It included text elements of three levels - deep syntactic, semantic and plot. At each level, in the process of generating a text, the speaker simultaneously makes many free choices from a number of theoretically permissible options, and only the choice of the plot (but not its structure) is relatively conscious, so the systematic nature of the choices possible options is not the result of the deliberate intentions of the author of the text.

The standard list consists of 16 items represented as binary variables, and 12 of them include the required “formal marker” option. The parameters included in the list have an important property - they are mutually independent, so they can be present in the text in any set. A person’s individual picture of the world can be extracted from his texts, formalized and presented in the form of a “map”, as a unique combination of text parameters. This allows us to strictly and uniformly compare pictures of the world different people, groups of people united by a common strategy for coping with existential anxieties, as well as register changes in a person’s individual picture of the world that have occurred as a result of trauma, psychotherapeutic influence and other fundamental changes. Below is Standard list of text parameters , which is used to create the map.

Standard list of text parameters

1. Agent structures (Ag.). Parameter of correlation with the act of freedom Semantics of the parameter: Someone performs an action of his own free will. Formal indicators: the presence of an animate noun or a personal pronoun replacing it in the nominative (except for the verb “to be” and “should”). Examples: he walks, writes, thinks.

2. Non-agent designs (nAg). Parameter of correlation with the act of unfreedom and with the absence of power. Semantics of the parameter: Someone performs an action against his own will, or: someone or something performs an action on him. Formal indicators: the absence of an animate noun or a personal pronoun replacing it in the nominative of a verb, or their presence in the verb “to be” and “should.” Examples: It occurred to him, a discovery had been made, computers would take over the world.

3. External predicates (Ex). Parameter of correlation with external space and movement. Semantics: the event occurs in external space, i.e. it can be seen and/or heard. There are no formal indicators, since we are talking about semantic opposition; but the diagnostic indicators are: descriptions of acts physical movement from one place to another, descriptions of facial and pantomimic movements, acts of speaking and other sounds (i.e. movements of the vocal cords and sound waves); acts of changes in physical properties and characteristics; acts of categorization based on physical characteristics. Examples: he ran, blushed, was fat, is an alcoholic.

4. Internal predicates (In). Parameter of correlation with internal space and inaccessibility to observation. Semantics: An event occurs in internal space, mental or physical. It is not observable from the outside. There are no formal indicators, since we are talking about semantic opposition; but the diagnostic indicators are: the presence of internal space inaccessible to vision and hearing, as well as - and thanks to this - the presence of events that are not comprehended as physical movement. Examples: he remembers, wants, is afraid, his train of thought has changed(in the latter case there is a metaphor for the movement, but not the movement itself).

5. Past tense (P). The parameter corresponds to the speaker's statement that the event began and ended - happened. Semantics: the event has ceased to be directly observable, and no one and nothing has the power to change it. Accordingly, the speaker, regardless of the nature and assessment of the event, represents himself in relation to it within the framework of the oppositions “to be strong / weak” and “to be active / passive” as “weak” and “passive” (at the moment of speaking). Formal indicators: grammatical formants of the past tense.

6. Present tense (Pr). The parameter corresponds to the speaker's statement that the event is ongoing. Semantics: In an ongoing event, the speaker is present and directly experiences it or observes it, albeit from the outside, but also directly, and, accordingly, he has the power to influence its further course and completion, but he does not know how this event will end. Accordingly, the speaker is free to represent himself in any way within the framework of the oppositions “to be strong/weak” and “to be active/passive” (at the moment of speaking). Formal indicators: grammatical formants of the present tense.

7 Future tense (F). The parameter corresponds to the speaker's statement that the event has not yet occurred, but someone or something can influence how it begins or does not begin, as well as how it ends. Semantics: The speaker evaluates whether he, or someone else, or something else has the power to influence the course and completion of an event. Accordingly, the speaker is free to represent himself in any way within the framework of the oppositions “to be strong/weak” and “to be active/passive” (at the moment of speaking). Formal indicators: grammatical formants of the future tense.

8. Absolute time (A). The parameter refers to the speaker's assertion that the event is not defined as potentially changeable or potentially uninfluenced. Semantics: the speaker is silent about his degree of involvement in the event, avoids defining himself as strong / weak or active / passive in relation to the event. Formal markers: all predicates that are not verbs, but other parts of speech, as well as all predicates (including verbs) used to describe the act of categorization. Examples: love, death, description, categorization.

9. Number of figures (Nf). The parameter corresponds to the more or less “egocentric universe” of the author of the text. Semantics: the presence of only one figure in the text (Nf=1) means the extreme degree of egocentrism and loneliness, usually unconscious, of the author of the text, who, when creating his plot, is focused exclusively on himself and does not feel the need to introduce figures of other people into the text; the presence of several non-generalized figures (Nf>1) means that the “world of other people” of the author of the text is not empty. Examples: I managed to lose 20 kg. It took a lot of effort. Harmful foods were excluded from the diet, and I had to exercise in the pool and on exercise machines. Now I'm happy(Nf=1). I lost excess weight. It was difficult. My mother reacted to my weight loss with resentment and irritation. But my husband supported me, even prepared salads for me. Now both he and the children are proud of me (Nf>1).

10-14. Levels of self-identification (Zon A-E). The parameter is correlated with the degree of identification of the speaker with those he is talking about. Semantics: depending on the placement of a figure on one or another level of identity with the speaker himself, as well as on which levels remain unfilled, the speaker reports his existing ideas about permeability inner world other people and the comparability of their inner world with his own, as well as the relevance/irrelevance for him to carry out acts of penetration and comparison. Formal markers.

Zon A: in the description of the figure there are internal predicates that go beyond the boundaries of the chronotope “here and / or now”. Examples: he remembered being in this place last summer;

Zon IN: in the description of the figure there are internal predicates that indicate the presence of a chronotope other than “here and now”, but do not introduce its description. Examples: he remembered something; I'm dreaming.

Zon WITH: in the description of a figure (and more often - a generalized set of figures) there are internal predicates that do not indicate the presence of a chronotope other than “here and now”, and are aimed only and exclusively at one character. Examples: he admires me; they all judge me.

Zon D: in the description of a figure (or a generalized set of figures) there are only external predicates in the absence of external details. Examples: he stood against the wall.

Zon E: the description of the figure contains only external predicates, as well as more than 2 external details. Examples: he stood motionless against the wall, his hair disheveled and his shoulders tense.

15-16. Plot (SJ). The parameter correlates with a message about the author's identity, as well as his life and textual strategies. Semantics: all plots of TM texts were reduced to two plot macro-schemes: “external” and “internal”, as well as their combinations. The “external” macrocircuit (SJ1) organized events occurring in the space of objects accessible to outside observation; the “internal” macrocircuit (SJ2) organized events occurring in the mental or bodily space of the projective figure from ZonA, inaccessible to outside observation. Formal markers (SJ1): the description of the action ends with a result that is assessed as positive, negative or ambivalent. Formal markers (SJ2): description of perceptions and emotions, not aimed at achieving a result. Examples (SJ1): We walked with dad, I ate ice cream. It melted and fell. I started crying. Dad bought me new ice cream. Examples (SJ2): The ice cream was delicious and beautiful. The chocolate shades were dark in depth and had a milky sheen where they had melted. My mouth felt cold and sweet. The rough waffle cone smelled like vanilla.. (two fragments of the same text are used for examples).

It is easy to see that any short connected text can be represented as a tuple (ordered set) of the given 16 parameters, and each of the 16 places can be 1 if the parameter is present in the text, and 0 if it is absent (for the parameter Nf, which in a more detailed version it is presented not as binary, but as n-ary, the presence of a single figure in the text was coded as 0, and the presence of more than one figure - as 1). This 16-place tuple of zeros and ones was called the “Map of a person’s individual picture of the world”, since each of the parameters, as shown above, is correlated with existential problems, and their specific combination represents an image of an individual strategy for coping with them.

existential anxiety individual

Table 1. Map of a person’s individual picture of the world

The number of theoretically possible combinations is 2^16, respectively, the probability random coincidence n cards equals 1: [(2^16)^n-1]. Thus, the method opens up the possibility of comparing small (in the limiting case only two) texts.

As an illustration, we present a fragment of an experimental study of TM texts obtained from 7 patients of a crisis center who were hospitalized after repeated suicide attempts. As a control group, we used 100 TM texts received from students and teachers of the Russian State University for the Humanities who had never committed suicide attempts.

Table 2. Maps of individual worldviews of suicide victims coincided in all 16 parameters as follows:

The probability of a random coincidence is 1: [(2^16)^7-1], that is, negligible.

In the control group, no matches were found for 16 parameters.

This can be interpreted as the presence of a general strategy for coping with existential anxieties among a group of people who fearlessly resort to demonstrative suicide attempts under frustrating circumstances. The combination of parameters in the maps of their pictures of the world indicates that the studied suiciders perceive themselves as powerless and dependent on invincible circumstances (Ag = 0), which is why the act of suicide attempt is subjectively safe and insignificant for them - after all, any of their actions is insignificant and has no power; the events of their inner world are intolerable and therefore devalued and kept silent (In=0); the past is also devalued and “crossed out” along with the experience of mistakes and victories (P=0), and real life and the achievement of goals will take place in a highly valuable future (F=1), which will happen by the will of circumstances and regardless of the experience of the past and the efforts of the authors of the texts. The presence of only one figure located in zone A, and generalized figures in zone C (zA=1; zC=1; Nf=0) can be regarded as a representation of total “egocentric loneliness” in the texts of suicide victims. The protagonists of texts written by suiciders are surrounded by the world , where instead of specific people with names, faces, thoughts and feelings, there are only pale projections of the author himself, who uniformly hate him in the “space of the present” or admire him in the “space of the future.”

Standard list of text parameters , on the one hand, is psychologically meaningful (correlated with the elements of the existential picture of the world), and on the other hand, as is easy to see, it allows, thanks to the “Formal Markers” option, to clearly identify 16 points in any TM text, by which it can be compared with any other TM text. In other words, any TM text, as well as any other spontaneous coherent text, the writing of which took no more than 15-20 minutes, can be presented as a set of parameters from list.

Literature

1. May R. Existential foundations of psychotherapy. In the book: Existential psychology, M., 2001

2. Novikova-Grund M.V. Text techniques in the group. In: Proceedings of the Institute of Psychology named after. L.S. Vygotsky, vol. 1; M., 2001

3. Novikova-Grund M.V. The problem of understanding/misunderstanding: from positivism to hermeneutics. In: Proceedings of the Institute of Psychology named after. L.S. Vygotsky, vol. 2; M.2002)

4. Pines D. Unconscious use of her body by a woman, B.S.K., East European Institute of Psychoanalysis, St. Petersburg, 1997

5. Piaget J. Speech and thinking of a child, M., Pedagogy-Press 1994

6. Yalom I. Existential psychotherapy. M., Klass, 1999

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FORMATION OF AN INDIVIDUAL PICTURE OF THE WORLD
CHILD THROUGH RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
L. Yu. Pazderina,
Tyumen, State Autonomous Educational Institution "Gymnasium of Russian Culture"
“The world must be comprehended both with thought and with heart”
Homer
In order to learn to live and act successfully in
in the modern world, man needs to realize the reality presented to him
the universe, as something whole, in relation to which he will
to determine oneself, to assert oneself, to look for one’s place in it,
make your own way.
IN modern society great value not only acquire
political, social, scientific, but also aesthetic, moral and
religious aspects of worldview.
In the very general view worldview is defined as a system
views, concepts and ideas about the world around us. Worldview
in the broad sense of the word includes all of a person’s views on
the world around us: philosophical, socio-political, natural
scientific, ethical, aesthetic, etc.
Considering the system of formation of views and attitudes towards
environment of children, we are sure it should not be formed
spontaneously.
Each new generation inherits a certain
model of the universe,
which serves as a basis for building
individual picture of the world of each individual person and
at the same time unites these people as a cultural community.
The child, on the one hand, receives such a model of the world from
adults, actively assimilates from subject-cultural and natural
environment, on the other hand, actively builds itself, at a certain moment,
teaming up with other children in this work.
Three factors can be identified that make up the formation of the model
child's world:
the first is the influence of “adult” culture, active conductors
which are, first of all, parents, and then educators and
teachers;
the second is the personal efforts of the child himself, manifested in different
types of his intellectual and creative activity;
the third is the influence of children's subculture, the traditions of which are passed on
from generation to generation of children and are extremely significant between the ages

five and twelve years to understand how to master
the surrounding world.
A model of the world of any person, even the smallest, is available
for perception only on the condition that it is somehow
embodied, materialized, “objectified”. Therefore, the teacher
must model this or that with a certain degree of reliability
internal and spiritual content that conveys the features of the paintings
peace.
If we want to introduce a child to a certain system
ideological principles and a certain model of the world order, then
we must necessarily embody it in the form of an object or model,
verbal, visual text (story, song, picture) or
behavioral text (theatrical action),
which
can be assimilated by the child as easily and completely as possible.
We believe that the solution to these problems should be carried out through
creating a special developmental environment in which the child would find
incentives for self-learning, self-knowledge and development. Hence the main
requirements serving as guidelines:
 rely on the child’s own experience;
 teach by doing;
 encourage observation and experimentation;
 alternate
work.
We are considering research method training as one of
basic ways of cognition, most fully consistent with nature
child and modern challenges training. The basis of the method of working with
students are guided by their own research search, not
children’s assimilation of ready-made knowledge presented by the teacher.
individual
collective
And

Research activities are activities related to
students solving a creative, research problem with advance
unknown solution.
The essence of research activity
due to its functions:
 determining the scope of knowledge application and ensuring “launch”
creative search mechanisms;
 formation of cognitive interest and creative abilities
schoolchildren;
 promoting mastery of methods of scientific knowledge.
Goals of work in in this direction the following are defined:
 development of cognitive needs in students and their need for
creative activity;
 “equipping” schoolchildren with methods and techniques of research
activities;

 increasing the level of independence of schoolchildren in the process of searching and
mastering new knowledge;
 activation of creative abilities.
Participants in this work are 14th grade students
gymnasiums, teachers, psychologists, heads of clubs and sections,
administration and parents.
The work is carried out both within the framework of individual lessons of the basic educational
plan, and within the block of additional education. At
carrying out educational research work, a decision is made
the following tasks:
 familiarity with the methods of searching for facts (evidence) for
confirmation of the hypothesis;
 development of skills in analyzing literary and scientific material and
own observations, ability to adequately choose methods
research, ability to draw conclusions;
 learning how to present one’s own position, point of view
by means of oral and writing;
 providing opportunities practical application received
knowledge, skills, experience, research and creative
activities.
Supervise the research of younger schoolchildren several
more difficult than research work senior schoolchildren, students
or graduate students.
On the independence of a junior schoolchild when conducting
We cannot always count on educational research. He,
of course, a researcher by nature, but educational research is different
from the spontaneously manifested search activity of the child. That's why
At first, the baby must be taught everything: how to identify problems, how
develop hypotheses, how to observe, how to conduct an experiment, etc.
We suggest considering the following
working methods,
contributing to the formation of research activities.
Minicourses
Excursions
Projects
Party games
METHODS
Block method
submissions
educational
information
The use of “mini-courses” is one of the model angles
enriching the content of education. The idea of ​​mini-courses is active
"Mini courses"

used in schools for gifted children around the world. The essence of mini
The course is simple: an invited specialist during one or two lessons
(2025 minutes each) reads a short course to children using a specially designed
program.
The content of the course usually covers its
professional interests and responsibilities, the subject of his scientific
research. This broadens children's horizons and creates a basis for their
own research. Later, one of the children, under the guidance
The author of this minicourse begins his own research.
Mini-courses are held in the second half of the school day, in
within extracurricular activities. Children come to classes at will,
Therefore, the groups are of different ages. As authors of minicourses
speakers are not invited specialists, but usually parents, sometimes
grandparents, teachers, librarian. Subsequently, some of the children
fulfill their own wishes research projects under
guidance from the authors of the minicourses. The topics of the minicourses are very
diverse (“Secrets of the Russian language”, “Wonders of the ancient world”,
“Hunting and service dog breeding”, “View of the world from space”,
“Signs and Symbols”, “Planet of Wonders and Mysteries”, “Space Medicine”,
“Chemistry and food”, etc.).
As practice has shown, when using this form of work, there is
gradual evolution educational activities from lectures to
classes, seminars and, finally, independent research
practice. In other words, the teacher’s monologue gradually gives way
place first dialogue with students, and then their practical,
research work.
Classes, as already noted, are conducted only on a voluntary basis.
basis. Therefore, attendance at the first classes is usually very
is high, and only those who have shown increased
interest.
Thus, the minicourse methodology assumes that, while mastering
him, the child gradually turns from a “listener” into an “interlocutor”, and
then into a “researcher”. As a result, the child is at a level accessible to him
is included in educational research and creative work, receives
information about the universe, relationships in the world and the possibility
comprehend and evaluate the information received.
Excursions
Among the effective ways to enhance research,
search activity of schoolchildren traditionally occupies a special place
excursion. The advantages of the excursion are emphasized in the best possible way
somewhat “worn out” from frequent use, but has not ceased to be
true statement that “it is better to see once than a hundred times
hear".

The excursion allows you to explore a variety of objects in their real
surrounded, in action, gives endlessly great material For
own observations, analysis and comprehension.
In the course of our work, we actively use this form.
organizations. During our work, our students visited:
in the Kungur caves (Kungur), in Yalutorovsky museum complex
(Yalutorovsk), in the planetarium (Ekaterinburg), visiting Santa Claus
(G. Veliky Ustyug), in the “Russian Izba” museum (Uspenka village, Tyumenskaya
region), in museums and churches in Tyumen and the Tyumen region,
Tobolsk, Ekaterinburg, St. Petersburg, etc.
The excursions served as a launching pad for children
research, gave a powerful impetus to children's thinking, allowed
see a lot interesting topics for your own research,
produce a large number of different hypotheses. Endlessly
a large number of sources for obtaining new information have been created
an excellent basis for analytical work of thought, making judgments,
inferences and conclusions and as a result interesting works appeared
students for the annual interregional conference “Theory and
the practice of productive education.”
Party games
As already noted, an important and very difficult task in
research training is the task of forming a high
motivation for research activities. Work is especially important
towards activating the student's thinking to identify problems.
It is precisely from the level of the problem being studied, from its scale that
the didactic value of children's research depends.
multi-level problems,
In developing students’ sustainable interests in complex,
giving a start
complex,
research practice, specialists can play an active role
gaming techniques based on a variety of game plots.
Techniques of this kind are intensively used in modern
practical psychology.
We conduct games according to the methodology proposed by A. I. Savenkov,
Doctor of Pedagogical and Psychological Sciences, Professor of the Department
developmental psychology of the Moscow Pedagogical State
university. Organizing games using this method helps
stimulate the research activity of students, and the plots of these
games
capable of awakening interest in research, independent
studying multi-level problems.
Educational process must be social and personal
oriented. Therefore, the content of education should be
Information block

Project activities
Transformative activities deserve special attention.
The important point here is that personality cannot develop
only within the framework of consumption, that its development presupposes creation and
transformation that knows no boundaries. Only what is created
by the man himself, with his own hands, thoughts and hearts,
is of interest to him, which, of course, is connected with other
people, since the act of creativity contains a universal result,

significant for everyone, and not just for its creator, transformer. A
This means that project activities are an integral part of development,
knowledge of the world and manifestation of creative abilities of students. WITH
In the first grade, our students participate in projects. At the initial stage
This is a collective activity. From the second grade onwards
research activities wears microgroup or
individual character that goes beyond the scope of the program and academic
activities.
Completing projects allows us to engage schoolchildren
creativity, develop creative abilities and skills, give
useful “life” experience and experiences
creative activity,
cultivate the need and habit of acting unconventionally, in a new way,
original and at a higher level.
The experience accumulated by students in independent creative
activity is actively used at various stages of implementation
creative tasks of collective, individual and group forms
work. Custom fit allows for an enhanced personal experience
student, develops the ability to independently identify a specific task
for a solution. The group form develops the ability to coordinate one’s
point of view with the opinions of comrades, the ability to listen and analyze
search directions suggested by group members. Collective
the form expands students’ opportunities to analyze the existing
situation in broader interaction with peers, parents,
teachers, provides an opportunity for the child to find out various
points of view on solving a creative problem.
Over the course of the year, our students develop and defend two
collective project. The topics are very diverse, for example: “World
fairy tales", "Ancient measures of length", "Plants heal", "From
Nativity of Christ to Epiphany", "Rare Birds and Animals
our region”, “Symbol of Russia”, “Coat of arms of the class”, “Birth of the Russian
ABC", "A. S. Pushkin and his tales”, “Where the bread came from” and others.
Project defense takes place in the form of: presentations, reports,
theatrical performances, mini-lectures, oral journals, release
albums or collections, etc.
Every year, elementary school students with individual projects
take part and occupy prizes in urban and
interregional conferences:
 interregional conference “Theory and practice of productive
education";
 environmental conference of Tyumen State University
“Ecology of living space”, section “First steps in
ecology";
 city scientific and practical conference “Progress 2010”.

Students choose topics for individual projects as
independently and under the guidance of adults, for example: “Names in
my family”, “The magic of numbers”, “My ancestry”, “Caution: harmful
food", "Flying orchids", "The influence of cars on pollution
cities", "Mold: truth and fiction", "My affectionate and gentle friend",
“The role and meaning of prefixes” and others.
Based on the given working methods and examples of them
implementation, we can say that research activity is not
just one of the forms of learning, this is the way to develop a special style
children's life and educational activities. In its foundation
exploratory behavior. It allows you to transform learning
into self-learning, really launches the mechanism of self-development and
self-knowledge. The value of this activity also lies in the fact that
students get the opportunity to look at different problems with
positions of scientists, experience the full range of requirements for scientific
research before entering university. The results of scientific work are real,
presented in the form of messages, graphs, descriptions, technological
kart, creative works etc. The totality of all these materials and
amounts to scientific work students. From this work one can judge
level of development of children, about their creative growth, worldviews,
life positions, relationships.
Thus, despite the fact that everyone has their own individual
picture of the world, it should not be formed spontaneously. School task
education, we see, is to create conditions - a wide field
individually significant for each child, built taking into account his
interests, inclinations. And help you get the information you need and
master problem-search methods for studying the environment
peace.

Individual picture of creation

Greetings, children of the Earth and the Sun. The questions that you sometimes ask reflect your old attachments to the egregor of society, the habits and stereotypes accepted in it. You strive for change, but your ideas about it stem from common templates. Moreover, part of your thinking is gradually moving away from this, although it cannot yet give a clear picture of a new life and therefore offers programs of change embedded in the general field.

A gap arises between the passing past and the emerging new moment. There is an intuitive understanding that it has a fundamentally different quality, different from the old one. This applies to everything: the way of being, awareness and ideas about life and the experience that you intend to go through. Everything is now built on different templates, programs and definitions of the person himself.

Today physical aspect has different characteristics and possibilities when it enters the space of its experience. He is consciously included in the research process not just as an object, but as one who has the rights and responsibilities to develop, as a creation of God, being responsible for his actions and deeds, and accepting their significance in development. Such a person builds his life based not on social attitudes (for example, morality), but primarily on internal aspirations, and at the same time remembers that everyone also has rights and responsibilities as God’s creations.

You begin to accept yourself from the position of a part of the One, which explores and fills the space of its experience with its individual characteristics. At the same time, not everything that happens becomes immediately obvious and understandable to you, remaining hidden behind something familiar and familiar. It’s as if you are looking at the door of a closed room and you know that there is something behind it, but it is not yet available to you. Once you open it, you will see and understand a lot, and then decide what to take from it and what to refuse.

IN present moment you look around and notice that everything is familiar, and there are no bright changes in appearance that you are striving for. Your ideas about any transformations still largely come from the external universal field. I'm talking about the internal definitions of some transformations and their reflection in space. For a long time, a person built his life based, first of all, on what society, family, and so on needed. For a moment he forgot about his divine component, giving up part of his own freedom and responsibility to external demands and ideas; lived based on them and strived for ideals given from outside.

Today you remember your divine essence and seek perfection within yourself. Thus, you strive for the original point of your creation, while simultaneously trying to preserve your individual experience of development. Your path is unique and brings many bright colors to the Creator’s canvas. In your development, you go through various stages, remaining a creation of the One with all its inherent characteristics.

In the process of cognition, you acquire your individual traits, and the divine component, which is your basis, gives you part of the power and strength of the One. At the same time, much is a discovery for you, a revelation that you explore, which makes the process of gaining experience attractive. At first, being in the dark, a person gradually discovers a lot of new things, painting them with his own colors, which adds completeness and sophistication to the canvas of creation.

Now you look around and don't yet see what other palette to use to get a different drawing. It is internal aspiration and intention that will allow you to find them and get a picture of a different quality, more voluminous and bright. Internal concentration and confidence in the correctness of the chosen decision help to complete it. Outer world creates a background that frames it and makes it more noticeable, without distracting attention from the creation itself.

You and your life are the painting of such a picture, where one plays the role of the painting itself, and the other plays the role of a frame. How can you tell the difference? Where your attention is concentrated is the picture, the rest is the frame. In this case, in one case, you can make either a picture or a frame attractive and bright. In another - to strive for balance and harmony between the picture and the frame. In the space of the Creator, everything is interesting and significant. Here freedom of choice for God's creations is manifested. Everything is going as it should. Thank you.

In addition to the national linguistic picture of the world, it is customary to highlight individual (author's) linguistic picture of the world – reflection of the surrounding reality in the worldview linguistic personality, worldview of a linguistic personality through the prism of language.

According to the fair remark of D.S. Likhachev, “and the word, and its meanings, and the concepts of these meanings exist not by themselves in some independent weightlessness, but in a certain human “idiosphere.” Each person has his own individual cultural experience, a stock of knowledge and skills, which determine the richness of the meanings of a word and the richness of the concepts of these meanings, and sometimes, however, their poverty and unambiguity. In essence, each person has his own circle of associations, shades of meaning and, in connection with this, his own characteristics in the potential capabilities of the concept. The less a person’s cultural experience, the poorer not only his language, but also the “conceptosphere” of his vocabulary, both active and passive. What matters is not only broad awareness and a wealth of emotional experience, but also the ability to quickly draw associations from the store of this experience and awareness. Concepts appear in the human mind not only as “hints of possible meanings”, “their algebraic expression”, but also as responses to the previous linguistic experience of a person as a whole - poetic, prosaic, scientific, social, historical, etc.”

According to the German philosopher and historian of the early 20th century. Oswald Spengler, the world is, what it means to the being living in it. The world correlated with a certain soul is a world accessible understanding And unique for each individual person. And that is why there are as many worlds as there are waking creatures, and in the existence of each of them this is supposedly unique, autonomous and eternal peace turns out to be a constantly new, one-time, never-repeating experience.”

An interesting justification for the existence of an individual picture of the world is given by the English philosopher Bertrand Russell in his famous treatise “Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits”: “The collective knows more and less than the individual: it knows, as a collective, all the contents of the encyclopedia and all the contributions to the works scientific institutions, but he does not know those things that lie close to the heart and are intimate, which make up the flavor and the very fabric of individual life. When a person says: “I can never convey the horror that I experienced when I saw Buchenwald” or: “No words can express my joy when I saw the sea again after many years imprisonment," he says something which is true in the strictest and most precise sense of the word: he has through his experience a knowledge which those whose experiences have been different do not possess, and which cannot be fully expressed in words. If he is a first-class artist of words, he can create in the receptive reader a state of consciousness not entirely different from his own, but if he tries to use scientific methods, the stream of his experience will be hopelessly lost in the dusty desert.

The most striking manifestation of an individual picture of the world is creative writing: “every literary work embodies the individual author’s way of perceiving and organizing the world, i.e. a particular version of the conceptualization of the world. The author’s knowledge about the world, expressed in literary and artistic form, represents a system of ideas directed to the addressee. In this system, along with universal human knowledge, there are unique, original, and sometimes paradoxical ideas of the author. Thus, the conceptualization of the world in literary text, on the one hand, reflects the universal laws of the world order, on the other hand, individual, sometimes unique, imaginary ideas” [Babenko 2001: 35].
Thus, it is the person who is the bearer of the national mentality and language. A person appears in two forms - man and woman . This aspect, from the point of view of philosophy and linguistics, began to develop especially intensively in science at the end of the 20th century. and received the names – gender philosophy and gender linguistics, or simply gender (from the Greek genus “genus, born, born”).