How to make a report on literature. How to prepare a message on a given topic? Types and genres of literature

Each people or nation, country or locality has its own cultural history. Large segment cultural traditions and monuments are made up of literature - the art of words. It is in it that the life and life characteristics of any people are reflected, from which one can understand how these people lived in past centuries and even millennia. Therefore, scientists probably consider literature the most important monument of history and culture.

literature

The Russian people are not an exception, but rather a confirmation of the above. The history of Russian literature goes back centuries. More than a thousand years have passed since its appearance. Researchers and scientists from many countries study it as a phenomenon and a striking example of verbal creativity - folk and author's. Some foreigners even specifically study Russian, but it is not considered the easiest language in the world!

Periodization

Traditionally, the history of Russian literature is divided into several main periods. Some of them are quite lengthy. Some are more brief. Let's take a closer look at them.

Pre-literary period

Before the adoption of Christianity (by Olga in 957, by Vladimir in 988), there was no written language in Rus'. As a rule, if necessary, Greek, Latin, and Hebrew were used. More precisely, it had its own, even in the times of paganism, but in the form of dashes or notches on wooden tags or sticks (called: features, cuts), but literary monuments it was not preserved. songs, epics - mostly) were transmitted orally.

Old Russian

This period ran from the 11th to the 17th centuries - quite a long time. History of Russian literature of this period includes religious and secular (historical) texts from Kievan and then Muscovite Rus'. Vivid examples literary creativity: “The Life of Boris and Gleb”, “The Tale of Bygone Years” (11-12th centuries), “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, “The Tale of the Battle of Mamayev”, “Zadonshchina” - describing the period of the yoke, and many others.

18th century

This period is what historians call “ Russian enlightenment" The foundation of classical poetry and prose is laid by such great creators and educators as Lomonosov, Fonvizin, Derzhavin and Karamzin. As a rule, their creativity is multifaceted, and is not limited to literature alone, but extends to science and other types of art. The literary language of this period is a little difficult to understand, as it uses outdated forms of address. But this does not prevent us from perceiving the images and thoughts of the great educators of our time. Thus, Lomonosov constantly sought to reform the language of literature, to make it the language of philosophy and science, and advocated for the rapprochement of literary and folk linguistic forms.

History of Russian literature of the 19th century

This period in Russian literature is the “golden age”. At this time, literature, history, and the Russian language entered the world stage. All this happened thanks to the reformist genius of Pushkin, who actually introduced into literary use the Russian language as we are accustomed to perceive it. Griboyedov and Lermontov, Gogol and Turgenev, Tolstoy and Chekhov, Dostoevsky and many other writers made up this golden clip. A literary works, created by them, have forever entered the classics of the world art of speech.

Silver Age

This period is quite short in time - only from 1890 to 1921. But in this turbulent time of wars and revolutions, a powerful flowering of Russian poetry occurs, and bold experiments arise in art in general. Blok and Bryusov, Gumilyov and Akhmatova, Tsvetaeva and Mayakovsky, Yesenin and Gorky, Bunin and Kuprin are the most prominent representatives.

The end of the Soviet period dates back to the collapse of the USSR, 1991. And from 1991 to the present day is the newest period, which has already given Russian literature new interesting works, but posterity will probably judge this with greater accuracy.



Literature

Literature

noun, and., used often

Morphology: (no) what? literature, what? literature, (see) what? literature, how? literature, about what? about literature; pl. What? literature, (no) what? literature, what? literature, (see) what? literature, how? literature, about what? about literature

1. Literature- is a combination of prosaic, poetic and dramatic works of a particular people, era or all of humanity, along with the cultural and historical background that contributed to the creation of these works.

World literature. | Literature of the peoples of Russia. | History of literature. | Old Russian literature. | Ancient literature, the literature of the ancient Greeks and Romans forms a special stage in the development of world literature.

2. Literature is one of the types of art in which the means of creation artistic image is a word, a language.

A work of literature. | Study literature. | Fiction. | Nonfiction. | Compared to music, literature plays a larger role plot structure works.

3. Literature is a collection of printed works devoted to the problems of any science, branch of knowledge, or certain special issues.

Technical literature. | List of specialized literature. | Literature on history. | The issue of conservation ecological systems extensive literature is devoted | A true specialist cannot help but follow the new scientific literature according to your specialty

4. Literature- This is one of the items included in school curriculum.

Two in literature. | Stroll literature.

Dictionary Russian language Dmitriev. D. V. Dmitriev. 2003.

Synonyms:

See what “literature” is in other dictionaries:

Content and scope of the concept. Criticism of pre-Marxist and anti-Marxist views on L. The problem of the personal principle in L. Dependence of L. on the social “environment”. Criticism of the comparative historical approach to L. Criticism of the formalistic interpretation of L.... ... Literary encyclopedia

This is a controlled dream. Jorge Luis Borges Literature is news that never gets old. Ezra Pound What is the difference between journalism and literature? Journalism is not worth reading, and literature is not worth reading. Oscar Wilde To tell the truth, we know... ... Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms

- (French litterature, from littera letter). Literature, writing, the totality of written and oral monuments of the word belonging to famous people. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. LITERATURE in general... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

- (Latin lit(t)eratura, literally written), works of writing that have public importance(e.g. fiction, non-fiction, epistolary). Literature is more often understood as fiction… … Modern encyclopedia

LITERATURE, literature, women. (lat. litteratura). 1. The entire set of written and printed works of one or another people, era or all of humanity as a whole; writing, as opposed to oral literature. Old Russian literature. 2.… … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Writing, literature, printing, press, fiction, journalism. ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. literature, writing, literature, printing, press, ... ... Dictionary of synonyms

literature- y, w. littérature lat. litteratura. 1. Writing. 20s 18th century Exchange 161. Writing. Dahl. The entire set of written and printed works of a particular people, era or all of humanity as a whole; writing, as opposed to... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

Literature, writing. Literary writer, linguist. Wed. Literature serves as the embodiment of all the spiritual forces of the country, and if it does not exist, then this means that spiritual forces are absent or lie deep under cover. Saltykov... ... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)

literature- LITERATURE, fiction, obsolete. literature, colloquial, disdainful reading matter LITERARY, writer... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

LITERATURE, s, women. 1. Written works that have social, educational significance. Scientific l. Memoir l. Artistic l. Old Russian l. 2. Written art form, totality works of art(poetry, prose,... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Literature. H.J. Raymond, Life and public services of Abraham L. (New York, 1864); J. G. Holland, Life of A. L. (Springfield, 1865); Corsby, Das Leben A. L s (Philadelphia, 1861); W. H. Lamon, LHfe of A.L. (Boston, 1872); Jouault, A. L., sa… … Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Books

• Course of higher mathematics. Volume 3, part 2. Series: Educational literature for universities, Series: Educational literature for universities. 816 pp. The fundamental textbook on higher mathematics, translated into many languages ​​of the world, is distinguished, on the one hand, by its systematic and rigorous presentation, and on the other hand, by its simple language,…

A report is a small research work devoted to one narrow topic. It can be done either in written or oral form. Most likely, the student will have to do it in both forms.

A report is often confused with an abstract. In some ways, these “genres” are close to each other, often, but if you don’t see the difference, then you risk doing extra work and writing 30-40 pages instead of 5-6.

The key difference between a report and an abstract is its purpose. The report is called inform the audience. You have the right to simply prepare a plan and, after studying information on the topic, speak to your fellow students and the teacher. Your speech can last 5-10 minutes - more is usually not required.

However, teachers often require students to submit a written report. And this can cause problems. Since school, we have become accustomed to the standard for small scientific works structure:

— Front page;
— Table of contents;
— Introduction;
— Main part;
- Conclusion;
— List of used literature (bibliography).

This structure is suitable for both a report and an abstract. But in the first case, the main part will be much shorter (5-6 pages versus 30-40). Accordingly, there is no point in making a long introduction and conclusion.

How to write a report correctly?

We'll talk more about that a little later. Now - about the work itself that you have to do. It can be roughly divided into four stages:

Stage one. Choosing a theme

Everything is simple here. If the teacher gives you a list of topics, choose the one you like the most. If you are asked to come up with a topic yourself (for example, within a certain area), take the one you like. Even in a boring discipline there is something interesting. And you can always connect one discipline to another. For example, a history buff, when preparing a report on jurisprudence, may consider the history of the development of law. And a musician who becomes a medical student may consider the impact of music on health. You are free to choose any topic if the teacher allows it.

Stage two. Search and study of literature

With the Internet, searching for literature on a topic has become much easier. You no longer need to spend hours digging through a file cabinet and sifting through hundreds of books. Just make a request in a search engine. Unfortunately, there is a lot of “bullshit” (that is, absolutely useless, often false information) on the Internet. You definitely shouldn’t use regular websites, banks of essays and reports, and other similar resources. Wikipedia must be handled carefully, double-checking the information. The best source remains scientific works. You can also find them online, for example, using Google Academy. If only links to works are posted, you will have to go to the library.

Be sure to save not only the names and data of the authors of scientific works, but also the year of publication and the name of the publishing house in which the works were published. Please indicate pages if the work is included in a collection

Stage three. Writing the main part

We will divide this stage into three parts.

First– preparation of abstracts. If you've already written, you know how it's done. One thesis is enough - all the work will be built around it.

Pay attention! The thesis, as well as the entire report, should not contain any subjective opinion - yours or someone else's. This is the main difference between a report and an essay. It is objectivity that is important here.

Second part – preparation of a work plan (structure). The structure depends on the topic you choose. It can be linear or branched, it can go from thesis to argumentation and vice versa, it can be descriptive or analytical in nature.

Third part is actually working on the text. There are very few rules for writing a report; we’ll talk about them below.

Stage four. Working on the introduction and conclusion

The introduction and conclusion of the report are typical for any student work. In the introduction, we formulate the problem (thesis), give a rationale for the choice of topic (optional), assess the relevance, indicate the purpose and objectives of the report, characterize the literature that was used.

In conclusion, we draw conclusions and summarize the information presented in the main part.

That's all, actually. All that remains is to prepare the title page and bibliography. Before printing the report, do not be lazy to re-read it again, or better yet, check it in the services for uniqueness and errors.

How to write an excellent report?

Any student can prepare a report. But not everyone will get an “excellent” grade, and not everyone will be remembered. To ensure that your work is noted not only by other students, but also by teachers, follow three rules for writing a report:

1. Uniqueness. Do not copy phrases or paragraphs of text. Neither from the Internet, nor from library books. It’s not difficult to check the uniqueness, and you won’t be able to deceive even a young and inexperienced teacher.
2. Literacy. You should be interested not only in spelling and punctuation errors, but also in factual errors. However, there won’t be any if you use scientific literature and indicate it in the bibliography.
3. Academic style. Almost all types of student work are written in an academic style. You have the right to use complex sentences, adverbial and participial phrases, terms and polysyllabic words. However, it is important that the sentences are constructed correctly and the terms are used appropriately. Don't intentionally complicate the text if you don't have experience.

Well, the most important thing. You can simply . The student lancer will find literature on the topic, prepare and format the text. There is nothing criminal about this - in any case, you will have to do the bulk of the work (namely, speaking in front of an audience) yourself. Be sure to prepare the text of your speech. There is no need to memorize - a simple retelling will be enough.

HOW TO PREPARATE A MESSAGE (REPORT)?

When preparing a message (report), it is advisable to use the following recommendations:

Understand for yourself the essence of the topic that is proposed to you.

Select the necessary literature (try to use several sources to obtain more complete information).

Carefully study the textbook material on this topic to make it easier to navigate the literature you need and avoid making basic mistakes.

Study the selected material (if possible, work in pencil, highlighting the most important things as you read).

Make a plan for your message (report).

Write the text of the message (report).

Remember!

Choose only interesting and understandable information. Do not use terms or special expressions that are unclear to you.

Don't make the message very cumbersome.

When preparing your report, use only necessary, relevant drawings and diagrams.

At the end of the message (report), make a list of literature that you used in preparation.

Read the written text in advance and try to retell it, choosing the most important things.

Speak loudly, clearly and take your time. In especially important places, pause or change intonation - this will make it easier for listeners to perceive.

The art of oral presentation consists not only of excellent knowledge of the subject of speech, but also of the ability to present one’s thoughts and beliefs correctly and orderly, eloquently and captivatingly.

Any oral presentation must satisfythree main criteria , which ultimately lead to success: thiscriterion of correctness, those. compliance with language standards,semantic adequacy criterion , i.e. correspondence of the content of the speech to reality, andperformance criterion , i.e. compliance of the achieved results with the set goal.

The work of preparing an oral presentation can be divided into two main stages:pre-communicative stage (preparing a speech ) And communication stage (interaction with the audience ).

The work of preparing an oral presentation begins with the formulation of the topic. It is best to formulate the topic in such a way that its first word denotes the name of the scientific result obtained during the implementation of the project. The topic of the speech should not be overloaded, it is impossible to “embrace the immensity”; covering a large number of issues will lead to a cursory listing of them, to declarativeness instead of deep analysis. Poor formulations - too long or too short and general, very banal and boring, not containing problems, divorced from further text, etc.

The speech itself should consist of three parts - introduction (10-15% of the total time), main part (60-70%) and conclusion (20-25%).

Introduction includes introduction of the authors (last name, first name, patronymic, if necessary, place of study/work, status), title of the report, explanation of the subtitle for the purpose precise definition the content of the speech, a clear definition of the core idea. The core idea of ​​the project is understood as the main thesis, the key position. The core idea makes it possible to set a certain tone for the speech. To formulate the main thesis means to answer the question of why to talk (goal) and what to talk about (means to achieve the goal).

Requirements for the main thesis of the speech:

the phrase must state main idea and correspond to the purpose of the speech;

the judgment should be brief, clear, and easy to retain in short-term memory;

the thought must be understood unambiguously and not contain a contradiction.

Development plan main part should be clear. The optimal number of facts and necessary examples must be selected.

If the use of technical terms and words that some of the audience may not understand is necessary, then try to give brief description each of them when you use them in a presentation for the first time.

The most common mistakes in the main part of the report are going beyond the scope of the issues under consideration, overlapping points of the plan, complicating individual provisions of the speech, as well as overloading the text with theoretical reasoning, the abundance of issues raised (declarativeness, lack of evidence), lack of connection between parts of the speech, disproportion between parts of the speech (protracted introduction, crumpled main provisions, conclusion).

In conclusion it is necessary to formulate conclusions that follow from the main idea(s) of the speech. A well-constructed conclusion contributes to a good impression of the speech as a whole. In conclusion, it makes sense to repeat the core idea and, in addition, again (in in brief) return to those moments of the main part that aroused the interest of the listeners. You can end your speech with a strong statement. Introduction and conclusion require mandatory preparation; they are the most difficult to create on the fly. Psychologists have proven that what is said at the beginning and at the end of a message is best remembered (the “law of edge”), so the introduction should attract the attention of listeners, interest them, prepare them for the perception of the topic, introduce them into it (not the introduction is important in itself, but its correlation with the remaining parts), and the conclusion should summarize everything that has been said in a condensed form, strengthen and condense the main idea, it should be such “that the listeners feel that there is nothing further to say.”

Preparing a message

Preparing an information message is a type of extracurricular independent work on preparing a short oral message for presentation at a seminar, practical lesson. The information provided is in the nature of clarification or generalization, is novel, and reflects a modern view on certain problems.

A message differs from reports and abstracts not only in the volume of information, but also in its nature - messages supplement the issue being studied with factual or statistical materials. The assignment must be submitted in writing; it may include elements of clarity (illustrations, demonstration).

The time limit for voicing a message is up to 5 minutes.

Role of the teacher:

determine the topic and purpose of the message;

determine the place and timing of the preparation of the message;

provide advisory assistance in developing the structure of the message;

evaluate the message in the context of the lesson.

Student role:

collect and study literature on the topic;

draw up an outline or graphic structure of the message;

highlight basic concepts;

enter into the text additional data characterizing the object of study;

put the text in writing;

hand in to the teacher for control and voice it within the prescribed time limit.

Evaluation criteria:

relevance of the topic;

presence of visual elements.

The volume of the message is 1-2 pages of text, formatted in accordance with the requirements indicated below.

Stages of working on a message.

1. Selection and study of the main sources on the topic specified in these recommendations.

2. Compiling a list of used literature.

3. Processing and systematization of information.

4. Writing a message.

5. Public speaking and message protection.

Report - a public message that is a detailed presentation of a certain topic.

Stages of report preparation:

1. Defining the purpose of the report.

2. Selection required material, which determines the content of the report.

3. Drawing up a plan for the report, distributing the collected material in the required logical sequence.

4. General acquaintance with the literature and highlighting the main ones among the sources.

5. Clarification of the plan, selection of material for each item of the plan.

6. Compositional design of the report.

7. Memorization, memorization of the text of the report, preparation of speech abstracts.

8. Presentation of a report.

Composition of the report - this is his real speech external structure, it reflects the relationship between the parts of the speech according to their purpose, stylistic features, in terms of volume, combination of rational and emotional moments, as a rule, the elements of the composition of the report are: introduction, definition of the subject of the speech, presentation, conclusion.

Introduction helps ensure the success of a presentation on any topic.

The introduction should contain:

title of the report;

communicating the main idea;

modern assessment of the subject of presentation;

a brief listing of the issues being considered;

an interesting form of presentation for listeners;

emphasizing the originality of the approach.

The speech consists of the following parts:

Main part, in which the speaker must reveal the essence of the topic, usually built on the principle of a report. The task of the main part: to present enough data so that listeners become interested in the topic and want to familiarize themselves with the materials.

Conclusion - this is a clear generalization and brief conclusions on the topic being presented.

Writing an essay

Extracurricular independent work in the form of an essay is an individual, independently completed work of the student.

Writing an essay – this is a more voluminous type of student’s independent work than a message. The leading place is occupied by topics of professional interest that carry an element of novelty. An abstract may include a review of several sources and serve as the basis for a report on a specific topic at seminars and conferences.

The time limit for voicing an abstract is 7-10 minutes.

The time spent on preparing the material depends on the difficulty of collecting information, the complexity of the material on the topic, individual characteristics student and are determined by the teacher.

Role of the teacher:

selection of sources (varying degrees of difficulty in mastering scientific works and articles);

drawing up a plan for the abstract (order of presentation of the material);

Student role:

selection of literature (basic and additional);

studying information (understanding the logic of the source material, choosing the main material, summary, formulation of conclusions);

preparation of the abstract in accordance with the established form.

Evaluation criteria:

relevance of the topic;

relevance of the content to the topic;

depth of material elaboration;

literacy and completeness of use of sources;

compliance of the abstract design with the requirements.

The abstract, as a rule, should contain the following structural elements:

front page;

introduction;

main part;

conclusion;

list of sources used;

applications (if necessary).

The approximate volume in typewritten pages of the components of the abstract is presented in the table.

Name of parts of the abstract

Number of pages

Front page

Introduction

Main part

15-20

Conclusion

Applications

No restrictions

Introduction - This introductory part abstract preceding the text.

In the introduction given general characteristics abstract:

the relevance of the chosen topic is justified;

the goal of the work and the tasks to be solved to achieve it are determined;

the object and subject of the research, the information base of the research are described;

The structure of the abstract in chapters is briefly described.

Main part must contain the material necessary to achieve the set goal and tasks solved in the process of completing the abstract. It includes 2-3 chapters, each of which, in turn, is divided into 2-3 paragraphs. The content of the main part must exactly correspond to the topic of the project and fully disclose it. Chapters and paragraphs of the abstract should disclose a description of the solution to the problems posed in the introduction.

The chapters of the main part of the abstract can be theoretical, methodological and analytical in nature.

Mandatory for the abstract is a logical connection between the chapters and consistent development of the main topic throughout the entire work, an independent presentation of the material, and well-reasoned conclusions. It is also mandatory to include references to the sources used in the main part of the abstract.

The presentation must be in the third person (“The author believes...”) or use impersonal constructions and vaguely personal sentences (“At the second stage, the following approaches are investigated...”, “The research made it possible to prove...”, etc.) .

In conclusion The conclusions to which the student came as a result of completing the essay are logically and consistently presented. The conclusion should briefly describe the solution to all the problems posed in the introduction and the achievement of the purpose of the abstract.

List of sources used is integral part work and reflects the degree of study of the problem under consideration. The number of sources in the list is determined by the student independently; for an essay, their recommended number is from 10 to 20. At the same time, the list must contain sources published in the last 3 years, as well as current ones regulations regulating the relations discussed in the abstract.

To applications auxiliary material should be included, which, when included in the main part of the work, clutters up the text (tables of auxiliary data, instructions, methods, document forms, etc.).

Home > Report

How to prepare a message or report correctly?

Message- this is an oral monologue of no more than 4 minutes containing scientific information. Report- another type of oral monologue in the scientific style of speech. The report differs from the message in the large amount of information. The optimal presentation time is 5-10 minutes. In the introduction, the speaker not only reports the topic, but also indicates its relevance and significance. The main part of the report contains material that was selected by the student to consider this topic. In conclusion, you need to draw conclusions. The final text of the report can be read several times to better understand the sequence of presentation, and then be sure to speak out loud. In addition, you need to check how many minutes the speech will take: note the start and end times of the recitation on the clock. You must fall within the required interval of ±20 seconds. Structure of the report:

Title page (Appendix 1) Introduction (one paragraph) Main body Conclusion (one paragraph) List of sources used (literature, names of sites)

Requirements for work registration

The work must be completed using a computer and a printer on one side of A4 paper with one and a half line spacing. The font color should be black, font TimesNewRoman, font size 14. The text should be printed observing the following margin sizes: right, top and bottom -15mm, left - 25mm. The paragraph indentation should be the same throughout the text and be 125 mm. Align text to width. There cannot be a space before punctuation marks (except dashes). After a punctuation mark, a space is required. It is allowed to use computer capabilities to focus attention on certain terms and formulas, using bold, italics, and underlining. Word wrapping is not allowed. Tables and illustrations are placed in the center of the sheet and numbered sequentially in Arabic numerals (Fig. 1). If there are several illustrations, then they should all be the same size. All figures, tables, diagrams, and photos must be referenced in the text.

Messages and reports are assessed according to the following criteria:

Compliance with the requirements for its registration; - the need and sufficiency of information to cover the topic; - the student’s ability to freely express the main ideas reflected in the report; - the student’s ability to understand the essence of the questions asked to him and formulate accurate answers to them. UGLEDAR COMMON EDUCATION SCHOOL I-III STAGES No. 2

on geography topic

“Zebras are the striped inhabitants of Africa”

Prepared by 7th grade student Irina Petrova

Ugledar 2011

Do you think a zebra is white with black stripes or black with white stripes? In fact, a zebra is black with white stripes (the black color appears first), and not vice versa. Zebras are wild African horses; together with real horses and donkeys they form the genus and family of horses, a group of non-even-toed ungulate animals. They are distinguished by their unique body coloring, consisting of alternating dark and light stripes. Some zebras are built like donkeys, others are more similar to real horses. Horny calluses (chestnuts) are present only on the forelimbs. The mane is short, erect; a tail with a brush of elongated hair at the end. There are 3 types of zebras: mountain zebra, Gravy's zebra and quagga. The mountain zebra is the smallest of all (photo 1). Her build is similar to that of a donkey. The height at the withers of an adult stallion is about 125 cm. There are bright black stripes all over the body down to the hooves, especially wide on the hips. The head is short and wide; the ears are long. The hooves are narrow and high; chestnuts are large. Found in South and South-West Africa.

Rice. 1. Mountain zebra Gravy's zebra is much larger (Photo 2), reaches a height at the withers of more than 155 cm. There are black stripes on the entire body down to the hooves, much more numerous and narrow than those of the mountain zebra. Distributed in Southern Ethiopia and adjacent parts of Kenya and Somalia.

Photo 2. Zebra Gravy Quagga is an exterminated equid animal (Photo 3), previously considered a separate species of zebra. Quaggas lived in South Africa. In front they had striped colors, like a zebra, in the back - the bay color of a horse, body length 180 cm. The last wild quagga was killed in 1878. The last quagga in the world died in the Amsterdam Zoo in 1883.

Photo 3. Quagga Zebras are herd polygamous animals, usually found in herds of 10-30 animals. Previously, when zebras were numerous, herds of several hundred and even thousands of animals were observed. They feed on herbaceous vegetation. Zebras are very careful, fast running animals. They easily tolerate captivity and reproduce regularly, but are difficult to tame. According to observations, in captivity the duration of pregnancy is 346-390 days. Various types Zebras interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Crossbreeds of zebras with various breeds of domestic horses, donkeys and Przewalski's horses are known. Successfully acclimatized in Ukraine in the Askania-Nova steppe reserve. Sources used

/wiki/Zebras