“The world, perhaps, did not know another artist in whom the eternally epic, Homeric principle would be as strong as Tolstoy. The element of the epic lives in his works, its majestic monotony and rhythm, similar to the measured breath of the sea, its tart, powerful freshness , its burning spice, indestructible health, indestructible realism"

Thomas Mann

Not far from Moscow, in the Tula province, there is a small noble estate, the name of which is known throughout the world. This is Yasnaya Polyana, where one of the great geniuses of mankind, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, was born, lived and worked. Tolstoy was born on August 28, 1828 into an old noble family. His father was a count, a participant in the War of 1812, and a retired colonel.
Biography

Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828 in the Yasnaya Polyana estate in the Tula province in the family of a landowner. Tolstoy's parents belonged to the highest nobility; even under Peter I, Tolstoy's paternal ancestors received the title of count. Lev Nikolaevich's parents died early, leaving him only with a sister and three brothers. Tolstoy's aunt, who lived in Kazan, took custody of the children. The whole family moved in with her.

In 1844, Lev Nikolaevich entered the university at the oriental faculty, and then studied law. Tolstoy knew more than fifteen foreign languages still at 19 years old. He was seriously interested in history and literature. His studies at the university did not last long; Lev Nikolaevich left the university and returned home to Yasnaya Polyana. Soon he decides to leave for Moscow and devote himself to literary activity. His older brother, Nikolai Nikolaevich, leaves for the Caucasus, where the war was going on, as an artillery officer. Following the example of his brother, Lev Nikolaevich enlists in the army, receives an officer rank and goes to the Caucasus. During the Crimean War, L. Tolstoy was transferred to the active Danube Army, fighting in besieged Sevastopol, commanding a battery. Tolstoy was awarded the Order of Anna ("For Bravery"), medals "For the Defense of Sevastopol", "In Memory of the War of 1853-1856".

In 1856, Lev Nikolaevich retired. After some time, he goes abroad (France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany).

Since 1859, Lev Nikolaevich has been actively involved in educational activities, opening a school for peasant children in Yasnaya Polyana, and then promoting the opening of schools throughout the district, publishing the pedagogical magazine "Yasnaya Polyana". Tolstoy became seriously interested in pedagogy and studied foreign teaching methods. In order to deepen his knowledge in pedagogy, he went abroad again in 1860.

After the abolition of serfdom, Tolstoy actively participated in resolving disputes between landowners and peasants, acting as a mediator. For his activities, Lev Nikolaevich gains a reputation as an unreliable person, as a result of which a search was carried out in Yasnaya Polyana in order to find a secret printing house. Tolstoy's school is closing, continued pedagogical activity becomes almost impossible. By this time, Lev Nikolaevich had already written the famous trilogy “Childhood. Adolescence. Youth.”, the story “Cossacks”, as well as many stories and articles. “Sevastopol Stories” occupied a special place in his work, in which the author conveyed his impressions of the Crimean War.

In 1862, Lev Nikolaevich married Sofya Andreevna Bers, the daughter of a doctor, who became his faithful friend and assistant for many years. Sofya Andreevna took on all the household chores, and in addition, she became her husband’s editor and his first reader. Tolstoy's wife rewrote all his novels by hand before sending them to the editor. It is enough to imagine how difficult it was to prepare War and Peace for publication to appreciate the dedication of this woman.

In 1873, Lev Nikolaevich finished work on Anna Karenina. By this time, Count Leo Tolstoy became a famous writer who received recognition, corresponded with many literary critics and authors, and actively participated in public life.

In the late 70s - early 80s, Lev Nikolaevich was experiencing a serious spiritual crisis, trying to rethink the changes taking place in society and determine his position as a citizen. Tolstoy decides that it is necessary to take care of the well-being and education of the common people, that a nobleman has no right to be happy when the peasants are in distress. He is trying to start changes from his own estate, from restructuring his attitude towards the peasants. Tolstoy's wife insists on moving to Moscow, as the children need to get a good education. From this moment, conflicts began in the family, as Sofya Andreevna tried to ensure the future of her children, and Lev Nikolaevich believed that the nobility was over and the time had come to live modestly, like the entire Russian people.

During these years, Tolstoy wrote philosophical works and articles, participated in the creation of the Posrednik publishing house, which dealt with books for the common people, and wrote the stories “The Death of Ivan Ilyich,” “The History of a Horse,” and “The Kreutzer Sonata.”

In 1889 - 1899, Tolstoy completed the novel "Resurrection".

At the end of his life, Lev Nikolaevich finally decides to break ties with the wealthy life of the nobility, engages in charity work, education, and changes the order of his estate, giving freedom to the peasants. Such life position Lev Nikolaevich became the cause of serious domestic conflicts and quarrels with his wife, who looked at life differently. Sofya Andreevna was worried about the future of her children and was against Lev Nikolaevich’s unreasonable spending, from her point of view. The quarrels became more and more serious, Tolstoy more than once made an attempt to leave home forever, the children experienced conflicts very hard. The former mutual understanding in the family disappeared. Sofya Andreevna tried to stop her husband, but then the conflicts escalated into attempts to divide property, as well as ownership rights to the works of Lev Nikolaevich.

Finally, on November 10, 1910, Tolstoy leaves his home in Yasnaya Polyana and leaves. Soon he falls ill with pneumonia, is forced to stop at the Astapovo station (now Leo Tolstoy station) and dies there on November 23.

Security questions:
1. Tell the biography of the writer, mentioning exact dates.
2. Explain the connection between the writer’s biography and his work.
3. Summarize his biographical data and determine his features
creative heritage.

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy

Biography

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy(August 28 (September 9), 1828, Yasnaya Polyana, Tula province, Russian Empire - November 7 (20), 1910, Astapovo station, Ryazan province, Russian Empire) - one of the most widely known Russian writers and thinkers, revered as one of the greatest writers of the world.

Born in the Yasnaya Polyana estate. Among the writer's paternal ancestors is an associate of Peter I - P. A. Tolstoy, one of the first in Russia to receive the title of count. A participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 was the father of the writer, Count. N.I. Tolstoy. On his mother's side, Tolstoy belonged to the family of the Bolkonsky princes, related by kinship to the Trubetskoy, Golitsyn, Odoevsky, Lykov and other noble families. On his mother's side, Tolstoy was a relative of A.S. Pushkin.
When Tolstoy was in his ninth year, his father took him to Moscow for the first time, the impressions of his meeting with which were vividly conveyed by the future writer in his children's essay "The Kremlin." Moscow is here called “the greatest and most populous city in Europe,” the walls of which “saw the shame and defeat of Napoleon’s invincible regiments.” The first period of young Tolstoy's Moscow life lasted less than four years. He was orphaned early, losing first his mother and then his father. With his sister and three brothers, young Tolstoy moved to Kazan. One of my father’s sisters lived here and became their guardian.
Living in Kazan, Tolstoy spent two and a half years preparing to enter the university, where he studied from 1844, first at the Oriental Faculty and then at the Faculty of Law. He studied Turkish and Tatar languages ​​from the famous Turkologist Professor Kazembek. In his mature years, the writer was fluent in English, French and German; read in Italian, Polish, Czech and Serbian; knew Greek, Latin, Ukrainian, Tatar, Church Slavonic; studied Hebrew, Turkish, Dutch, Bulgarian and other languages.
Classes on government programs and textbooks weighed heavily on Tolstoy the student. He got carried away independent work over a historical topic and, leaving the university, left Kazan for Yasnaya Polyana, which he received through the division of his father's inheritance. Then he went to Moscow, where at the end of 1850 his writing activity began: an unfinished story from gypsy life (the manuscript has not survived) and a description of one day he lived (“The History of Yesterday”). At the same time, the story “Childhood” was begun. Soon Tolstoy decided to go to the Caucasus, where his older brother, Nikolai Nikolaevich, an artillery officer, served in the active army. Having entered the army as a cadet, he later passed the exam for junior officer rank. The writer's impressions of the Caucasian War were reflected in the stories "Raid" (1853), "Cutting Wood" (1855), "Demoted" (1856), and in the story "Cossacks" (1852-1863). In the Caucasus, the story “Childhood” was completed, published in 1852 in the magazine “Sovremennik”.

When the Crimean War began, Tolstoy was transferred from the Caucasus to the Danube Army, which was operating against the Turks, and then to Sevastopol, which was besieged by the combined forces of England, France and Turkey. Commanding the battery on the 4th bastion, Tolstoy was awarded the Order of Anna and the medals “For the Defense of Sevastopol” and “In Memory of the War of 1853-1856.” More than once Tolstoy was nominated for the military Cross of St. George, but he never received the “George.” In the army, Tolstoy wrote a number of projects - about the reformation of artillery batteries and the creation of artillery battalions armed with rifled guns, about the reformation of the entire Russian army. Together with a group of officers of the Crimean Army, Tolstoy intended to publish the magazine "Soldier's Bulletin" ("Military Leaflet"), but its publication was not authorized by Emperor Nicholas I.
In the fall of 1856, he retired and soon went on a six-month trip abroad, visiting France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. In 1859, Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in Yasnaya Polyana, and then helped open more than 20 schools in the surrounding villages. To direct their activities along the right path, from his point of view, he published the pedagogical magazine "Yasnaya Polyana" (1862). In order to study the organization of school affairs in foreign countries the writer went abroad for the second time in 1860.
After the manifesto of 1861, Tolstoy became one of the world mediators of the first call who sought to help peasants resolve their disputes with landowners about land. Soon in Yasnaya Polyana, when Tolstoy was away, the gendarmes carried out a search in search of a secret printing house, which the writer allegedly opened after communicating with A. I. Herzen in London. Tolstoy had to close the school and stop publishing the pedagogical magazine. In total, he wrote eleven articles on school and pedagogy (“On Public Education”, “Upbringing and Education”, “On Social Activities in the Field of Public Education” and others). In them, he described in detail the experience of his work with students (“Yasnaya Polyana school for the months of November and December”, “On methods of teaching literacy”, “Who should learn to write from whom, the peasant children from us or us from the peasant children”). Tolstoy the teacher demanded that school be brought closer to life, sought to put it at the service of the needs of the people, and for this to intensify the processes of learning and upbringing, and develop the creative abilities of children.
At the same time, already at the beginning of his creative career, Tolstoy becomes a supervised writer. Some of the writer's first works were the stories "Childhood", "Adolescence" and "Youth", "Youth" (which, however, was not written). According to the author's plan, they were supposed to compose the novel "Four Epochs of Development."
In the early 1860s. For decades, the order of Tolstoy’s life, his way of life, is established. In 1862, he married the daughter of a Moscow doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers.
The writer is working on the novel "War and Peace" (1863-1869). Having completed War and Peace, Tolstoy studied materials about Peter I and his time for several years. However, after writing several chapters of Peter’s novel, Tolstoy abandoned his plan. In the early 1870s. The writer was again fascinated by pedagogy. He put a lot of work into the creation of the ABC, and then the New ABC. At the same time, he compiled “Books for Reading”, where he included many of his stories.
In the spring of 1873, Tolstoy began and four years later completed work on a great novel about modernity, calling it by name main character- "Anna Karenina".
The spiritual crisis experienced by Tolstoy at the end of 1870 - beginning. 1880, ended with a turning point in his worldview. In “Confession” (1879-1882), the writer talks about a revolution in his views, the meaning of which he saw in a break with the ideology of the noble class and a transition to the side of the “simple working people.”
At the beginning of the 1880s. Tolstoy moved with his family from Yasnaya Polyana to Moscow, caring about providing an education to his growing children. In 1882, a census of the Moscow population took place, in which the writer took part. He saw closely the inhabitants of the city slums and described them terrible life in the article on the census and in the treatise "So What Should We Do?" (1882-1886). In them, the writer made the main conclusion: “...You can’t live like that, you can’t live like that, you can’t!” "Confession" and "So What Should We Do?" were works in which Tolstoy acted simultaneously as an artist and as a publicist, as a profound psychologist and a courageous sociologist-analyst. Later, this type of work was in the journalistic genre, but included art scenes and paintings, saturated with elements of figurativeness, will occupy a large place in his work.
In these and subsequent years, Tolstoy also wrote religious and philosophical works: “Criticism of Dogmatic Theology”, “What is My Faith?”, “Combination, Translation and Study of the Four Gospels”, “The Kingdom of God is Within You”. In them, the writer not only showed a change in his religious and moral views, but also subjected to a critical revision of the main dogmas and principles of the teaching of the official church. In the mid-1880s. Tolstoy and his like-minded people created the Posrednik publishing house in Moscow, which printed books and paintings for the people. The first of Tolstoy's works, published for the "common" people, was the story "How People Live." In it, as in many other works of this cycle, the writer made extensive use not only of folklore plots, but also expressive means oral creativity. Thematically and stylistically related to Tolstoy’s folk stories are his plays for folk theaters and, most of all, the drama “The Power of Darkness” (1886), which depicts the tragedy of a post-reform village, where under the “power of money” the centuries-old patriarchal order collapsed.
In 1880 Tolstoy's stories "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" and "Kholstomer" ("The Story of a Horse"), "The Kreutzer Sonata" (1887-1889) appeared. In it, as well as in the story “The Devil” (1889-1890) and the story “Father Sergius” (1890-1898), the problems of love and marriage, the purity of family relationships are posed.
Tolstoy’s story “The Master and the Worker” (1895), stylistically connected with the cycle of his folk stories written in the 80s, is based on social and psychological contrast. Five years earlier, Tolstoy wrote the comedy “The Fruits of Enlightenment” for a “home performance.” It also shows the “owners” and “workers”: noble landowners living in the city and peasants who came from a hungry village, deprived of land. The images of the former are given satirically, the author portrays the latter as reasonable and positive people, but in some scenes they are “presented” in an ironic light.
All these works of the writer are united by the idea of ​​an inevitable and close in time “denouement” social contradictions, about replacing the outdated social “order”. “I don’t know what the outcome will be,” Tolstoy wrote in 1892, “but that things are approaching it and that life cannot continue like this, in such forms, I am sure.” This idea inspired the largest work of all the creativity of the “late” Tolstoy - the novel “Resurrection” (1889-1899).
Less than ten years separate Anna Karenina from War and Peace. "Resurrection" is separated from "Anna Karenina" by two decades. And although much distinguishes the third novel from the previous two, they are united by a truly epic scope in depicting life, the ability to “match” individual human destinies with the fate of the people. Tolstoy himself pointed out the unity that existed between his novels: he said that "Resurrection" was written in the "old manner", meaning, first of all, the epic "manner" in which "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina" were written ". "Resurrection" became last novel in the writer's work.
At the beginning of 1900 The Holy Synod excommunicated Tolstoy from the Orthodox Church.
In the last decade of his life, the writer worked on the story “Hadji Murat” (1896-1904), in which he sought to compare “the two poles of imperious absolutism” - the European, personified by Nicholas I, and the Asian, personified by Shamil. At the same time, Tolstoy created one of his best plays, “The Living Corpse.” Its hero - the kindest soul, gentle, conscientious Fedya Protasov leaves his family, breaks off relations with his usual environment, falls to the "bottom" and in the courthouse, unable to bear the lies, pretense, pharisaism of "respectable" people, shoots himself with a pistol. scores with life. The article “I Can’t Be Silent” written in 1908, in which he protested against the repression of participants in the events of 1905–1907, sounded poignant. The writer’s stories “After the Ball”, “For What?” belong to the same period.
Weighed down by the way of life in Yasnaya Polyana, Tolstoy more than once contemplated and for a long time did not dare to leave it. But he could no longer live according to the principle of “together and apart,” and on the night of October 28 (November 10) he secretly left Yasnaya Polyana. On the way, he fell ill with pneumonia and was forced to stop at the small station of Astapovo (now Leo Tolstoy), where he died. On November 10 (23), 1910, the writer was buried in Yasnaya Polyana, in the forest, on the edge of a ravine, where as a child he and his brother were looking for a “green stick” that held the “secret” of how to make all people happy.

1. "To love and be so happy"
2. “Be content with little and do good to others”

Lev Tolstoy is one of the most famous writers and philosophers in the world. His views and beliefs formed the basis of an entire religious and philosophical movement called Tolstoyism. Literary heritage The writer's collection included 90 volumes of artistic and journalistic works, diary notes and letters, and he himself was more than once nominated for Nobel Prize in Literature and the Nobel Peace Prize.

“Do everything that you have determined to be done.”

Family tree of Leo Tolstoy. Image: regnum.ru

Silhouette of Maria Tolstoy (nee Volkonskaya), mother of Leo Tolstoy. 1810s. Image: wikipedia.org

Leo Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828 in the Yasnaya Polyana estate in the Tula province. He was the fourth child in a large noble family. Tolstoy was orphaned early. His mother died when he was not yet two years old, and at the age of nine he lost his father. Aunt Alexandra Osten-Saken became the guardian of Tolstoy's five children. The two older children moved to their aunt in Moscow, while the younger ones remained in Yasnaya Polyana. It is with the family estate that the most important and dear memories of Leo Tolstoy’s early childhood are associated.

In 1841, Alexandra Osten-Sacken died, and the Tolstoys moved to their aunt Pelageya Yushkova in Kazan. Three years after moving, Leo Tolstoy decided to enter the prestigious Imperial Kazan University. However, he did not like studying; he considered exams a formality, and university professors as incompetent. Tolstoy did not even try to get a scientific degree; in Kazan he was more attracted to secular entertainment.

In April 1847, Leo Tolstoy's student life ended. He inherited his part of the estate, including his beloved Yasnaya Polyana, and immediately went home, never receiving a higher education. On the family estate, Tolstoy tried to improve his life and start writing. He drew up his education plan: study languages, history, medicine, mathematics, geography, law, agriculture, natural sciences. However, he soon came to the conclusion that it is easier to make plans than to implement them.

Tolstoy's asceticism was often replaced by carousing and card games. Wanting to start what he thought was the right life, he created a daily routine. But he didn’t follow it either, and in his diary he again noted his dissatisfaction with himself. All these failures prompted Leo Tolstoy to change his lifestyle. An opportunity presented itself in April 1851: the elder brother Nikolai arrived in Yasnaya Polyana. At that time he served in the Caucasus, where there was a war. Leo Tolstoy decided to join his brother and went with him to a village on the banks of the Terek River.

Leo Tolstoy served on the outskirts of the empire for almost two and a half years. He whiled away his time by hunting, playing cards, and occasionally participating in raids into enemy territory. Tolstoy liked such a solitary and monotonous life. It was in the Caucasus that the story “Childhood” was born. While working on it, the writer found a source of inspiration that remained important to him until the end of his life: he used his own memories and experiences.

In July 1852, Tolstoy sent the manuscript of the story to Sovremennik magazine and attached a letter: “...I look forward to your verdict. He will either encourage me to continue my favorite activities, or force me to burn everything I started.”. Editor Nikolai Nekrasov liked the work of the new author, and soon “Childhood” was published in the magazine. Inspired by the first success, the writer soon began the continuation of “Childhood”. In 1854, he published a second story, “Adolescence”, in the Sovremennik magazine.

“The main thing is literary works”

Leo Tolstoy in his youth. 1851. Image: school-science.ru

Leo Tolstoy. 1848. Image: regnum.ru

Leo Tolstoy. Image: old.orlovka.org.ru

At the end of 1854, Leo Tolstoy arrived in Sevastopol - the epicenter of military operations. Being in the thick of things, he created the story “Sevastopol in December.” Although Tolstoy was unusually frank in describing battle scenes, the first Sevastopol story was deeply patriotic and glorified the bravery of Russian soldiers. Soon Tolstoy began working on his second story, “Sevastopol in May.” By that time, there was nothing left of his pride in the Russian army. The horror and shock that Tolstoy experienced on the front line and during the siege of the city greatly influenced his work. Now he wrote about the meaninglessness of death and the inhumanity of war.

In 1855, from the ruins of Sevastopol, Tolstoy traveled to sophisticated St. Petersburg. The success of the first Sevastopol story gave him a sense of purpose: “My career is literature - writing and writing! Starting tomorrow, I work all my life or give up everything, rules, religion, decency - everything.”. In the capital, Leo Tolstoy finished “Sevastopol in May” and wrote “Sevastopol in August 1855” - these essays completed the trilogy. And in November 1856, the writer finally left military service.

Thanks to his true stories about the Crimean War, Tolstoy entered the St. Petersburg literary circle of the Sovremennik magazine. During this period, he wrote the story “Blizzard”, the story “Two Hussars”, and finished the trilogy with the story “Youth”. However, after some time, relations with the writers from the circle deteriorated: “These people disgusted me, and I disgusted myself.”. To unwind, at the beginning of 1857 Leo Tolstoy went abroad. He visited Paris, Rome, Berlin, Dresden: he met famous works art, met artists, observed how people live in European cities. The journey did not inspire Tolstoy: he created the story “Lucerne”, in which he described his disappointment.

Leo Tolstoy at work. Image: kartinkinaden.ru

Leo Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana. Image: kartinkinaden.ru

Leo Tolstoy tells a fairy tale to his grandchildren Ilyusha and Sonya. 1909. Krekshino. Photo: Vladimir Chertkov / wikipedia.org

In the summer of 1857, Tolstoy returned to Yasnaya Polyana. At his native estate, he continued to work on the story “Cossacks”, and also wrote the story “Three Deaths” and the novel “Family Happiness”. In his diary, Tolstoy defined his purpose for himself at that time: "Main - literary works, then - family responsibilities, then - farming... And living like this for yourself is a good deed a day and that’s enough.”.

In 1899, Tolstoy wrote the novel Resurrection. In this work, the writer criticized the judicial system, the army, and the government. The contempt with which Tolstoy described the institution of the church in his novel “Resurrection” provoked a response. In February 1901, in the journal “Church Gazette,” the Holy Synod published a resolution excommunicating Count Leo Tolstoy from the church. This decision only increased Tolstoy's popularity and attracted the public's attention to the writer's ideals and beliefs.

Literary and social activities Tolstoy became known abroad. The writer was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1901, 1902 and 1909 and for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1902–1906. Tolstoy himself did not want to receive the award and even told the Finnish writer Arvid Järnefelt to try to prevent the award from being awarded because, “if this happened... it would be very unpleasant to refuse” “He [Chertkov] took the unfortunate old man into his hands in every possible way, he separated us, he killed the artistic spark in Lev Nikolaevich and kindled condemnation, hatred, denial, which can be felt in Lev Nikolaevich’s articles recent years, which his stupid evil genius egged him on".

Tolstoy himself was burdened by the life of a landowner and family man. He sought to bring his life into line with his beliefs and in early November 1910 secretly left the Yasnaya Polyana estate. The road turned out to be too much for the elderly man: on the way he became seriously ill and was forced to stay in the house of the caretaker of the Astapovo railway station. Here the writer spent last days of your life. Leo Tolstoy died on November 20, 1910. The writer was buried in Yasnaya Polyana.

Composition

Tolstoy's work was fully reflected in those national traits Russian literature, on which its worldwide fame is based: sober truthfulness of the artistic reflection of life, patriotic feeling, directness and fearlessness in raising social issues, merciless denunciation of exploiters, passionate defense of the oppressed, a sense of respect for the working people.

Tolstoy put forward new principles for depicting a person in literature. He found original ways transmission of the inner world of man in all its complexity, in contradictory, dialectical development. Tolstoy attached enormous importance to the spontaneous, emotional principles in the human psyche, but this did not at all mean a belittlement of reason. On the contrary, the desire for good, truth, and justice are the most important manifestations of the sphere of consciousness. The purity of moral feeling, noted by Chernyshevsky, is in Tolstoy inextricably linked with the subtlest analysis of the “dialectics of the soul” of man.

The great artistic achievement of Tolstoy the realist was his deep understanding of the “fluidity”, mobility of human nature (people are like rivers ...). He was attracted not only by complete, already formed characters, but also by heroes who did not stop in their development, capable of moral crises, spiritual rebirth. Overcoming rationalistic explanation human character, Tolstoy did not agree with the idea of ​​the irresistible influence of the environment on a person. The great artist tried in every possible way to awaken people's self-awareness. And it is no coincidence that his beloved heroes so persistently sought independent answers to the most important, most pressing questions about the meaning of life, about the purpose of human existence. The writer was convinced that a person himself must bear moral responsibility for his actions, for his entire life. And it is quite natural for his heroes to grow in resistance to those circumstances that prevent the fullest manifestation of their spiritual essence.

Tolstoy's realism, based on the creative use of the best traditions of Russian classical literature, had a tremendous impact on the process of its further development. Tolstoy's younger contemporaries - Chekhov, Garshin, Mamin-Sibiryak, Korolenko, Kuprin, Bunin, Maxim Gorky - could not ignore Tolstoy's artistic achievements. Following their brilliant predecessor, indirectly or even directly polemicizing with him, they were clearly aware that the further development of literature is impossible without taking into account and using what the author of “War and Peace” and “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” did.

Tolstoy put forward the most important methodological position, explaining the essence and reasons for the global significance of the brilliant Russian writer:

* “...L. Tolstoy managed to pose so many great questions in his works, managed to rise to such artistic power that his works took one of the first places in the world fiction» .

That is why Tolstoy’s work has a beneficial effect on the development of world culture. Outstanding foreign writers R. Rolland, F. Mauriac, R. Martin du Gard (France), T. Dreiser, E. Hemingway, T. Wolfe (USA), B. Shaw, J. Galsworthy (England), A. Strindberg and A. Lundquist (Sweden), M. Sadoveanu (Romania), E. Ozheshko, B. Prus, J. Ivashkevich (Poland), I. Vazov (Bulgaria), M. Puymanova (Czechoslovakia), writers from India, Japan, China, Africa, Latin America - everyone recognized the enormous literary and moral authority of the brilliant representative of Russian literature, noted the paramount importance of his artistic discoveries in the world literary process.

In literature, Tolstoy's traditions are widely used, starting from the first steps of its formation and at all subsequent stages of its development. Appeal to the invaluable experience of Tolstoy contributes to the formulation of latest literature acute problems of morality, the development of " eternal questions“about the meaning of life, a person’s place in society, about his moral responsibility for himself and for everything that happens in the world. As L. Leonov wrote, “everything in our spiritual life contains a trace of his creative heritage.

Tolstoy’s significance in the development of the literatures of all peoples of our country is great. The work of the Russian classic contributed to the democratization of national literatures. Tolstoy's artistic experience helped many writers perceive the world in its glaring contradictions and strengthened their accusatory pathos. The works of the great writer have become a school of humanism, truthfulness, high skill and civic responsibility. Tolstoy played an important role in the history of Russian-Ukrainian cultural relations. He sincerely sympathized with the suffering of the Ukrainian people and wrote with indignation about the brutal repressions of the tsarist government against participants in peasant unrest in the Kharkov and Poltava provinces. In a number of his works, images of Ukrainian peasants and ordinary soldiers are drawn with great sympathy. Like many other Russian writers, Tolstoy had great respect for the history of the Ukrainian people, their culture, folk songs, language.

Tolstoy was familiar with Shevchenko's poetry. Among his works, he especially appreciated the poem “Naimichka”, in which the Russian writer was especially struck by the development eternal theme- selfless mother's love. Shevchenko also knew early works Tolstoy, spoke with approval of his teaching activities. This activity was also of interest to Marco Vovchok, who knew Tolstoy.

Among the figures of Ukrainian culture, Tolstoy’s greatest attention was attracted by Grigory Skovoroda, whom he called a sage. He was close to the teachings of the Ukrainian philosopher about self-improvement, its simplicity, contempt for worldly goods, wealth, and luxury. L. Tolstoy met with prominent representatives of the Ukrainian theatrical arts- M. Zankovetskaya, M. Kropivnitsky and highly appreciated their acting skills.

There was an intense struggle around the interpretation of Tolstoy’s work in Ukrainian pre-October literature and journalism. Bourgeois-nationalist criticism attempted to downplay the importance critical realism Tolstoy, to question the value of his heritage for Ukrainian literature or to highlight predominantly religious motives in his works. These trends were sharply criticized by Franco in his article “Shirist tonu shirsht perekonan” (1905).

As shown in the studies of many literary scholars (I. Ya. Zaslavsky, N. E. Krutikova, V. F. Osmolovsky, M. M. Parkhomenko, A. A. Sakhaltuev, Yu. Z. Yankovsky, etc.), Tolstoy’s work helped Ukrainian writers of the democratic camp to deepen a realistic understanding of reality, to understand the social conflicts of the era. Under the influence of the great Russian writer, the psychological direction in realism was strengthened in Ukrainian literature, the principles of analysis of the “dialectics of the soul” were assimilated, and the understanding of the complex connections between man and society was enriched.

To perceive the most important creative lessons of Tolstoy, an appropriate soil was needed. It already existed in the last third of the 19th century, when, as a result of internal development, Ukrainian literature achieved great ideological and creative achievements. Under these conditions, the artistic discoveries of L. Tolstoy acquired enormous attractiveness for Ukrainian writers. Tolstoy’s creatively perceived experience not only did not separate them from progressive national traditions, but, on the contrary, often contributed to a more thoughtful appeal to these traditions, to a deep study of the life of their people, to an organic combination of epic scope and close attention to the fate of individual people.

I. Ya. Franko played a very important role in the popularization of L. Tolstoy. He published a number of works by classics of Russian literature in Western Ukraine (“The Death of Ivan Ilyich”, “Sevastopol Stories”, “Cossacks”, “Resurrection”), and dedicated several literary critical articles to him. Not all of Franco's specific judgments were fair. At times, while fighting against Tolstoy’s preaching of non-resistance to evil through violence, with calls for forgiveness, he did not notice that “folk thought” that determined the pathos of many of the works of the brilliant writer and, above all, the novel “War and Peace,” clearly underestimated by Franco. But in overall assessment Tolstoy's realism, the Ukrainian writer showed great insight in his judgments about a number of his works. Irreconcilably rejecting the reactionary tendencies in Tolstoy’s philosophical views, Franco emphasized global significance his creativity.

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is a classic of world literature, thinker, educator, founder of religious and ethical teaching, count, corresponding member and honorary academician of the Institute of Academy of Sciences, four times nominated for the Alfred Nobel Prize.

Among his popular, timeless works are “War and Peace”, “The Death of Ivan Ilyich”, “Anna Karenina”, “The Kreutzer Sonata”, “The Living Corpse”, “Sunday”.

Childhood and youth

Future literary genius born on September 9, 1828 on the Yasnaya Polyana estate into an aristocratic family. Father, Nikolai Ilyich, a retired colonel, came from a noble old count family of the Tolstoys. Subsequently, he served as the prototype for Nikolai Rostov, a character from War and Peace, Natasha’s brother. Mother, Maria Nikolaevna, was the daughter of a prince, General Nikolai Volkonsky, and was famous for her extraordinary gift as a teller of instructive stories. She is depicted in the epic novel in the person of Princess Marya.

The boy had three older brothers - Nikolai, Dmitry and Sergei, and a sister Masha, younger by two years. They were orphaned early: the mother died six months after the birth of her daughter, the father died when Leo was 9 years old. Before his father’s death, his second cousin Tatyana Ergolskaya was involved in raising the children, and after that their aunt, Countess Alexandra Osten-Sacken, was appointed their guardian. Two older brothers moved to her in the White Stone capital, two younger brothers and a sister remained on the estate.

Three years later, my aunt died. The children moved to Kazan to live with their father’s second sister, Pelageya. In 1844, Lev, raised by home teachers, followed his older brothers and became a student at the local university. He chose the department of oriental literature, but study (as opposed to secular entertainment) did not particularly attract him. He was distrustful of any authority, and considered examination tests an annoying formality.

In 1847, the young man left the university and left to manage the estate in a new way and independently study the sciences of interest. But failure awaited him in establishing a life as a manager, described later in the story “The Morning of the Landowner.”

For several years he led social life in the capital and in Moscow, noting in his diary his dissatisfaction with himself. Periods of asceticism, attempts to prepare for exams for an academic degree and remorse were replaced by high society idleness and revelry.

Creative path

In 1851, the eldest of the brothers, Nikolai, came to the estate to stay. He served in the Caucasus, where the war had been going on for several years, and invited his brother to also join the army. Leo agreed, realizing that he had to change his lifestyle, and also because of the large losses at cards and growing debts. Together with his brother, he went to the outskirts of the empire, received an army post and served in a Cossack village near Kizlyar, participating in military operations.

At the same time, Lev took up literary activity and a year later completed the story “Childhood”, publishing it in Sovremennik. Readers liked the work and, inspired by the successful start, the author in 1854 presented to the public the second part of the trilogy, “Adolescence,” and eventually the third, “Youth.”

At the end of the same 1854, he transferred to the Danube Front, where he had to endure the siege of Sevastopol and all the horrors that befell its defenders. This experience prompted him to create the truthful and deeply patriotic Sevastopol Stories, which amazed his contemporaries with a realistic depiction of the inhumanity of war. For the defense of the city, he was awarded a number of awards, including the Imperial Order of St. Anne “For Bravery.”

After the end of hostilities, Lieutenant Tolstoy left his service and went to St. Petersburg, where he had great success in the literary community and in secular salons. The talent of the 28-year-old writer was admired, and even then he was called “the hope of Russian literature.” He developed friendly relations with Nikolai Nekrasov, Ivan Turgenev, Dmitry Grigorovich, Alexander Druzhinin and other masters of the pen.

He became a member of the circle of the Sovremennik magazine, which was the ideological center of the democratic social thought, published “Two Hussars”, “Blizzard”. But over time, Tolstoy began to feel burdened by being in the circle with its endless discussions and conflicts, and in 1857 he went on a trip abroad.

During the trip, the young writer visited the capital of France, where he was unpleasantly surprised by the “deification of the villain” Napoleon and was shocked by the public execution. Then he traveled around Italy, Germany, Switzerland - he got acquainted with architectural monuments, met with artists, got a venereal disease from promiscuous relationships, and lost to smithereens in Baden-Baden at roulette. He expressed his disappointment in the foreign way of life in famous work"Lucerne".

Documentary film about Leo Tolstoy (“Geniuses and Villains”)

Returning to his estate in the summer of the same year, the classic writer wrote the novel “Family Happiness”, the story “Three Deaths”, and continued writing “Cossacks”. Then he put aside writing and took up problems of public education.

In 1860, he again traveled abroad to study the Western European education system. After 9 months in Yasnaya Polyana, he began publishing a pedagogical magazine, where he promoted his own educational methodology. Later, he compiled several textbooks for primary education with original stories and expositions of fairy tales and fables.

In the period from 1863 to 1869. The classic of Russian literature wrote his famous large-scale epic “War and Peace,” where he expressed a fierce protest against wars. The book, which became the pinnacle of realistic depiction in world literature, was a huge success and brought the author universal recognition.

In 1871, due to health problems, he went to one of the Bashkir nomad camps near Samara to be treated with kumis at the insistence of doctors. Inspired by the steppe nature, in 1873 he took up the novel Anna Karenina, creating by 1877 the greatest work about family, the meaning of life, love and passion, and revealing the subtlest movements of the human soul.

In the 1880s, at the peak of his literary fame, the time of moral torment came for the writer-thinker, which almost drove him to suicide. He created a number of journalistic treatises, including “Confession”, “On Life”, “The Kingdom of God is Within You”, where he outlined the thesis of nonviolent resistance.

On the basis of his doctrines, the Tolstoyan movement arose, whose supporters were such famous figures, like Martin Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi. Colonies of followers later appeared in Kharkov, Tver provinces, in Western Europe, in Japan, India, South Africa.

In parallel with his philosophical works, the count also created artistic works - “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” about the search for the meaning of life, “The Kreutzer Sonata” about the anger of jealousy, “Father Sergius” about a Christian ascetic, “The Living Corpse” about doom. In 1899, his novel “Sunday” was published, which criticized the army, the judicial system, and the institution of the church. Two years later, the Holy Synod announced a decision to excommunicate the author from the church.

Personal life of Leo Tolstoy

The head of Russian literature loved women very much. In his big heart there was a place for maids, peasant women, young aristocrats and married ladies. Critics called his main mood in his youth a sensual attraction to the fairer sex, along with a thirst for family life.

At the age of 28, he decided to marry the 20-year-old daughter of the nobleman Arsenyev, Valeria. Their romance lasted about six months. But it turned out that they had too different ideas about family happiness. He dreamed that his wife was simple dress will visit peasant huts and give help, and she, in luxurious attire, will begin to drive around Nevsky in her own carriage.

In 1857, Lev Nikolaevich was infatuated with the daughter of the poet Tyutchev, Ekaterina, but their relationship did not work out. Then he had a relationship with a married peasant woman, Aksinya, who gave birth to his son Timofey in 1860.

In 1862 he married 18-year-old Sophia Bers. They lived together for 48 years. During the marriage, his wife gave him 13 children - 9 sons and 4 daughters (five of them died in childhood, the biggest blow was death youngest son Vani in 1895), became his secretary, business assistant, translator and unofficial editor.

“Levochka made me feel that I can’t be satisfied with just family life and being a wife or husband, but I need something else, something else,” she wrote in her diary.

Their relationship was sometimes marred by disagreements, for example, when the writer wanted to distribute all his property to the peasants and, having become a vegetarian, demanded that his loved ones give up meat.

The author’s favorite poem was the famous “Memoir” of Pushkin, and his favorite composers were Chopin, Bach and Handel.

Death

At the beginning of November 1910, in an effort to bring life into line with his new views, the 82-year-old pacifist nobleman secretly left the family estate, accompanied by the family doctor Dusan Makovitsky.

On the way to Novocherkassk, where they intended to obtain foreign passports for a trip to Bulgaria, and if they refused to go south, the elderly writer became seriously ill with lobar pneumonia. At the Astapovo station he was taken off the train and placed in the caretaker's house.

Six doctors tried to save him there, but to no avail - November 20 great writer passed away. The classic was buried in Yasnaya Polyana.

Leo Tolstoy is a Russian writer and thinker, participated in the defense of Sevastopol, and was engaged in educational and journalistic activities. He stood at the origins of Tolstoyism - a new religious movement.

Once the leader of the proletariat said about this man: “What a lump! What a seasoned little man!” These words referred to Leo Tolstoy, the world's greatest novelist. But he proved himself not only in the field of literature, he is an outstanding philosopher, educator, and religious thinker. He promoted healthy image life. I never drank too much alcohol, never smoked, by the age of forty I gave up coffee, and in my old age I stopped eating meat. He became the author of a set of exercises that are also relevant for today. He was a real role model, although not everything in his biography was smooth and smooth.

Childhood and youth

Leo Tolstoy was born on August 28 (September 9 according to the new style) 1828 in the family estate of his mother Yasnaya Polyana, Tula province. His father is Count Nikolai Tolstoy, a descendant of the old Tolstoy family, who were in the service of Peter I. His mother belonged to the Volkonsky family, descendants of the Ruriks. Leo Tolstoy and the poet had a common ancestor - Ivan Golovin, admiral of the royal fleet.

Lev's mother died shortly after giving birth to her daughter; Lev was not even two years old at the time. Leo was the fourth child in a noble family. The father did not survive his mother much; he died 7 years after her death.

The children were orphaned, and their aunt, T.A. Ergolskaya, took care of their upbringing. After some time, the duties of the guardian passed to the second aunt - A.M. Osten-Saken, who bore the title of count. When she died, the children settled in Kazan in the family of their father’s sister P.I. Yushkova, who became their new guardian. The year was 1840. Auntie had a great influence on Leo Tolstoy; he called the years spent with her the happiest period of his life. Her house was always full of guests; it was considered the most hospitable and cheerful in Kazan. His childhood impressions of living in this family are reflected in his work “Childhood.”

Leo Tolstoy completed his elementary school program at home. He was taught by French and German teachers. In 1843, Tolstoy became a student at the Faculty of Oriental Languages ​​at Kazan University. He was not particularly interested in languages, so his academic performance was very low. This served as an incentive to change faculty. Tolstoy gave preference to the legal. However, this change did not produce any results; two years later he left the university altogether, and was left without an academic degree.

Tolstoy returned to his family nest - Yasnaya Polyana. He came up with a plan to improve his life in a new way, to live in harmony with the peasantry. Nothing came of this idea, but during this period he wrote down all his observations in a diary and drew conclusions. In addition, the young Count Tolstoy was often seen at social events and playing music. He could spend hours listening to his favorite composers, including Frederick and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Lev spent the summer on his native estate and realized that he did not like the life of a landowner. He left the village and immediately settled in Moscow, and then moved to St. Petersburg. At this time, he was trying to make a decision in life, so he diligently prepared to take candidate exams at the university, studied music, played cards and caroused with gypsies. He simultaneously wanted to become an official, then a cadet in a cavalry regiment. His relatives saw him exclusively as a “trifling fellow” who was good for nothing, and barely had time to pay off his debts.

Literature

In 1851, Lev heeded the advice of his brother Nikolai, who at that time already had the rank of officer, and left for the Caucasus. For three years he lived in a village located along the Terek River. Tolstoy later colorfully described the local nature and way of life of the Cossacks in his works - “Hadji Murat”, “Cossacks”, “Cutting Wood”, “Raid”.

It was while living in the Caucasus that his story entitled “Childhood” was born, which was published by the Sovremennik magazine. Tolstoy did not sign his last name; under the publication were the initials L.N. Following this, the young writer created a continuation of the story, which was called “Adolescence” and “Youth”. These stories were combined into a trilogy. The debut in literature was a success and gave a powerful impetus to the development creative biography. Leo Tolstoy became a famous writer.

Soon Leo Tolstoy was assigned to Bucharest, then found himself in besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery. These events in life did not go unnoticed; the writer reflected them in his writings. “Sevastopol Stories” was published, which received high praise from critics. They found a bold psychological analysis in the cycle of stories. According to Nikolai Chernyshevsky, these stories were characterized by a “dialectic of the soul.” Emperor Alexander II himself admired the writer’s creative abilities, and he especially liked the story “Sevastopol in December.”

In 1855, Leo Tolstoy settled again in St. Petersburg and became a member of a circle called Sovremennik. The 28-year-old writer was received very cordially; he was called nothing less than “the great hope of Russian literature.” Throughout the year, Lev attended all meetings of the circle, was present at literary readings, entered into disputes and conflicts, attended literary dinners. Until he realized that these people were disgusting to him, and he was no longer happy with himself.

In 1856, he left St. Petersburg and settled again in Yasnaya Polyana. But he stayed there only until January 1857, and went abroad. Over the course of six months, he visited Italy, Germany, Switzerland, and France. Upon his return, Tolstoy lived briefly in Moscow, and then settled again in Yasnaya Polyana. He had the idea of ​​​​teaching the children of peasants, and Lev with great zeal set about opening for them educational institutions. Thanks to the writer’s efforts, two dozen schools soon opened in the vicinity of his estate.

In 1860, Tolstoy went abroad again. He visited Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, studied the intricacies of pedagogy in these countries, so that he could later use what he saw in his homeland.

Tolstoy loved children, and created for them many instructive fairy tales and stories that exuded kindness. From his pen came fairy tales called “Two Brothers”, “Kitten”, “Lion and Dog”, “Hedgehog and Hare”.

Leo Tolstoy became the author of the ABC school textbook, which included four books. Using them, children could easily learn to write, count and read. The manual consists of epics, stories, fables. In addition, there are also tips for teachers. The third book contains the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus.”

In addition to teaching peasant children, Tolstoy continued his literary activities. In 1870, he sat down to write the novel Anna Karenina, which consisted of two main storylines. Against the backdrop of the unfolding family drama the Karenins, the idyll of the landowner Levin, whom the writer wrote almost from himself, looked very striking. At first glance it may seem that the novel is just love story. In fact, it touches on the theme of the meaning of life of the rich and educated, especially in comparison with the lives of ordinary people. The novel Anna Karenina was highly praised.

Gradually, the writer’s worldview changes, he increasingly begins to talk about social inequality, about the idleness of life of the ruling class - the nobles. This is evident from the works that Tolstoy wrote in the 1880s. Among them, I would especially like to highlight “The Kreutzer Sonata”, “The Death of Ivan Ilyich”, “After the Ball”, “Father Sergius”.

Leo Tolstoy, the founder of Tolstoyism

Leo Tolstoy increasingly began to think about the meaning human life, he tried to find the answer from Orthodox priests, however, I was completely disappointed. He decided that the church was ruled by corruption, and that the priests were only hiding behind faith, but in fact were promoting false teaching. In 1883, Tolstoy became the founder of the publication “Posrednik”, in which he outlined his beliefs in detail, and where he mercilessly criticized the Russian Orthodox Church. This was the reason for his excommunication from the church and the establishment of close surveillance of him by the secret police.

In 1898, another novel by Leo Tolstoy was published, “Resurrection,” which was also highly praised by critics. However, this work did not create such a sensation as Anna Karenina and War and Peace.

Tolstoy subsequently developed the doctrine of nonviolent resistance to evil, and for the last three decades of his life he was revered as a spiritual and religious leader.

"War and Peace"

The writer himself was not delighted with his novel War and Peace. He called him nothing more than verbose rubbish, although readers liked the work. The novel was written in the 1860s, when Tolstoy and his family lived in Yasnaya Polyana. In 1865, the first two chapters, called “1805,” were published on the pages of the Russian Messenger. In 1868, the writer was able to present three more chapters that completed the novel. The novel was written in those years when the writer himself lived a happy family life and felt a surge of mental strength. Many of the heroes of his work had prototypes in real life, or corresponded to at least some of the characteristics of Tolstoy’s own relatives and friends. Thus, the writer accurately “copied” Princess Marya Bolkonskaya from his mother, a woman with an excellent education and creative inclinations. The character Nikolai Rostov was very reminiscent of his father Lev Nikolaevich, he turned out to be just as mocking, a lover of hunting and reading.

Leo Tolstoy author of "War and Peace"

While working on the novel, Tolstoy did titanic work. He had to study archives, read correspondence between Tolstoy and Volkonsky, even go to the Borodino field. Lev also involved his young wife in the process - her duties included rewriting the drafts completely.

It was impossible to stop reading the novel; readers were simply amazed by the description of crowd scenes and the revelation of subtleties human souls. The writer himself said that he was trying to write the history of the Russian people.

A century later, literary critic Lev Anninsky made an attempt to count how many times Tolstoy’s works were filmed. It turned out that by the end of the 70s of the twentieth century, forty film adaptations had been released abroad alone. Until 1980, the novel “War and Peace” was released four times. Sixteen films were made based on Anna Karenina, and Resurrection was filmed twenty-two times. Moreover, these films were released not only in Russia, but also far beyond its borders.

In Russia, the film “War and Peace” was first released in 1913. The film was directed by Pyotr Chardynin. In 1965, director Sergei Bondarchuk began a large-scale film adaptation of the novel, and this film is still popular today.

Personal life

Leo Tolstoy's wife was an 18-year-old girl, Sophia Bers. Their marriage took place in 1862, when the writer was already 34. Family life The marriage between the spouses lasted almost half a century, but there was no cloudless happiness in the writer’s personal life.

Sophia's father was the doctor Andrei Bers, who served at the Moscow palace office. They lived permanently in the capital, but every summer they went on vacation to the Tula estate, located next to Yasnaya Polyana. Lev knew Sophia since childhood. She immediately studied at home, then at Moscow University, knew a lot about art and was a fairly well-read girl.

Soon after the wedding, Tolstoy gave his wife to read his diary - he wanted his wife to know everything about him. Sophia was struck by the descriptions of her husband’s adventures, his wild life and passion for playing cards. She also learned about the existence of the peasant woman Aksinya, who was pregnant from Tolstoy.

In 1863, their first child was born - son Sergei. When Tolstoy began work on the novel “War and Peace,” Sophia, although she was pregnant, did her best to help him work. In total, the couple had thirteen children, but five of them died as infants. Sofya Andreevna gave them all homeschooling.

The first crisis in family relationships began after Tolstoy wrote Anna Karenina. He became depressed and was dissatisfied with everything. He was irritated by the established life that his wife lovingly arranged. The depressive state was expressed in the fact that he quit smoking, drinking and eating meat, and demanded this from his family. Tolstoy forced his relatives to dress like peasants, and he made everyone’s outfits with his own hands. Lev Nikolaevich was going to distribute all the family's property to the peasants, and only God knows how much effort it took Sophia to dissuade him from a rash step.

Tolstoy agreed, but the couple quarreled and he left home. After his return, he forced his daughters to rewrite drafts of his manuscript.

The couple briefly reconciled when their last child, son Vanya, died. However, complete mutual understanding in the family never came. Sophia tried to console herself with music, and even went to lessons with a Moscow teacher. Sympathy arose between them, but things did not go further than that. They remained friends, but Tolstoy called it “half-betrayal” and did not forgive his wife.

The couple finally quarreled in October 1910. The writer left, leaving a farewell message for his wife, in which he confessed his love for her, but said that he was forced to leave her.

Death

At the end of October, Tolstoy and his personal doctor D. Makovitsky, who accompanied him, left Yasnaya Polyana. The writer was 82 years old at that time. He fell ill on the train and was forced to get off at a station called Astapovo. His last refuge before his death was a house stationmaster, in which he lay for seven days.

His wife and children came to Tolstoy, but he refused to meet with them. Leo Tolstoy died on November 7, 1910. The cause of death was pneumonia. The writer's resting place was Yasnaya Polyana. Sofya Andreevna died nine years later.

1887-1889 — Kreutzer Sonata

1889-1890 - Devil

1890-1898 - Father Sergius

1895 - Master and worker

1896-1904 - Hadji Murat

Stories

• 1851 - History of Yesterday
• 1853 - Raid
• 1853 - Yule night
• 1854 - How Russian soldiers die
• 1855 — Notes of a marker
• 1855 - Wood cutting
• 1855-1856 — Sevastopol stories
• 1856 - Blizzard
• 1856 - Demoted
• Lucerne
• 1859 - Three deaths
• 1860-1862 — Excerpts from stories from village life
• 1863-1885 — Canvas meter
• 1872 - God sees the truth, but he won’t tell it soon
• 1872 - Prisoner of the Caucasus
• 1880 - Two horses
• 1880 Jump
• 1880 The Aeronaut's Tale
• 1887 - Surat coffee shop
• 1890 - Expensive
• 1891 - Francoise
• 1891-1893 - Who is right?
• 1894 - Karma
• 1894 - The Dream of the Young Tsar
• 1903 - After the ball
• 1905 - Alyosha Pot
• 1905 - Poor people
• 1906 - Divine and Human
• 1906 - For what?
• 1906 - Korney Vasiliev
• 1906 - Berries
• 1906 - What I saw in my dreams
• 1906 - Father Vasily
• 1908 - The power of childhood
• 1909 — Conversation with a passerby
• 1909 - Traveler and Peasant
• 1909 - Songs in the village
• 1909 - Three days in the village
• 1910 - Khodynka
• 1910 - Accidentally
• 1910 - Grateful soil

Links

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