The shortest encyclopedia of pseudonyms. Pseudonyms of famous writers, which many consider to be their real names and surnames Pseudonyms of famous writers and their real names

Writers, especially beginners, often take pseudonyms for themselves; their reasons for this can be very different. And it often happens that these pseudonyms “grow together” with the authors so much that for many they replace real names and surnames in life.

A.P. Chekhov and his pseudonyms

The greatest master of inventing pseudonyms was Chekhov. He had more than forty of them.

And the most famous, which everyone knows about from school, of course, was “Antosha Chekhonte”. It was under this pseudonym, while still a medical student, that Chekhov sent his first humorous stories to magazines. Chekhonte was jokingly called Antoshey young student Chekhov is one of the teachers at the gymnasium.

And it’s all the more surprising that out of so many pseudonyms, not one “caught on.” For everyone, Chekhov was and remains Chekhov.

Green Alexander - Grinevsky Alexander Stefanovich

At school, the guys addressed Alexander briefly - “Green!”, and one of his childhood nicknames was “Green-damn.” Therefore, he chose exactly this pseudonym for himself, without much thought. " I feel like only Green, and it seems strange to me when someone says: Grinevsky. This is someone stranger to me" Even his third wife received a passport in the name of Nina Green when she changed her last name.

Chukovsky Korney Ivanovich - Korneychukov Nikolay Vasilievich

The fact that he was illegitimate weighed heavily on Chukovsky in his youth. And having taken up literary activity, he began to use a pseudonym, which was his last name, divided into two parts: Korneychukov = Korney + Chukov + sky.

Subsequently, without further ado, he also came up with a middle name for him - “Ivanovich”. After the revolution, having changed his real name, patronymic and surname to a pseudonym, he became Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky also according to his passport.

Anna Akhmatova - according to her passport Anna Gorenko

After her divorce from Gumilyov, Anna took the surname Akhmatova as a pseudonym. Her mother's female branch descended from the Tatar Khan Akhmat. She later recalled: “ Only a seventeen year old crazy girl could choose Tatar surname for a Russian poetess... That’s why it occurred to me to take a pseudonym for myself because my dad, having learned about my poems, said: “Don’t disgrace my name.” - “And I don’t need your name!” - I said...»

Ilya Ilf - Ilya Arnoldovich Fainzilberg

There are several versions regarding the origin of this pseudonym, and one of them is:
In his youth, Ilya Fainzilberg worked as a journalist, writing articles for newspapers. But his last name was not very suitable for a signature - it was too long and difficult to pronounce. Therefore, Ilya often abbreviated it - sometimes “Ilya F”, sometimes “IF”, sometimes “Falberg”. And, in the end, it turned out - “Ilf”.

Evgeniy Petrov - Evgeniy Petrovich Kataev

Evgeny was the younger brother of the then famous writer Valentin Kataev. Not wanting to enjoy the fruits of his fame, he came up with a literary pseudonym for himself, forming it from the name of his father, that is, from his patronymic. So Evgeny Kataev became Evgeny Petrov.

Arkady Gaidar - Golikov Arkady Petrovich

Arkady Golikov, under his real name, wrote only the first book - “In the days of defeats and victories.” All the others were published under the pseudonym Gaidar, under which he became a widely known writer.
As for the origin of this pseudonym, we can only guess.
Perhaps it came from the Mongolian "gaidar" - "a horseman galloping in front."

According to another version, while on duty in Khakassia, Gaidar often had to ask local residents– “haidar”? (“where to go”?). Perhaps this is how this word stuck to him - “haidar”.

Daniil Kharms - Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev

The writer Daniil Yuvachev also invented many pseudonyms for himself (Kharms, Haarms, Dandan, Charms, Karl Ivanovich Shusterling, etc.), signing himself first with one of them, then with another. Until I finally settled on one thing - Daniil Kharms. However, its meaning is interpreted ambiguously. "Charm" in French means "charm", while "charm" in English means "harm", "suffering". But based on what Kharms once wrote in his diary: “ Yesterday dad told me that as long as I am Harms, I will be haunted by needs", That English version still preferable. The writer adored this pseudonym to such an extent that he even manually added it to his last name in his passport.

There are also many examples in Western literature where pseudonyms have replaced the real names of authors:

O. Henry - William Sydney Porter
Lewis Carroll - Charles Lutwidge Dodgson
Voltaire - Francois-Marie Arouet
Stendhal - Marie-Henri Bayle
Mark Twain - Samuel Langhorne Clemens

Pseudonyms are also widely used in Eastern literature. So, everyone has heard the name of the Japanese poet who lived in the 17th century - Basho.

But this is also a pseudonym, and it means “ banana tree O". The poet planted a banana tree near his house, which he took care of. The neighbors began to call him “basyonoo” - old man living near a banana. Few people know his real name - Matsuo Munzfusa.

And in continuation literary theme.

Comedians have always tried to sign in such a way as to achieve a comic effect. This was the main purpose of their pseudonyms; the desire to hide his name faded into the background here. Therefore, such aliases can be distinguished in special group and give them a name payzonyms(from Greek paizein- joke).

The tradition of funny pseudonyms in Russian literature dates back to the magazines of Catherine's time ("All sorts of things", "Neither this nor that", "Drone", "Mail of Spirits", etc.). A.P. Sumarokov signed them Akinfiy Sumazbrodov, D. I. Fonvizin - Falalei.

At the beginning of the last century, humorous signatures were placed even under serious ones. critical articles. One of Pushkin’s literary opponents, N. I. Nadezhdin, signed his name in the “Bulletin of Europe” Ex-student Nikodim Nedoumk about and Critic with Patriarch's Ponds . Pushkin signed two articles in “Telescope” directed against F.V. Bulgarin Feofilakt Kosichkin, and he signed in “Northern Bee” under the name Porfiria Dushegreykina. M. A. Bestuzhev-Ryumin performed in “Northern Mercury” as Evgraf Miksturin.

The comic pseudonyms of those times matched the long, wordy titles of books. G. F. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko in the “Bulletin of Europe” (1828) signed: Averyan the Curious, an out-of-work collegiate assessor, who is involved in litigation and monetary penalties. The poet of the Pushkin galaxy N. M. Yazykov “Journey on the Chukhon couple from Dorpat to Revel” (1822) signed: Negulay Yazvikov, who is at the beck and call of the Dorpat muses, but intends to eventually lead them by the nose.

The nickname was even longer: Maremyan Danilovich Zhukovyatnikov, chairman of the commission on the construction of the Muratovsky house, author of the cramped stable, fire-breathing ex-president of the old vegetable garden, gentleman of three livers and commander of Galimati. This is how V. A. Zhukovsky signed in 1811 a comic “Greek ballad, translated into Russian customs,” entitled “Elena Ivanovna Protasova, or Friendship, impatience and cabbage.” He composed this ballad, which remained unpublished during his lifetime, as a guest at the Muratovo estate near Moscow with his friends the Protasovs. No less long and bizarre was the pseudonym of the author of the “critical notes” to the same ballad: Alexander Pleshchepupovich Chernobrysov, actual Mameluke and Bogdykhan, bandmaster of cowpox, privileged galvanist of dog comedy, publisher of topographical descriptions of wigs and gentle composer of various musical gluttonies, including the musical howl attached here. Behind this comic signature was Zhukovsky’s friend Pleshcheev.

O. I. Senkovsky “Private letter to the most respectable public about a secret magazine called “Veselchak”” (1858), signed: Ivan Ivanov, son of Khokhotenko-Khlopotunov-Pustyakovsky, retired second lieutenant, landowner of various provinces and holder of integrity.

"The History of Erofey Erofeyich, the inventor of "erofeyich", an allegorical bitter vodka" (1863) was published on behalf of Russian author, nicknamed Old Indian Rooster.

N. A. Nekrasov often signed with comic pseudonyms: Feklist Bob, Ivan Wartkin, Naum Perepelsky, Churmen(probably from “mind me!”).

Such pseudonyms were constantly used by employees of Iskra, Gudok, Whistle - press organs that played a significant role in the struggle of revolutionary democrats against autocracy, serfdom and reactionary literature in the 60-70s of the 19th century. They often added one or another imaginary title or rank to a fictitious surname, indicated an imaginary profession, striving to create literary masks endowed with the attributes of real personalities.

These are the pseudonyms of N. A. Nekrasov - Literary exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin, D. D. Minaeva - Fedor Konyukh, Cook Nikolai Kadov, Lieutenant Khariton Yakobintsev, Junker A. Restanov, N. S. Kurochkina - Poet okolodochny(the police station was then called the police station), Member of the Madrid Scientific Society Tranbrel, other comedians - Clerk from the knife line Poluarshinov, Ober-exchange counterfeiter Kradilo, Landowner Taras Kutsyi, Telegraphist Azbukin, Fireman Kum, Vodka-alcohol breeder U.R.A etc.

I. S. Turgenev signed the feuilleton “The Six-Year-Revealer”: Retired teacher of Russian literature Platon Nedobobov, and the poems allegedly composed by the author’s six-year-old son - Jeremiah Nedobobov. They ridiculed the shadow sides of Russian reality:

Oh, why from baby's diapers
The sorrow of bribes entered my soul!

The young accuser exclaimed.

To make readers laugh, old names, long out of use, were chosen for pseudonyms in combination with an intricate surname: Varakhasiy Neklyuchimy, Khusdazad Tserebrinov, Ivakhviy Kistochkin, Vasilisk Kaskadov, Avvakum Khudopodoshvensky etc. Young M. Gorky signed in Samara and Saratov newspapers in the late 90s of the 19th century Yehudiel Chlamys.

Gorky's signatures in those works that were not intended for publication are full of wit. Under one of his letters to his 15-year-old son is: Your Father Polikarp Unesibozhenozhkin. On the pages of his home handwritten magazine "Sorrento Truth" (1924), on the cover of which Gorky was depicted as a giant plugging his finger into the crater of Vesuvius, he signed Metranpage Goryachkin, Disabled Muses, Osip Tikhovoyev, Aristide Balyk.

Sometimes a comic effect was achieved through a deliberate contrast between the first and last names. Pushkin used this technique, although not to create a pseudonym (“And you, dear singer, Vanyusha Lafontaine...”), and comedians willingly followed his example, combining foreign names with purely Russian surnames: Zhan Khlestakov, Wilhelm Tetkin, Basil Lyalechkin and vice versa: Nikifor Shelming etc. Leonid Andreev signed the satire “The Adventures of the Angel of Peace” (1917): Horace C. Rutabaga.

Often the surname of a famous writer was used as a comic pseudonym. In Russian humor magazines there are also Pushkin squared, And Saratov Boccaccio, And Rabelais Samara, And Beranger from Zaryadye, And Schiller from Toganrog, And Ovid with Tomi, And Dante with Plyushchikha, And Berne from Berdichev. The name Heine was especially popular: there is Heine from Kharkov, from Arkhangelsk, from Irbit, from Lyuban and even Heine from the stables.

Sometimes the name or surname of a well-known person was changed to produce a comic effect: Harry Baldi, Heinrich Genius, Gribsyelov, Pushechkin, Gogol-Mogol, Pierre de Boborysak(hint to Boborykin). V. A. Gilyarovsky signed in "Entertainment" and "News of the Day" Emelya Zola.

D. D. Minaev, under the “dramatic fantasy” dedicated to the reprisal of a certain Nikita Bezrylov with his wife Literature and written in the spirit of Shakespeare, staged Tryphon Shakespeare(under Nikita Bezrylov meant A.F. Pisemsky, who used this pseudonym). K. K. Golokhvastov signed the satire “The Journey to the Moon of the Merchant Truboletov” (1890), allegedly translated, as it appears on the cover, “from French into Nizhny Novgorod” Jules the Unfaithful, parodying the first and last name of Jules Verne, who has a novel on the same topic.

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Comedians have always tried to sign in such a way as to achieve a comic effect. This was the main purpose of their pseudonyms; the desire to hide his name faded into the background here. Therefore, such pseudonyms can be separated into a special group and given the name paizonyms (from the Greek paizein - joke).

At the beginning of the last century, humorous signatures were placed even under serious critical articles. One of Pushkin’s literary opponents, N. I. Nadezhdin, signed his name in the “Bulletin of Europe” Ex-student Nikodim Nedoumko And Critic from Patriarch's Ponds. Pushkin in the "Telescope" two articles directed against F.V. Bulgarin were signed by Theophylact Kosichkin, and he in the "Northern Bee" labored under the name Porfiria Dushegreykina. M. A. Bestuzhev-Ryumin performed in “Northern Mercury” as Evgraf Miksturin.

The nickname was even longer: Maremyan Danilovich Zhukovyatnikov, chairman of the commission on the construction of the Muratovsky house, author of the cramped stable, fire-breathing ex-president of the old vegetable garden, gentleman of three livers and commander of Galimati. This is how V. A. Zhukovsky signed in 1811 a comic “Greek ballad, translated into Russian customs,” entitled “Elena Ivanovna Protasova, or Friendship, impatience and cabbage.” He composed this ballad, which remained unpublished during his lifetime, as a guest at the Muratovo estate near Moscow with his friends the Protasovs. No less long and bizarre was the pseudonym of the author of the “critical notes” to the same ballad: Alexander Pleshchepupovich Chernobrysov, actual Mameluke and Bogdykhan, bandmaster of cowpox, privileged galvanist of dog comedy, publisher of topographical descriptions of wigs and gentle composer of various musical wombs, including the musical howl attached here. Behind this comic signature was Zhukovsky’s friend Pleshcheev.

"The History of Erofey Erofeyich, the inventor of "erofeyich", an allegorical bitter vodka" (1863) was published on behalf of Russian author, nicknamed Old Indian Rooster.

N. A. Nekrasov often signed with comic pseudonyms: Feklist Bob, Ivan Wartkin, Naum Perepelsky, Churmen(probably from “mind me!”).

Such pseudonyms were constantly used by employees of Iskra, Gudok, and Whistle - press organs that played a significant role in the struggle of revolutionary democrats against autocracy, serfdom and reactionary literature in the 60s and 70s of the last century. They often added one or another imaginary title or rank to a fictitious surname, indicated an imaginary profession, striving to create literary masks endowed with the attributes of real personalities.

These are the pseudonyms: N. A. Nekrasova - Literary exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin, D. D. Minaeva - Fyodor Konyukh, Cook Nikolai Kadov, Lieutenant Khariton Yakobintsev, Junker A, Restaurants, N. S. Kurochkina - Poet of the perimeter(the police station was then called the police station), Member of the Madrid Scientific Society Tranbrel, other comedians - Clerk from the knife line Poluarshinov, Ober-exchange counterfeiter Kradilo, Landowner Taras Kutsyi, Telegraphist Azbukin, Fireman Kum, Vodka-alcohol breeder U.R.A. etc.

Oh, why did the sorrow of bribes enter my soul from the diapers of infancy! 1

1 ("Iskra", 1859, No. 50)

The young accuser exclaimed.

To make readers laugh, old names, long out of use, were chosen for pseudonyms in combination with an intricate surname: Varakhasiy Neklyuchimy, Khusdazad Tserebrinov, Ivakhviy Kistochkin, Vasilisk Kaskadov, Avvakum Khudopodoshvensky etc. Young M. Gorky in the Samara and Saratov newspapers of the late 90s signed himself Yehudiel Chlamida.

Sometimes a comic effect was achieved through a deliberate contrast between the first and last names. Pushkin used this technique, though not to create a pseudonym (“And you, dear singer, Vanyusha Lafontaine...”), and comedians willingly followed his example, combining foreign names with purely Russian surnames: Zhan Khlestakov, Wilhelm Tetkin, Basil Lyalechkin, and vice versa: Nikifor Shelming, etc. Leonid Andreev signed the satire “The Adventures of the Angel of Peace” (1917): Horace C. Rutabaga.

Often the surname of a famous writer was used as a comic pseudonym. In Russian humorous magazines there are also Pushkin squared, and Saratov's Boccaccio, and Rabelais' Samara, and Beranger from Zaryadye, and Schiller from Taganrog, and Ovid with Tom, and Dante with Plyushchikha, and Berne from Berdichev. The name Heine was especially popular: there is Heine from Kharkov, from Arkhangelsk, from Irbit, from Lyuban and even Heine from the stables.

Sometimes the name or surname of a well-known person was changed to produce a comic effect: Darri Baldi, Heinrich Genii, Gribsilov, Pushechkin, Gogol-Mogol, Pierre de Boborysak(hint to Boborykin). V. A. Gilyarovsky signed in "Entertainment" and "News of the Day" Emelya Zola.

Sometimes the names of characters were used as comic pseudonyms literary works. This was done in order to evoke relevant reminiscences in readers, which sometimes had nothing to do with the topic. The main thing is to be funny!

These are the signatures: I. Bashkova - Executor Scrambled Eggs, Midshipman Zhevakin(from Gogol's "Marriage"), D. Minaeva Court Counselor Esbuketov(surname adopted by the serf poet Vidoplyasov from Dostoevsky’s story “The Village of Stepanchikovo”).

In order to enhance the comic effect of a foreign literary hero Russian "registration" was given: Don Quixote St. Petersburg(D. Minaets), Mephistopheles from Khamovniki(A.V. Amphiteatrov), Figaro from Sushchev, Faust of Shchigrovsky district etc.

Type signatures Marquis Pose, Childe Harold, Don Juan, Gulliver, Quasimodo, Lohengrin, Falstaff, Captain Nemo etc., and also Blacksmith Vakula, Taras Bulba, Khoma the philosopher, Repetilov, Poprishchin, Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Crucian idealist etc. were ready-made literary masks for humorists. Regarding the signature Skalozub, then it was associated not so much with the surname of Griboyedov’s character, but with the expression “to show your teeth,” that is, to laugh.

Chekhov signed Ulysses in "Fragments"; under the story "In the Cemetery" during its second publication he put Laertes. Chekhov signed a comic letter to the editor of Oskolkov Colonel Kochkarev(a hybrid of Colonel Koshkarev from " Dead souls" and Kochkarev from "Marriage"). In this letter he addressed the mediocre but prolific playwright D. A. Mansfeld: "Being, like my daughter Zinaida, a lover of the performing arts, I have the honor to ask the respected Mr. Mansfeld to compose for household items four comedies, three dramas and two more tragic tragedies, for which I will send three rubles upon their production" 1 .

1 ("Fragments", 1886, No. 3)

The vindictive Mansfeld did not forgive the insult: after Chekhov’s death, he spread a rumor that he was at the very beginning of his literary activity brought him, Mansfeld, who was then publishing a magazine, a thick novel, which he allegedly refused to publish.

Chekhov had many comic pseudonyms. Collaborating in "Dragonfly" and other magazines of the end of the last century, he signed: A doctor without patients (a hint at his medical diploma), Nut No. 6, Akaki Tarantulov, Kislyaev, Baldastov, Champagne, Man without a spleen etc. He liked to put humorous signatures on letters. Under the messages to brother Alexander there is this your Schiller Shakespeareovich Goethe, then your dad A. Chekhov, then A. Dostoinov-Noblerodnov. The signatures under some letters reflect certain facts from Chekhov's biography. So, your Tsyntsynnatus- hint about classes agriculture in Melikhovo (Cincinnatus is a Roman senator who retired to the village). During the days of his trip to Sakhalin, Chekhov writes under his letters to his sister: your Asian brother, Homo sachaliensis. Under one letter to A. Suvorin there is: Indispensable Member for Dramatic Presence Affairs. One letter to his wife is signed Academician Toto(a hint of election to Russian Academy), other - your husband A. Actress son(a hint that his wife did not leave the stage after marriage).

For some; comedians had a very large number of funny pseudonyms under which they collaborated in various magazines and newspapers, without having a permanent literary name. With insufficiently bright talent, the variety of signatures was disastrous for humorists. I. Bashkov, N. Ezhov, A. A. and V. A. Sokolovs, S. Gusev, A. Gerson each had 50 - 100 comic pseudonyms, but all of them are firmly and deservedly forgotten, just like those who wore them. K. A. Mikhailov, an employee of almost all humor magazines published at the turn of the past and of this century; he had as many as 325 pseudonyms, but none of them remained in the memory of readers.

Sometimes the nature of the comic pseudonym changed along with the political beliefs of the author. This is what happened to the Iskraist V.P. Burenin, who defected to the reactionary camp and attacked his former comrades-in-arms with such malice that he earned the epigram:

A dog is running along Nevsky, followed by Burenin, quiet and sweet. Policeman! Be careful, however, that he doesn't bite her.

In Iskra and The Spectator, Burenin signed: Vladimir Monumentov; Mich. Zmiev-Mladentsev; General of Adversaries 2nd; Dangerous rival of Mr. Turgenev and even Lieutenant Alexis Republicans. Having moved to Suvorin’s “New Time”, he began to prefer pseudonyms with titles (aristonyms): Count Alexis Jasminov; Viscount Kebriol of Dantrachet.

By means of an aristonym, S. I. Ponomarev wittily encrypted his profession, signing Count Biblio(instead of Bibliographer). And another aristonym - d "Actil - of the poet A. Frenkel is formed from the name of one of the poetic meters - dactyl.

Aristonyms are found very often on the pages of humorous magazines: all sorts of titled persons frolicked here, fortunately, anyone who wanted could turn into a noble person here. But these were aristocrats with surnames, one funnier than the other: Prince Ablai the Crazy(D. D. Minaev), Count Entre-Côte, Count de Pavement, Count Lapotochkin, Count de Pencil, Baron Klyaks, Baron Rikiki, Baron Dzin, Baron Meow-Meow, Baron von Tarakashkin, Marquis de Pineapple, de Nevry, de Trubkokur, de Reseda, d'O "Vris d"O"Nezya, Marquise Fru-Fru, Marquise K avar d"Ak, mandarin Lai-on-the-moon, mandarin Spit-on-everything, Khan Tryn-grass, Amur Pasha, Kefir Pasha, Don Flacon etc.

The invention of a pseudonym designed for a comic effect required wit and provided a wide field for the imagination of humorists. No matter how sophisticated they were, coming up with funnier captions! Doctor Oh, Emil Pup, Erasmus Sarkasmov, Not Me at All, I Drink Tea Myself, Chertopuzov, Abracadabra, Begemotkin, Pelmenelyubov, Razlyulimalinsky, Incognitenko, Nonsense, U Morist, Vsekhdavish, Khrenredkineslashev, Vdolguneostayushchensky, Charles Atan etc.

"Songs of Wine and Monopoly" (1906) came out on behalf of Ivan Vsegedyushchensky- a signature that fully corresponded to the contents of the book (the sale of vodka in state-owned wine shops was then called a monopoly).

Funny captions were also created using the epithet “old”: old sparrow(i.e. one that you can’t fool with chaff), Old Sinner, Old Bachelor, Old Romantic, Old Raven, Old Hermit, Old Summer Resident etc.

Sometimes the same comic pseudonym was used by several writers who lived in different, and sometimes at the same time.

Soviet humor magazines of the 20s were full of such signatures, sometimes in tune with the era and the new composition of readers: Savely Oktyabrev, Luka Nazhdachny, Ivan Borona, Vanya Gaikin, Vanya Garmoshkin, Naporylov, Ivan Ditya, Pamphil Golovotyapkin, Glupyshkin(a comic type in cinema), Evlampy Nadkin, etc. It was even published as a supplement to “The Laugher” (1926 - 1927) “Nadkin’s Newspaper”, the editor-publisher of which was listed as “the popular adventurer Evlampy Karpovich Nadkin.”

Signed Antipka Bobyl A. G. Malyshkin was hiding in Penza newspapers, behind the signatures Mitrofan Mustard And Comrade Rasp in "Gudka" - Valentin Kataev. M. M. Zoshchenko signed Gavrila, and under the names Honored Worker M. Konoplyanikov-Zuev and Privat-Associate Professor M. Prischemikhin acted as the author of funny scientific projects like the “goose bus”, “trailer crematorium”, etc.

Among the pseudonyms of young Marshak was Weller(the surname of Mr. Pickwick's cheerful servant), and Valentin Kataev signed Oliver Twist(another Dickens character).

A. M. Goldsnberg ( Argo) parodies in the magazine "At the Literary Post" (1927 - 1930) were signed by May Day Plenumov, and in "Evening Moscow" - by Sempyadei Volbukhin and Elizavet Vorobey. The poet V.V. Knyazev came up with the pseudonym Tovavaknya for himself, which meant “comrade Vasily Vasilyevich Knyazev.”

Later this tradition almost disappeared. However, for recent years, in connection with humor competitions held by the press, the number of funny pseudonyms began to grow again, since these competitions are often closed and under humoresques are not the names of the authors, but their mottos, which are essentially pseudonyms, usually comic.

SIX-YEAR-OLD RESPONSER

Mm. years! Let a happy and proud parent turn to you, gentlemen, publishers of the esteemed Iskra magazine!

In our time, when the most incredible miracles of civilization are happening with such speed, so to speak, with our own eyes, when progress is developing so rapidly, these miracles, this development should have reflected on everyone. modern personalities and especially on the impressionable personalities of children! All children, I am sure, are imbued with progress, but not everyone is given the opportunity to realize their feelings! With involuntary pride, although with humility, I declare publicly: I have a son who has been given this high ability; he is a poet... but as a true child of modernity, he is not a lyric poet, a satirist poet, an accusatory poet.

He is just over six years old. He was born on November 27, 1853. He grew up in a remarkably strange way. Until he was two years old, he was breastfed and seemed weak and even an ordinary child; he suffered greatly from scrofula; but from the age of three a change took place in him: he began to think and sigh; a bitter smile appeared on his lips and never left them; he stopped crying - but irony snakes across his features, even when he sleeps. In his fourth year he was disappointed; but he soon realized the backwardness of this moment of self-awareness and rose above it: cold, bilious calm, occasionally interrupted by outbreaks of energetic sarcasm, was the usual state of his spirit. I have to agree that it’s hard to live with him... But life isn’t any easier for him either. He learned to read - and greedily rushed to books; not many of our domestic authors have earned his approval. According to his concepts, Shchedrin is one-sided and weak in satire; Nekrasov is too soft, Mr. Elagin is not quite frank and has not mastered the secret of, as he put it, “icy-burning mockery”; he is quite pleased with Mr. Bov’s articles alone in Sovremennik; they constitute, together with Mr. Rosenheim's praises, the subject of his constant study. “-Bov and Rosenheim,” he exclaimed one day at the table, after first throwing a spoon of porridge at my forehead (I am telling you these details because I think that over time they will have great value in the eyes of literary historians), “-Bov and Rosenheim are at enmity with each other, and yet they are flowers growing on the same branch!

I frankly admit that I do not always understand him, and my wife, his mother, simply trembles before him; but, gentlemen, the feeling of reverent admiration for one’s own product is a high feeling!

I am telling you, for testing purposes, a few of my son’s poems: I ask you to notice in them the gradual maturation of thought and talent. The 1st and 2nd Nos. were written by him two years ago; they also echo the naivety of first childhood impressions, especially No. 1, in which the method of immediately explaining an accusatory thought through commentary is reminiscent of the manner of thirteenth-century painters; The 3rd No. was produced in the era of melancholy disappointment, which I have already mentioned in my letter; The 4th and final No came out of my son's chest recently. Read and judge! I remain with complete respect and the same devotion, mm. gg.,

Your most humble servant,

Platon Nedobobov, retired teacher Russian literature.

My son's name is Jeremiah... a significant fact! An amazing, although, of course, unconscious foreknowledge of his future calling!

Cat and mouse

A mouse sits on the floor
Cat on the window...

Comment:

(I brought out the people in a mouse,
Stanovoi in a cat.)

Cat - jump! The mouse is in the hole,
But he lost his tail...

Comment:

(This means that the official
Profit from a bribe.)

Daddy took the cane and the cat
Flogged without mercy...

Comment:

(Give praise to superiors
We are always happy!)

Angry cat bit
Daddy near the thigh...

Comment:

(Predatory Stanovoy recently
Earned the buckle...)

But the poet castigates him
In a word of rejection...
Nanny! put it down for this
Jam in my mouth!

Absolute irony

Filled with strict pride,
I look sternly at Rus'...
The barman brings two melons -
Good, I mutter, you goose!

The liquor darkens in the bottle...
I think: oh, a sign of stupidity!
The man itched the back of his head -
What a fool you are, I whisper!

The priest strokes the filly's belly -
And he, I sighed, is a man!
The teacher gave me a slap -
I didn't say anything here.

Sigh
(Elegy)

Oh, why from baby's diapers
The sorrow of bribes has crept into my soul!
The sad fact of bribes and bribes
Sensitive child poisoned
Like a sheepfold with the smell of a goat!

Talk

You are boring today, my son.
Isn't the nurse's milk tasty?

2 year old son

Give me a dime.

Here's a snout.
Not anymore.

Let's; stingy is disgusting.
Copper?!?

No, you know, silver.
But why do you need?..

Not for good.

I want to bribe the footman,
So that he can papa without being timid...

Understand; give me a penny;
I will do everything exactly, my friend.
(Leaves)

Son (one)

Bribe! Mother!! Father!!! Oh century! Oh morals!!!
Robespierre and you, Marat, you are right!

Jeremiah Nedobobov

Notes

Published according to the text of the first publication: "Iskra", 1859, No. 50, pp. 513-515 (censorship permission December 21, 1859).

It is included in the collected works for the first time.

Autograph unknown.

The fact that the feuilleton-parody directed against N.A. Dobrolyubov was written by Turgenev is proven in a detailed article by G.F. Perminov “Turgenev about N.A. Dobrolyubov. The unknown feuilleton-parody of Turgenev in Iskra” (T Sat., vol. III , pp. 106-118). The basis for such an attribution is, first of all, the memoirs of P. I. Pashino, published during Turgenev’s lifetime: “Messrs. Turgenev and Saltykov also tried their pen in Iskra” (St. Petersburg, Ved, 1881, No. 319, December 20/ January 1, 1882); in another place: “There are also poems by Jeremiah Nedobobov, belonging to<...>I. S. Turgenev" - and further: "hiding under the pseudonym of Nedobobov", Turgenev wanted to "hurt Dobrolyubov" ("Minute", 1882, No. 121, May 13). None of these instructions caused any objections from Turgenev or his friends. In the book “Satirical Journalism of the 1860s” (M., 1964, pp. 113-114), I. G. Yampolsky considers the feuilleton “The Six-Year-Old Accuser” as written by Turgenev.

The feuilleton could have been written by Turgenev in St. Petersburg between November 27 (the date of the “birth” of Jeremiah Nedobobov indicated in the feuilleton) and December 21, 1859 (the date of censorship permission from Iskra). A few months earlier, Herzen’s article “Very dangerous!!!” was published in Kolokol (1859, sheet 44, June 1, pp. 363-364), directed against the discrediting of accusatory literature in Sovremennik and in "Whistle" - mainly in the speeches of N. A. Dobrolyubov. This article became known to Turgenev at the very moment of its appearance (he was in London and communicated with Herzen from June 1 to June 8, 1859); its direction is the same as that of Turgenev’s feuilleton. It is also possible to outline points of contact between the parodic image of the “six-year-old accuser” and the interpretation of Hamlet in Turgenev’s speech.

The entire argument of Perminov in the above-mentioned article, presented here briefly, in its most significant moments, allows us to consider Turgenev’s authorship of the feuilleton parody in Iskra as proven.

Representatives creative professions They often use pseudonyms, the reasons for this can be very different, I have always wondered why people take a different name for themselves, and in general it can be surprising to find out that the name of the writer you are used to is not real. I decided to compile a selection famous writers who used a pseudonym.

1. Boris Akunin, aka Anatoly Brusnikin and Anna Borisova - pseudonyms of Grigory Chkhartishvili

Initially he published his works as B. Akunin. Japanese word“Akunin” (Japanese 悪人), according to one of the heroes of the novel “The Diamond Chariot” is translated as “scoundrel, villain”, but of gigantic proportions, in other words, outstanding personality, standing on the side of evil. And it was precisely these villains that Erast Fandorin encountered throughout his career. The decoding of “B” as “Boris” appeared a few years later, when the writer began to be frequently interviewed.

He publishes critical and documentary works under his real name.

2. Georges Sand - real name Amandine Aurora Lucille Dupin, married to Baroness Dudevant.

At the beginning of its writing career Aurora wrote together with Jules Sandot (French fiction writer): the novels “The Commissioner” (1830), “Rose and Blanche” (1831), which had great success among readers, were published under his signature, since the stepmother of Casimir Dudevant (Aurora’s husband) did not want see your name on the covers of books. Aurora has already started on her own new job over the novel "Indiana", the theme of which was the contrast of a woman seeking ideal love with a sensual and vain man. Sando approved the novel, but refused to sign someone else's text. Aurora chose a male pseudonym: it became for her a symbol of liberation from the slavish position to which a woman was doomed modern society. Keeping the surname Sand, she added the name Georges.

3. Richard Bachman - the pseudonym under which Stephen King published the books "Rage", "The Long Walk", "Road Work", "The Running Man", and "Thinner"

There are two versions about the reasons that prompted King to take a pseudonym. The first is to see if his alter ego can achieve the same success as himself. The second explanation is that the publishing standards of the time allowed only one book per year. The surname Bachman was not taken by chance; he is a fan music group"Bachman-Turner Overdrive".

4. Joe Hill Real name: Joseph Hillstrom King, son of Stephen King.

Wanting to achieve literary success on his own, without using the fame of his father's name, he took the pseudonym "Joe Hill". It was both an abbreviation of his real name Joseph and his middle name Hillstrom, and alluded to the person in whose honor Joseph Hillstrom was named - the famous American labor activist of the early 20th century and songwriter Joe Hill, who was unfairly accused of murder and executed in an American prison in 1915.

5. Robert Galbraith is the pseudonym of JK Rowling, used for the detective series about Cormoran Strike.

According to Rowling herself, publishing a book under a pseudonym relieved her of the pressure to meet readers' expectations and meet a fixed level of quality, and, conversely, gave her the opportunity to hear criticism of work that does not bear her name. She told the Sunday Times magazine that she hoped that her involvement in writing the novel would not be revealed soon.

The publisher's website claimed that Robert Galbraith was the pseudonym of a former member of the Royal Military Police Special Investigations Unit who left in 2003 and went into private security business.

6. George Elliott's real name is Mary Ann Evans.

Like many other writers of the 19th century (George Sand, Marco Vovchok, the Brontë sisters - “Carrer, Ellis and Acton Bell”, Krestovsky-Khvoshchinskaya) - Mary Evans used a male pseudonym in order to evoke serious attitude to his writings and taking care of the privacy of his privacy. (In the 19th century, her works were translated into Russian without disclosing her pseudonym, which was inflected like a man’s first and last name: “a novel by George Eliot”).

7. Kir Bulychev real name Igor Vsevolodovich Mozheiko

He published science fiction works exclusively under a pseudonym. The first work of fiction, the story “The Debt of Hospitality,” was published as “a translation of a story by the Burmese writer Maung Sein Ji.” Bulychev subsequently used this name several more times, but most fantastic works published under the pseudonym “Kirill Bulychev” - the pseudonym was combined from the name of his wife - Kira and maiden name the writer's mother. Subsequently, the name “Kirill” on the covers of books began to be written in abbreviation - “Kir.”, and then the “abbreviated” period was changed, and this is how the now famous “Kir Bulychev” turned out. The combination Kirill Vsevolodovich Bulychev also occurred. The writer kept his real name a secret until 1982, because he believed that the leadership of the Institute of Oriental Studies would not consider science fiction a serious activity, and was afraid that after revealing his pseudonym he would be fired.

8. Arkady Gaidar, real name Golikov

Vladimir Soloukhin in the artistic and journalistic book “Salt Lake” gives a story according to which the pseudonym “Gaidar” is associated with the activities of A.P. Golikov as the head of the 2nd combat region of the ChON of the Achinsk district of the Yenisei province (now the Republic of Khakassia) in 1922-1924 years:

“Gaidar,” Misha said slowly, as usual, “the word is purely Khakassian.” Only the correct sound is not “Gaidar”, but “Haidar”; and it does not mean “going forward” and not “forward-looking”, but simply “where”. And this word stuck to him because he asked everyone: “Haidar?” That is, where to go? He didn’t know any other Khakass words.

The name "Gaidar" reminded the writer of his school years, bearing in mind that the “G” in this name meant “Golikov”, “ay” - “Arkady”, and “gift”, as if echoing the hero of Alexandre Dumas D’Artagnan, “on French manner" meant "from Arzamas". Thus, the name “Gaidar” stands for “Golikov Arkady from Arzamas.”

The third version of the origin of the pseudonym and surname: from Ukrainian “gaidar” is a sheep shepherd. Arkady Golikov’s childhood was connected with the Gaidars, as he spent several summer months with them for several years in a row. He liked these places and his childhood memories so much that he chose the pseudonym Arkady Gaidar.

9. Teffi Real name Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Lokhvitskaya

For the first time, the name Teffi (without initials) appears in the 51st issue of the Theater and Art magazine, in December 1901 (this is the second publication of the writer). Perhaps Teffi took a pseudonym because long before the start of her literary activity, her older sister, the poetess Mirra Lokhvitskaya, whom critics nicknamed the “Russian Sappho,” gained fame. (By the beginning of her literary career, Teffi had already separated from her first husband, after whom she bore the surname Buchinskaya). According to researchers of Teffi’s creativity E.M. Trubilova and D.D. Nikolaev, the pseudonym for Nadezhda Alexandrovna, who loved hoaxes and jokes, and was also the author of literary parodies and feuilletons, became part of literary game aimed at creating an appropriate image of the author.

The version of the origin of the pseudonym is set out by the writer herself in the story “Pseudonym”. She didn't want to sign her texts male name, as contemporary writers often did: “I didn’t want to hide behind a male pseudonym. Cowardly and cowardly. It’s better to choose something incomprehensible, neither this nor that. But - what? We need a name that would bring happiness. The best name is the name of some fool - fools are always happy.” She “remembered one fool, truly excellent and, in addition, one who was lucky, which means that fate itself recognized him as an ideal fool. His name was Stepan, and his family called him Steffy. Having dropped the first letter out of delicacy (so that the fool would not become arrogant),” the writer “decided to sign her play “Taffy””. After the successful premiere of this play, in an interview with a journalist, when asked about the pseudonym, Teffi replied that “it’s... the name of one fool..., that is, such a surname.” The journalist noted that he was “told it was from Kipling.” Taffy, who remembered Kipling’s name, as well as the song “Taffy was a walesman / Taffy was a thief...” from Trilby, agreed with this version.

10. Mark Twain Real name Samuel Langhorne Clemens

Clemens claimed that the pseudonym Mark Twain was taken by him in his youth from river navigation terms. Then he was an assistant pilot on the Mississippi, and the cry of “mark twain” (literally “mark two”) meant that, according to the mark on the lotline, the minimum depth suitable for the passage of river vessels had been reached - 2 fathoms (≈ 3 .7 m).

However, there is a version about the literary origin of this pseudonym: in 1861, Vanity Fair magazine published humorous story Artemus Ward (real name Charles Brown) "North Star" is about three sailors, one of whom was named Mark Twain. Samuel was very fond of the humorous section of this magazine and read Ward's works in his first appearances.

In addition to “Mark Twain,” Clemens once signed himself in 1896 as “Sieur Louis de Conte” (French: Sieur Louis de Conte) - under this name he published his novel “Personal Memoirs of Joan of Arc of Sir Louis de Conte, her page and secretary."

11. Max Fry is the literary pseudonym of two authors - Svetlana Martynchik and Igor Stepin

The book series was written by Svetlana Martynchik in collaboration with Igor Stepin and published under the pseudonym “Max Frei”. The authors maintained some anonymity, not disclosing their pseudonyms and not appearing in public specifically as the authors of novels (they were known as artists). On the website “Physionomy of the Russian Internet”, under the name Max Fry, there was a portrait of an unknown black man. Coupled with jokes from the Azbuka publishing house that Max Fry was a blue-eyed black man, this fueled rumors that “literary blacks” were writing under a pseudonym.

My pseudonym was chosen precisely because of my hero. I wanted the name of the author and the name of the character from whom the story is told to match. Svetlana Martynchik

Maria Zakharova notes that the language game characteristic of Max Frei’s texts is also manifested in the choice of pseudonym: “for example, Max Frei - max frei (German) - “maximum freely”” and “it is important to note that both Max Frei and Holm Van Zaichik - fictitious, “game”, pseudonyms of Russian-speaking authors"""

12. O. Henry real name William Sidney Porter

In prison, Porter worked in the infirmary as a pharmacist (a rare profession in prison) and wrote stories, looking for a pseudonym. In the end, he chose the version of O. Henry (often incorrectly spelled like the Irish surname O'Henry - O'Henry). Its origin is not entirely clear. The writer himself claimed in an interview that the name Henry was taken from the society news column in the newspaper, and the initial O. was chosen as the simplest letter. He told one of the newspapers that O. stands for Olivier (the French name Olivier), and indeed, he published several stories there under the name Olivier Henry.

According to other sources, this is the name of the famous French pharmacist Etienne Ocean Henry, whose medical reference book was popular at that time.

Another hypothesis was put forward by writer and scientist Guy Davenport: “Oh. Henry" is nothing more than an abbreviation of the name of the prison where the author was imprisoned - Ohio Penitentiary (Ohio State Penitentiary). Also known as the Arena District, which burned to the ground on April 21, 1930.

Al Jennings, who was in prison with Porter and became famous as the author of the book "Through the Dark with O. Henry" (there is an option to translate the title "With O. Henry at the Bottom"), in his book says that the pseudonym was taken from a famous cowboy song , where there are the following lines: “My beloved returned at 12 o’clock. Tell me, O Henry, what is the sentence?” .

There is an opinion that "Famous American writer W. Porter took the pseudonym O. Henry in honor of the physicist J. Henry, whose name he constantly pronounced with admiration school teacher: "ABOUT! Henry! It was he who discovered that the discharge of a capacitor through a coil is oscillatory in nature!’” He wrote his first story under this pseudonym, “Dick the Whistler’s Christmas Gift,” published in 1899 in McClure’s Magazine, in prison.

13. George Orwell. Real name Eric Arthur Blair

Starting with the story “Pounds of Dashing in Paris and London” (1933), based on autobiographical material, he was published under the pseudonym “George Orwell”.

14. Ilya Ilf and Evgeny Petrov

Ilya Ilf - Ilya Arnoldovich Fainzilberg The pseudonym is formed from part of the first name and the first letter of the surname: ILYA Fainzilberg. Evgeny Petrov - Evgeny Petrovich Kataev The younger brother of the writer Valentin Kataev did not want to take advantage of his literary fame, and therefore came up with a pseudonym derived from his father's name.

15. Alexander Green real name is Grinevsky

The writer's pseudonym became the childhood nickname Green - this is how the long surname Grinevsky was shortened at school.

16. Fannie Flagg Real name Patricia Neal

At the beginning of her acting career, she had to change her name, because despite the sonority, it was the same name of the Oscar winner.

17. Lazar Lagin Real name Ginzburg

The pseudonym Lagin is an abbreviation for Lazar Ginzburg, the writer’s first and last name.

18. Boris Polevoy Real name Kampov

The pseudonym Polevoy came about as a result of one of the editors’ proposal to “translate the surname Kampov from Latin” (campus - field) into Russian. One of the few pseudonyms invented not by the bearer, but by other persons.

19. Daniil Kharms Real name Yuvachev

Around 1921-1922, Daniil Yuvachev chose the pseudonym “Kharms”. Researchers have put forward several versions of its origin, finding origins in English, German, French, Hebrew, Sanskrit. It should be noted that in the writer’s manuscripts there are about forty pseudonyms (Kharms, Haarms, Dandan, Charms, Karl Ivanovich Shusterling and others). When submitting an application to join the All-Russian Union of Poets on October 9, 1925, Kharms answered the questionnaire questions as follows:

1. Last name, first name, patronymic: "Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev-Kharms"

2. Literary pseudonym: “No, I’m writing Kharms”

20. Maxim Gorky real name - Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov

The pseudonym M. Gorky first appeared on September 12, 1892 in the Tiflis newspaper “Caucasus” in the caption to the story “Makar Chudra”. Subsequently, the author said: “I shouldn’t write in literature - Peshkov...”

21. Lewis Carroll real name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson

This pseudonym was invented on the advice of publisher and writer Yates. It is formed from the author's real names "Charles Lutwidge", which are equivalents of the names "Charles" (Latin: Carolus) and "Louis" (Latin: Ludovicus). Dodgson chose other English equivalents of the same names and swapped them around.

22. Veniamin Kaverin real name is Zilber

The pseudonym “Kaverin” was taken by him in honor of the hussar P. P. Kaverin, a friend of the young Pushkin, whom he introduced under his own name in the first chapter of “Eugene Onegin”

23. Voltaire's real name is Francois-Marie Arouet

Voltaire - anagram of "Arouet le j(eune)" - "Arouet the younger" (Latin spelling - AROVETLI

24. Kozma Prutkov

The literary mask under which the poets Aleksey Tolstoy (the largest contribution in quantitative terms), the brothers Aleksey, Vladimir and Alexander Zhemchuzhnikov (in fact, the collective pseudonym of all four)

25. Stendhal's real name is Marie-Henri Beyle

I took the name as a pseudonym hometown Winckelmann, whose laurels he claimed. Why Frederick is often added to the pseudonym Stendhal is a mystery.

26. Alberto Moravia

His real surname was Pinkerle, and the pseudonym Moravia, taken later, was the surname of his Jewish paternal grandmother.

27. Alexandra Marinina real name - Marina Anatolyevna Alekseeva

In 1991, Marina Alekseeva, together with her colleague Alexander Gorkin, wrote the detective story “The Six-Winged Seraphim,” which was published in the magazine “Police” in the fall of 1992. The story was signed with the pseudonym “Alexandra Marinina,” made up of the authors’ names.

28. Andrey Platonov - real name Andrey Platonovich Klimentov

In the 1920s, he changed his last name from Klimentov to Platonov (the pseudonym was formed on behalf of the writer’s father).

29. Eduard Limonov real name is Savenko

The pseudonym “Limonov” was invented by cartoonist Vagrich Bakhchanyan

30. Joseph Kell - the novel “Inside Mr. Enderby” by Anthony Burgess was published under this pseudonym

Fun fact - the editor of the newspaper where Burgess worked did not know that he was the author of the novel “Inside Mr. Enderby,” so he assigned Burgess to write a review - thus, the author wrote a review of his own book.

31. Toni Morrison Real name: Chloe Ardelia Wofford

While studying at Harvard, she acquired the pseudonym “Tony” - a derivative of her middle name Anthony, which, according to her, was given to her when converting to Catholicism at the age of 12

32. Vernon Sullivan

Alias Boris Vian, who has used 24 aliases, Vernon Sullivan is the most famous of them.

33. Andre Maurois Real name - Emil Erzog

Subsequently, the pseudonym became his official name.

34. Mary Westmacott (Westmacott)– pseudonym English writer, master of detective stories, Agatha Christie, under whom she published 6 psychological novels: “The Bread of Giants”, “An Unfinished Portrait”, “Separated in the Spring” (“Lost in the Spring”), “The Rose and the Yew”, “A Daughter is a Daughter”, “The Burden” "("Burden of Love").

35. Moliere's real name is Jean-Baptiste Poquelin

36. Yuz Aleshkovsky real name Iosif Efimovich Aleshkovsky

37. Sirin V. - pseudonym of Vladimir Nabokov

38. Pamela Travers real name Helen Lyndon Goff

39. Daria Dontsova - real name - Agrippina

40. Knut Hamsun real name Knud Pedersen

41. Anatole France real name - Francois Anatole Thibault

42. Daniel Defoe - real name Foe

43. Ayn Rand née Alisa Zinovievna Rosenbaum

44. Irving Stone's real name is Tennenbaum