Who is the Kalashnikov merchant? “Song about the merchant Kalashnikov”: analysis, images of heroes, main features of the poem. A story in the spirit of a folk song

M. Yu. Lermontov often thought about justice, honor and loyalty on a state scale. But under the tsar there was censorship, so the author cheated and expressed criticism of the existing system in the historical narrative. So “Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov” is an innovative work in which the poet skillfully hides the true meaning behind historical details. But first things first.

After graduating from the Guards School, the writer goes to Tsarskoe Selo. There he begins work on the poem. It was then that Lermontov formed his own point of view about life in Russia. He recognizes the undeniable merits of his people, and blames the authorities for their troubles, which are not able to administer justice fairly. By that time, the poet himself had suffered from the heavy hand of the tsar: he was sent into exile for writing a poem dedicated to the death of Pushkin.

Initially, the poem “Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov” was published anonymously in 1838, in the “Literary Supplements to the Russian Invalid.” In 1840, the work was included in the collection “Poems of M. Lermontov”.

Genre and direction

The book belongs to the genre of romantic national historical poem.

The closeness of the work to folklore tales (“ good fellow", "damp earth", etc.) indicates that it was written in the direction of romanticism. Other components of this literary movement are also obvious: the conflict of the individual with society and the tragic ending.

Meaning of the name

The poem is stylized as a Russian epic, or rather, as ancient genre"legend". The author immerses us in the atmosphere of bygone antiquity from the first line, giving the title an ancient flavor. In the Middle Ages, it was customary to reveal the contents of a book already in the titles; no one even thought of intriguing the reader.

Lermontov gave just such a name to the work so that the public would immediately understand the hint of its essence and content, plunging into the tradition of deep antiquity.

The essence

The action takes place during the reign of Ivan IV. A young merchant named Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov, in a fair fist fight, kills his offender - the Tsar's guardsman, Kiribeevich, who disgraced his family. The main events of the book are reflected.

This romantic poem, where each hero is the bearer of some kind of romantic passion. Kalashnikov - honor, Kiribeevich - passion, Ivan IV - power and despotism of government. They are all in conflict, and this struggle can only be resolved by the death of one of them. This is what the work says.

The main characters and their characteristics

Merchant Stepan Kalashnikov. In the poem he personifies the type of real Russian person. His personal dignity is a manifestation of the moral foundations of the Russian people that have evolved over centuries. It organically combines simplicity, cordiality and respect for others, with truly Russian heroism and nobility. Revenge for Alena Dmitrievna is not only the defense of personal honor, but also the defense of the rights of the entire Kalashnikov family. It is no coincidence that he convenes his brothers and asks them to take revenge on the enemy after his death. The open challenge he poses to the closest tsar's oprichnik automatically condemns him to death. Kalashnikov realizes what the royal reward will be, but is not afraid of death. His only request is to take care of his family. Kalashnikov, despite his shameful fate, remains a hero in the memory of the people.
Ivan the Terrible. This is a dual figure for Lermontov. His greatness and breadth of nature combine cruelty and despotism. Ivan IV is convinced that the souls and thoughts of his subordinates are in his power. He executes Kalashnikov simply because he refused to reveal to the Tsar the real reason for the murder. It is the king, whose memory is so bloody and terrible, who becomes the culprit of monstrous injustice. He, unaware, gives his favorite servant permission to harass a married lady. He does all this with a broad gesture of his hand, without thinking or caring about the fate of his subjects. He disdainfully gives free rein to his chained dogs, not paying attention to the possible consequences.
Kiribeevich. The personality is original, bright and strong. He is obsessed with one passion - love for Alena Dmitrievna. Incapable of any compromise, he is ready to do anything for the sake of this passion. Kiribeevich's moral inferiority is largely due to his service. Its peculiarity social status leads to the fact that his will turns into self-will, and love into arbitrariness and violence. This crafty slave not only disgraced Alena Dmitrievna in front of her evil neighbors, but also deceived his king, hiding from him that his beloved was married in the church.

Topics and issues

The main theme is honor. Kalashnikov knew what fate awaited him in the aftermath of the battle, but he considered it his moral duty to protect the dignity of his family. He could not and did not want to live in shame and allow the royal servants to abuse his wife.
Lermontov also raises the problem of permissiveness of power. Kiribeevich was a guardsman under the tsar, so nothing will happen to him for harassing someone’s wife, because the tsar will believe in his innocence, and what does he care about the fate of some merchant’s wife? He would prefer to amuse his warrior and watch the fight, enjoying the bloody spectacle.
Love theme. People do not see boundaries, do not see any barriers because of love and passion. So Kiribeevich, despite the fact that Alena Dmitrievna was married, began to show her signs of attention, and subsequently completely crossed the line. The other side of love is the behavior of a spouse who cares about the family’s reputation. He sacrifices himself, but before his death he provides his wife with everything necessary for a good life. And the heroine herself is faithful to Stepan, she loves him with all her soul.
Moral issues is also expressed in the behavior of the king. He does not rule wisely, allowing arbitrary desires to prevail over the interests of the state and the people. Why execute a strongman who defeated his best fighter? It will clearly come in handy if Russian soil is threatened by a serious enemy. Such people are the backbone of the country. But the ruler doesn’t care, he puts his petty interests above human destinies and even the fatherland itself.
The theme of freedom. Stepan Kalashnikov is a free person who does not give up even under tsarist oppression. Despite the slave status of people in Rus', he openly rebels against everyone, deciding to defend his right to the integrity and honor of his family.
The problem of injustice. Ivan IV, announcing the rules of battle, then himself does not follow them when he executes Kalashnikov, because he is the ruler, and apparently he is allowed to do so.

Main idea

The main idea is the need to protect honor and dignity in any situation, and it does not play a role here, at the cost of one’s life or in any other way. You need to fight for your freedom, otherwise there will always be someone who can take it away. Tyranny always finds support in slavery, and if people begin to rebel against despotism, it will fall under the blows of independence. This appeal directly related to the era of Lermontov himself: he calls on his fellow citizens to stop tolerating the arbitrariness of the authorities and to oppose the autocracy as fearlessly as the main characters of the poem.

The meaning of Kalashnikov’s action is clear: he understands that his inaction will be perceived as capitulation. The enemy will not retreat, and complaints to the king are unlikely to change anything. He cannot put his family at risk and decides that he must make a sacrifice just to get out of the situation with honor, providing for his wife and children. Essentially, he had no other choice. But Lermontov was critical of his contemporaries and thought that they needed moral lesson from the past. This is exactly how, and not otherwise, one must react to arbitrariness - this is author's position. The rebellion of the individual against the system is the way out of the vicious circle of tyranny.

What does it teach?

The moral of the poem is this: even if everything in life goes against you, you need to defend your point of view and seek justice, otherwise you will be deprived of everything that is dear to your heart.

The writer also talks about love and loyalty to his loved ones and about their protection - no matter what it is, spiritual or physical, you need to protect your family from harm in time.

The conclusion is simple: the world needs justice, but only a few brave souls can achieve it, so you shouldn’t wait for nationwide justice that appears out of nowhere. We need to take what is right into our own hands; without this, chaos will reign in our world.

Lermontov's creativity has always remained a mystery, and it is not for nothing that his works are called unique. They reflected the poet’s spiritual mood. Take, for example, the variety of forms and themes that are observed in his work: the fantastic alternates with the real, laughter with sadness, strength with fatigue, prayer with jokes, romantic impulses with cold skepticism.

Who would have thought that the same author is capable of creating works that are completely different in thoughts, mood and tempo at the same time? IN recent years the poet's soul was increasingly overwhelmed by peaceful feelings. The best one An example is “Song about the merchant Kalashnikov,” written in 1837. Characteristics of the main character in this article.

A story in the spirit of a folk song

“Song about the merchant Kalashnikov” was created by the poet in 1837 in exile in the Caucasus. This work by Lermontov is exceptional in its style. It is written in the spirit of a folk song and is presented to the reader as a legend sung by guslars.

The “song” is also interesting because of the religious mood with which it is colored. The main idea of the poem is the humility of a person strong with truth before an unfair, but obligatory trial. The author tells tragic fate a merchant's son who stood up for his offended wife and washed away the insult with blood, but was executed.

The merchant Kalashnikov (characteristics of the hero below) humbly endures his fate, he submits to the court of the king and God. He does not speak a word against injustice, does not show the slightest threat.

Sovereign guardsman

The story begins with a feast scene. Among the many persons present in the king's refectory, the author in artistic form highlights the main thing character: Everyone at the table drinks, but only one does not drink. This hero is Kiribeevich. Following this, a dialogue takes place between Ivan the Terrible and the guardsman. In the characterization of the merchant Kalashnikov, this episode plays an important role. It allows you to reveal fuller characters characters.

Ivan the Terrible’s appeal to his guardsman and his questions are built up in an increasing order: first, the king then hit the ground with a stick and finally uttered a word that awakened the guardsman from oblivion. Kiribeevich answers the sovereign. The king’s secondary appeal is based on the same principle: is the caftan worn out, is the treasury spent, is the saber notched?

This episode shows that Kiribeevich is the king's favorite. He enjoys his favor and favor. The guardsman has everything - expensive caftans, money, good weapons. As the sovereign becomes interested, his anger and desire to take part in the fate of Kiribeevich increase. This episode predicts future fate merchant Kalashnikov. The characteristics of the opponent are hidden behind the last question of the sovereign: “Or did the merchant’s son knock you down in a fist fight?”

The oprichnik replies that that hand has not yet been born into the merchant family, his argamak walks cheerfully. The king’s assumption that an invincible fighter lost the battle to a merchant’s son was rejected by Kiribeevich as impossible. In his boasting lies a psychological anticipation of the poem, a kind of prophecy.

The reason for the guardsman's sadness

At the peak of the royal involvement, the cunning and cunning Kiribeevich plays a heartbreaking scene in front of him: I don’t wet my mustache in a gilded ladle because I fell madly in love with a beauty, and she turns away as if from an infidel. The autocrat, having learned that the sweetheart of his beloved guardsman was only a merchant’s daughter, laughed: take the ring, buy a necklace and send gifts to Alena Dmitrievna. And don’t forget to invite him to the wedding, and bow to the matchmaker.

Kiribeevich played a trick and outwitted Ivan the Terrible himself. It seems like he told everything in spirit, but hid from the king that the beauty was married in the church of God. And why does Kiribeevich need a matchmaker if the sovereign himself is on his side. The author reveals the image of the enemy of the daring merchant Kalashnikov. The characteristics of Kiribeevich are fully presented: a cunning, self-confident person, a professional fighter and a noble family. His name indicates non-Russian origin; Kalashnikov calls him the Basurman son.

Wealth and the patronage of the tsar spoiled the guardsman. Kiribeevich became a selfish person, trampling on family foundations. Alena Dmitrievna’s marriage does not stop him. Having watched his sweetheart, he offers her wealth in exchange for love. The presence of his neighbors does not stop him, in front of whose eyes he hugs and kisses his chosen one, knowing full well that this threatens her with dishonor.

Merchant Kalashnikov

Kalashnikov is one of the main characters. We can say that this is the main image of the poem, since it is assigned a positive role. A young merchant is sitting behind the counter. In his shop he lays out goods, lures guests with sweet speech, and counts the gold and silver. He closes the shop as soon as the bells ring for supper, and goes home to his young wife and children.

The merchant had a bad day. So far this can only be seen from the fact that rich boyars walk by, but do not look into his shop. The merchant returned home in the evening and saw that something was wrong here too: his wife did not meet him, the oak table was not covered with a white tablecloth, the candle barely glowed in front of the images. He asked the worker what was going on? They told him that Alena Dmitrievna had not yet returned from the evening.

When his wife returned, he did not recognize her: she stood pale, bare-haired, and her unbraided braids were sprinkled with snow. He looks with crazy eyes and whispers incomprehensible words. His wife told him that the Tsar’s oprichnik, Kiribeevich, had disgraced her. Kalashnikov could not bear such an insult. He called his younger brothers and said that he would challenge the offender to a fight and fight to the death. The merchant asked the brothers, if they beat him, to come out in his place and stand for the holy truth.

The daring merchant Kalashnikov, whose profile you are reading now, goes into battle not out of jealousy, but for the holy truth. Kiribeevich violated the patriarchal way of life and God's law: looking at someone else's wife is a crime. Stepan Paramonovich does not enter the duel out of jealousy, but to defend his honor. First of all, the honor of the family, which is why he asks the brothers to stand up for the truth.

Duel

Before the battle, Kiribeevich comes out and silently bows to the king. Merchant Kalashnikov follows the rules of ancient politeness: first he bows to the Tsar, then to the Kremlin and the holy churches, and then to the Russian people. Kalashnikov sacredly preserves the ancient foundations. He is not just a courageous and brave man, the merchant is strong in his spirit. That's why he wins.

The duel is preceded by a scene of boasting. Kiribeevich's boast is just a ritual, and the merchant's response is an accusation and a challenge to a mortal fight. The duel has ceased to be a competition, it’s all about moral rightness. Kalashnikov answers his offender that he has nothing to fear: he lived according to God’s law, did not disgrace another man’s wife, did not commit robbery, and “did not hide from the light of heaven.” Kiribeevich, having heard Kalashnikov’s words, turned pale in his face, which means he admitted that he was wrong. But nevertheless, he hit his opponent in the chest.

The bones cracked, but the copper cross hanging on the chest of the merchant Kalashnikov saved him. In characterizing the hero, this detail is essential. She says that the outcome of the fight was already, as it were, predetermined. Kiribeevich, by pestering a woman who was married in a church, violated not only human laws, but also God’s. Stepan Paramonovich trusts in God's judgment and tells himself that he will stand for the truth to the last.

Kalashnikov hits the enemy with a swing in the left temple, which is contrary to the rules of combat. Kiribeevich falls dead. In essence, the merchant committed murder. But he is not deprived of sympathy - neither the reader's nor the author's. He goes to administer justice and fulfills his plans. From the point of view national consciousness Kalashnikov is right.

Kalashnikov trial

The Tsar, and he already knew the rules of battle, angrily asks Kalashnikov whether he killed his faithful servant by accident or by his own will. The merchant admits that he killed Kiribeevich of his own free will, and why he did so, he will only tell God alone. In order not to disgrace the honor of the family, he cannot tell this to the king. He boldly confesses to the king what he has done and is ready to be punished. Only before his death does he entrust his family to the care of the sovereign. And the tsar promises to welcome the orphans, the young widow and the brothers of Stepan Paramonovich.

In the description of the merchant Kalashnikov, it should be noted that without regret he goes to the chopping block for his honesty and courage. The sovereign liked the fact that he did not fuss and kept his answer according to his conscience. But the sovereign could not forgive and let him go just like that. After all, his faithful servant and best guardsman was killed. The merchant holds court arbitrarily. He aggravated his guilt by his denial to the king. And for this he must be punished.

The king is formidable, but fair. For his honesty and courage, he does not leave the merchant with his favor: he orders him to go to a high place. He orders the ax to be sharpened, the executioner to be dressed, and the big bell to be rung. The sovereign gave Kalashnikov's young wife and children gifts from the treasury, and did not offend the brothers either - he ordered them to trade duty-free.

Stately fellow

In the poem, Lermontov contrasts the merchant Kalashnikov with the guardsman Kiribeevich. The author shows the merchant not only as a daring fighter, but as a fighter for the holy truth. The characterization of the merchant Kalashnikov from “The Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov” reflects the image of a stately young man, a Russian hero: his falcon eyes are burning, he straightens his mighty shoulders and pulls on his combat gloves.

The image of the merchant Kalashnikov is the image of a brave and strong man, persistent and honest. That is why the song about the merchant was composed. And although his grave is unmarked, people do not forget it: it passes old man- crosses himself, a fine fellow walks by - he puts on a dignified face, if a girl passes, he becomes sad. And the guslar players will pass by and sing a song.

The image of the merchant Kalashnikov is revealed through the attitude of the author and other characters towards him, as well as through his actions.

Author's attitude

Merchant Kalashnikov - exclusively goodie, whom the author depicted in the image of a Russian hero using traditional epithets: “stately fellow”, “mighty shoulders”, “falcon eyes”, “valiant chest”, and called the duel “heroic battle”.

Lermontov's sympathies for Kalashnikov are also expressed in the fact that the poet presented him as a believer: the merchant wears a copper cross, tells only “one God” about the reason for the fight, and orders his brothers to pray for his “sinful soul.” This indicates that Kalashnikov is close to the people, respects moral principles and Orthodox traditions, which effectively elevates him to the rank of martyr.

Attitude of other heroes towards the merchant

No less important for characterizing Kalashnikov is the attitude of other characters in the work towards him:

Alena Dmitrievna;
younger brothers;
Kiribeevich;
Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich.

Alena Dmitrievna is afraid of her husband, but confesses everything to him and asks for help: “Who can I rely on besides you?” This indicates that she respects him and considers him fair.

The younger brothers honor Kalashnikov, call him “second father” and promise: “We won’t give you up, our dear one.”

Tsar and Kiribeevich, how negative heroes, are in opposition to the positive Kalashnikov. Kiribeevich is afraid, since the truth is on the merchant’s side, and anticipates imminent retribution for his actions. The king, despite his anger, recognizes his strength and courage, promising “not to leave him with his mercy.”

Kalashnikov's actions

Kiribeevich's actions hurt the honor of the merchant and his family. In order to wash away this shame, he goes out to fight with the favorite guardsman of the formidable king. Having killed his rival, he refuses to tell the king about the reason for their enmity, preferring to die. These actions characterize the merchant as brave and noble man who preferred death to dishonor.

Kalashnikov is a hero who denounces the autocracy and evokes sympathy for the injustice shown to him.

Composition

Lermontov's poem is a song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, about his beloved guardsman and about a brave merchant, about Kalashnikov. How does Lermontov describe the merchant Kalashnikov?

A young merchant sits behind the counter,
Stately fellow Stepan Paramonovich.

The merchant Stepan Paramonovich is one of the main characters of M. Lermontov’s poem “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich...”; one can even call him the main image in the poem, since he plays a positive role.

Here he sits at the counter and “arranges silk goods”, “with gentle speech he lures guests, counts gold and silver.” And as soon as “vespers are rung in the holy churches,” “Stepan Paramonovich locks his shop with an oak door...” and goes home to his young wife and children.

Only at the very beginning of the description of the merchant Kalashnikov we already see that “a bad day fell upon him.” So far this is only expressed in the fact that “rich people walk past the bar and don’t look into his shop,” and when he arrives home he sees that something is wrong in the house: “his young wife doesn’t meet him, the oak table isn’t covered with a white tablecloth, but a candle I barely feel warm before the image.”

And when Stepan Paramonovich asks his worker what is going on at home, he finds out that his wife, Alena Dmitrievna, has not yet returned from Vespers.

Upon his wife’s return, he will not recognize her, will not understand what has happened to her: “... a young wife stands in front of him, pale, bare-haired, her brown braids unbraided with snow and frost, her eyes looking like crazy; the mouth whispers incomprehensible words.” When his wife told him that the “evil guardsman Tsar Kiribeevich” had “disgraced her, put her to shame,” the daring merchant Kalashnikov could not stand the insult - he called his smaller brothers and told them that tomorrow he would challenge his offender to a fist fight and would fight with him to death, and asked them, if he was beaten, to go out and fight in his place “for the holy mother truth.”

The image of the merchant Kalashnikov amazes us with its fortitude. This is a defender of the Russian land, a defender of his family, of truth.

Lermontov in his work contrasts the oprichnik Kiribeevich with the merchant Kalashnikov. He shows the merchant not only as a “daring fighter”, but also as a fighter for a just cause. His image is that of a Russian hero: “his falcon eyes are burning,” “he straightens his mighty shoulders,” “he pulls on his fighting gloves.”

In all the actions and actions of the merchant it is clear that he is fighting for a just cause. So, going out to battle, he “bowed first to the terrible Tsar, then to the white Kremlin and the holy churches, and then to the entire Russian people,” and he says to his offender that “he lived according to the law of the Lord: he did not disgrace another man’s wife, he did not rob at night dark, did not hide from the heavenly light..."

That’s why “his face turned pale, like autumn leaf"The Tsar's guardsman who disgraced the merchant's wife.

Merchant Kalashnikov is not just a brave and courageous man, he is strong in spirit and therefore wins.

And Stepan Paramonovich thought:

What is destined to be will come true;
I will stand for the truth until the last day!

And having defeated the guardsman, the faithful servant of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, he is not afraid to answer to him that he killed him “of his own free will,” just for what he killed, he cannot tell the tsar, so as not to expose his and his wife’s honor to desecration.

So he goes to the chopping block for his honesty and courage. And even the tsar liked the fact that “he gave his answer out of conscience.” But the king could not let him go just like that, because his best guardsman, his faithful servant, had been killed. That is why they are preparing an ax for the merchant, and the king granted his young wife and children from the treasury, and ordered his brothers to trade “freely, duty-free.”

The image of the merchant Stepan Paramonovich is the image of a strong, brave man, a “daring fighter”, a “young merchant”, honest and persistent in his rightness. That’s why a song was composed about him, and people don’t forget his grave:

An old man will pass by and cross himself,
The good fellow will pass - he will become poised,
If a girl passes by, she will become sad,
And the guslar players will pass by and sing a song.

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The reasons for Lermontov's appeal to the distant past.(“The song about... the merchant Kalashnikov” is associated with the 16th century, the era of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, but vividly echoes the time of Lermontov. It forced contemporaries to think about questions about the fate and rights of the human person, about honor and dignity. After the defeat of the Decembrists, when the value of the human personality has decreased incredibly, the poem fostered loyalty to ideals, taught perseverance and courage in the fight against despotism.)
Composition of the poem.(The poem consists of three parts. The first introduces the tsar's guardsman Kiribeevich, conveys the atmosphere of the era of Tsar Ivan the Terrible. In the second part, the author introduces the merchant Kalashnikov. In the third, both heroes converge in a duel, which takes place in the presence of the tsar himself and in front of the people.)
Characteristics of Kiribeevich:

“A daring fighter, a violent fellow.”(Kiribeevich is the Tsar’s guardsman, he noble family, boyar's son. “But you come from the Skuratov family and were raised by Malyutina.”)
The ability to feel and admire beauty.(The young guardsman is captivated by the beauty of Alena Dmitrievna, the wife of the merchant Kalashnikov. The feeling of love makes him lonely and lost in the world of brute force. Ardent character and youth lead to the inability to control his feelings, and the position of the royal guardsman leads to permissiveness, to a violation of moral norms.)
Kiribeevich - “evil slave.”(This is what Lermontov calls his hero. A brave warrior before the tsar remains a slave who did not dare to tell him the truth that his beloved is married woman. The strict laws of Domostroi force him to be cunning in front of the Tsar and violate social principles).

Characteristics of the merchant Kalashnikov:

“...Young merchant, handsome fellow Stepan Paramonovich.”
Kalashnikov is a son of his time.(Raised according to the laws of harsh times, Kalashnikov feels like a rightful master in the house, demands order and submission. Not yet knowing what happened to his wife, he threatens to lock her up “behind iron castle, behind the oak door.")
Stepan Paramonovich is the defender of the honor of his family.(Having learned about Kiribeevich’s act, he decides to “fight to the death, until last bit of strength"with the offender. He goes to fight “for mother truth,” as he understands it, for the honor of his clan and family.)

The behavior of Kiribeevich and Kalashnikov during the battle.
1. Kiribeevich's self-confidence.
2. Courage and truthfulness of Kalashnikov.
3. Moral superiority of the merchant.(The outcome of the duel was decided not by strength, but by Kalashnikov’s moral advantage, which the guardsman felt even before the start of the battle. Hearing the merchant’s name, Kiribeevich “turned pale in his face, like autumn snow,” because he understood his guilt before him and felt Kalashnikov’s determination to fight to the death.) Material from the site
4. Kalashnikov's courage before the Tsar and the nobility of the merchant.(Kalashnikov directly tells the tsar that he killed the guardsman “of his free will.” He does not tell him the reasons for his action, because he considers what happened to be his family’s business, and does not want to disgrace the name of his wife. But by his act he showed that a person must defend his honor and dignity at any circumstances, even against the will of the king and at the cost of life itself.)
The meaning of the poem for contemporaries.(The poem had great value not only for the poet’s contemporaries. She is expensive and to the modern reader the pathos of freedom, respect for man, for his honor and dignity.)