Literature in Russia in the second half of the 19th century. Literature of the second half of the 19th century

Lesson #14

Topic: “Review of Russian literature of the 2nd half of the 19th century”

Goals:

Review of an entire literary and historical era;

Show the main directions of development of literature in a given period;

Assess the contribution of literary figures of the era to the development of Russia;

Learn to collect and organize information;

Select material for messages.

Equipment: presentation on the topic, literature exhibition.

Progress of the lesson.

Teacher's lecture.

1. Socio-political and cultural-historical situation in Russia in the second half of the 19th century.

Slide1.

Teacher's opening speech. Today we will get acquainted with the features of history and cultural development Russia in the 2nd half of the 10th century. I would like to draw your attention to the epigraph (slide 2) - the words of N.G. Chernyshevsky, who spoke about the role of literature in this historical period So:

“Literature in our country still concentrates almost the entire mental life of the people, and therefore it has a direct duty to deal with such interests that in other countries have already passed, so to speak, into the special department of other areas of mental activity...”

Individual assignment Historical background. 1850s.

The eastern question occupied a special place in Russian politics during this period.

In 1853, a war began between Russia and Turkey. (slide 3) Feudal-serfdom, technically backward, with an army formed on the basis of conscription from an overwhelmingly illiterate population, Russia was unable to resist its enemies.

The main military operations took place directly on its territory, in Crimea. In October 1854, the Allies besieged Sevastopol.

Accession to the throne of Alexander II. (slide 4)

The new sovereign found himself at the head of a country tired of a bloody war. During the days of his coronation, many were granted freedom, including the Decembrists. There's been an awakening social thought. An intense search for a social ideal began in philosophy and literature, and the problem of uniting the nation and its spiritual unity became acute. These searches were especially active in the most influential ideological trends in Russian social thought - Slavophilism and Westernism.

(loving Slavs and loving Western ideas)

Individual task. Historical events of the 1860-1870s.

1861 – abolition of serfdom. Huge historical significance. Slavery was abolished, and opportunities arose for the development of market relations in the countryside. Russia has practically taken the capitalist path of development. (slide 5)

The turn of the 1860-1970s is the emergence of revolutionary populism.

(slide 6)

Teacher's word. The social struggle in Russia was reflected on the pages of numerous magazines. The magazine controversy has become a bright page in the historical and literary process in Russia.

The London one was extremely popularnewspaper "Bell"(1857-1867), which Herzen A.I. published together with Ogarev N.P. The newspaper criticized the reactionary aspirations of senior officials, the government and the entire political system Tsarist Russia. “The Bell” helped many to take a critical look at the reforms of Alexander II and the balance of socio-political forces in the country. (Lessons of Russian literature, Author - Bikulova I.A., Bryansk, 2003) (slide 7)

Sovremennik magazine(slide 8)

Talented publicist D.I. Pisarev and the magazine “Russian Word”(slide 9)

Many people debated Sovremennik and the Russian Word. Notable critics A. Druzhinin, V. Botkin, P. Annenkov believed that the artistic value of works is not related to the requirements of the social situation. Therefore, they were supporters only of “pure art”. Critics argued with Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov and Pisarev and assessed not the ideological orientation, but artistic features works. The main thing for them was the degree of talent of the author and “ eternal values" - God, love, beauty, mercy.

It was not easy for readers to understand magazine controversy and in conflicting assessments of the same work.

2.Features of the development of literature and art in the second half of the nineteenth century.

At this time exactly critical realism gave brilliant creative results. Realistic cultural traditions established the concept of a “golden age” in Russian art and literature. Gallery artistic images in the works of Dostoevsky and Tolstoy, Nekrasov and Turgenev, in the music of Tchaikovsky and Mussorgsky, in the paintings of Repin and Perov, Kramskoy and Surikov, in the Maly Theater of the times of Shchepkin and Ostrovsky, it was a kind of mirror, which reflected a kind of mirror, which reflected Russian reality.

Literature, painting, music, theater of the “golden age” purposefully affirmed aesthetics public life, which gave rise to a world of “humiliated and insulted” and a world of “superfluous people,” “typical images in typical circumstances.” But Russian art not only reflected the world around it, but transformed it. Russian art was closely connected with spiritual quests in public life.

(slide 10)

The 19th century is rightly called the golden age of Russian literature. Domestic literature has rapidly traveled a serious path, illuminated by the genius of A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy and A.P. Chekhov, the brilliance of the talent of the whole constellation of the greatest writers, has become one of the greatest literature world and had a significant impact on artistic culture of all humanity. It became the focus of the spiritual life of society, its conscience, and has always stood out for the intensity of its philosophical quests.

A grandiose panorama of life in Russia in the second half of the 19th century was created outstanding works: “Oblomov” by I.A. Goncharov, “The Thunderstorm” and “Dowry” by A.N. Ostrovsky, novels by I.S. Turgenev, “What to do?” N.G. Chernyshevsky, “The Past and Thoughts”, A.N. Herzen, “The History of a City” by Saltykov-Shchedrin M.E., “Crime and Punishment” by F.M. Dostoevsky, “Who Lives Well in Rus'” N. .A. Nekrasov, “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, stories by A.P. Chekhov, lyrics by F.I. Tyutchev, A.K. Tolstoy, A.A. Fet.

Main direction Russian literature became realism (slide 11)

The most relevant genre was the novel (slide 12)

Definition of a novel.

Wide varieties of the genre have become widespread: social, political, historical, philosophical, psychological, love, family, adventure, fantasy. The novel covered widely social conditions of human existence, penetrated deeply into inner world character. It was the novels that gained enormous resonance not only in Russia, but also abroad. Works by Tolstoy L.N., Dostoevsky F.M., Turgenev I.S. almost immediately transferred to foreign languages and enjoyed great success.

Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century ascended to the highest ideological and artistic level and reached a position that can be defined as the pinnacle of world art. (slide 13)

Student messages:

“The significance of P.I. Tchaikovsky’s work in Russian culture”

"The Mighty Handful" - a creative community of Russian composers"

“The importance of the Maly Theater in Russia”

“The significance of the “Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions in Russia”

Literature: “Lessons of Russian literature. Second half of the 19th century.”, Bryansk “Kursiv”, 2003

Individual assignment: messages on the biography of A.N. Ostrovsky.

Literature is the main fundamental thing in human life. What it reveals to any individual, what it is filled with, is simply unthinkable, because knowledge and cultural experience directly affects readers who dare to look into creative world poets and writers. Thanks to her, the people, in turn, could fight for their own freedom, eliminate terror and poverty. Historical significance literature is simply enormous, because Russian writers tried hard for it, creating magnificent works recognized over the years and centuries as masterpieces artistic creativity. Distinctive feature Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century is, first of all, a sophisticated language, unusual images, an excellent combination of certain words, deep experiences and suffering of heroes, difficulties, problems that, when posed in one or another work, were necessarily solved, answers were found.

Speaking about such a period, it is impossible not to mention the great creator who transformed Russian literature - Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. This is the master artistic word, this is a person sensitive to ordinary details, attentive, educated, and most importantly talented. He is known to everyone for his work: “Rudin”, and “On the Eve”, and “Fathers and Sons”, etc. In all his own stories and novels, Turgenev was able to put on paper his disturbing thoughts and questions that trouble his head, which are relevant and popular and to this day. Without a magnificent figure, literature would not be filled with such vivid and amazing works!

Chernyshevsky contributed no less to literature with his novel “What is to be done?” It talks about a social movement, about the struggle for freedom. The work repeatedly called for revolutionary action. Undoubtedly, there were those who could not accept the novel as something educational and outstanding, but all readers were able to see the period of devastation and radical change in the work. And for this, many thanks to Chernyshevsky.

How can you forget about Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov! It was he who managed to show people the decay of serfdom! He has only three works in his arsenal: the familiar “Oblomov”, the popular “ An ordinary story", the captivating "Precipice" - however, for so few, the writer breathed something new into literature, drawing vivid images of officials and landowners. With the help of Goncharov’s creativity, people discover the atmosphere of that time and encounter difficulties that are quite difficult to imagine without books.

During this period, literature admitted into its ranks the greatest creative figure, whose influence on the minds of people is simply enormous - Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky! A man who has faced many obstacles and tragedies in life. He outlined all the hardships of his own life in his works. “Poor People” are full of despair and hopelessness; defeat and compassion appear in the souls of readers when the book “The Brothers Karamazov” appears before their eyes; “Notes from dead house”, and the novel “Crime and Punishment” frightens and frightens the imagination. The images that Dostoevsky created appeared on the pages of books so vividly and alarmingly!

He denounced bribe-takers, dishonest people, hated liberals, hypocrites, and vain individuals. He was disliked by those who gathered people for their own needs. The person who did not dare to tolerate such things was Saltykov-Shchedrin - a wonderful writer, the author of stories that sank into the very soul. All emotions about that period of time were reflected in his works: the unsurpassed “Lord Golovlevs”, the mysterious and strange “History of the City of Foolov”. Saltykov-Shchedrin, through his own creativity, tried to convey to all readers that there are too many wealthy people and bigots on the planet. They were, are and will be. But this fact cannot be left aside. It is important to get acquainted with great stories, novels, analyze, and reflect on what you read. Then the minds of society will be enlightened, life will become simpler.

What about Nekrasov? Nikolai Alekseevich cannot be forgotten under any circumstances! Why? This is the singer of the Russian disadvantaged people, who with his own songs and poems calmed the hearts of people, helped in difficult moment. His work saved him from worries and stress, because Nekrasov wrote about the plight of the people as a whole, bringing into this or that poem something close to the soul itself! Who doesn’t know his great poems: “Who lives well in Rus',” which aroused the people’s complete trust in the unsurpassed writer! And still reading “Russian Women” brings tears to my eyes...

And the last one who cannot be removed from memory is the outstanding Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, whose creative abilities find their place closer to the end of the nineteenth century! It is he who owns the words known to every reader: “Brevity is the sister of talent.” The writer transformed the period of that time by creating unique works that were short in content. Accuracy, depiction of every detail, quickly getting into the atmosphere of what is happening - Chekhov was able to do all this. He easily managed to transport the reader into a certain story in a few words, without forgetting the story of the previous one. What did Anton Pavlovich show in his own works? He depicted the vulgarity of a person, clearly ridiculing it, showed the narrow outlook of individuals, typical images that combine negative qualities. All these images are in his stories: “Chameleon”, “Literature Teacher” and others. The list could take a long time, but it’s better to check it out for yourself!

Thus, the literature of this period is famous a large number writers who were great creators who made extraordinary contributions to the development creative direction! Don't forget what you dedicated your entire life to own life great people!

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(Symbol - from the Greek Symbolon - conventional sign)

The central place is given to the symbol*
The desire for a higher ideal prevails
A poetic image is intended to express the essence of a phenomenon
Characteristic reflection of the world in two planes: real and mystical
Sophistication and musicality of verse

The founder was D. S. Merezhkovsky, who in 1892 gave a lecture “On the causes of the decline and on new trends in modern Russian literature” (article published in 1893). Symbolists are divided into older ones ((V. Bryusov, K. Balmont, D. Merezhkovsky, 3. Gippius, F. Sologub made their debut in the 1890s) and younger ones (A. Blok, A. Bely, Vyach. Ivanov and others made their debut in the 1900s)

Acmeism

(From the Greek “acme” - point, highest point). The literary movement of Acmeism arose in the early 1910s and was genetically connected with symbolism. (N. Gumilyov, A. Akhmatova, S. Gorodetsky, O. Mandelstam, M. Zenkevich and V. Narbut.) The formation was influenced by M. Kuzmin’s article “On Beautiful Clarity,” published in 1910. In a programmatic article in 1913, “The Legacy of Acmeism and Symbolism,” N. Gumilyov called symbolism a “worthy father,” but emphasized that the new generation had developed a “courageously firm and clear outlook on life.”

Focus on classical poetry of the 19th century
Acceptance of the earthly world in its diversity and visible concreteness
Objectivity and clarity of images, precision of details
In rhythm, the Acmeists used dolnik (Dolnik is a violation of the traditional

Futurism

Futurism - from lat. futurum, future. Genetically, literary futurism is closely connected with the avant-garde groups of artists of the 1910s - primarily with the groups “Jack of Diamonds”, “Donkey’s Tail”, “Youth Union”. In 1909 in Italy, the poet F. Marinetti published the article “Manifesto of Futurism.” In 1912, the manifesto “A Slap in the Face of Public Taste” was created by Russian futurists: V. Mayakovsky, A. Kruchenykh, V. Khlebnikov: “Pushkin is more incomprehensible than hieroglyphs.” Futurism began to disintegrate already in 1915-1916.

Rebellion, anarchic worldview
Denial of cultural traditions
Experiments in the field of rhythm and rhyme, figurative arrangement of stanzas and lines
Active word creation

Imagism

From lat. imago - image A literary movement in Russian poetry of the 20th century, whose representatives stated that the purpose of creativity is to create an image. Basics means of expression Imagists - metaphor, often metaphorical chains that compare various elements of two images - direct and figurative. Imagism arose in 1918, when the “Order of Imagists” was founded in Moscow. The creators of the “Order” were Anatoly Mariengof, Vadim Shershenevich and Sergei Yesenin, who was previously part of the group of new peasant poets

In the second half of the nineteenth century, Russian literature and culture flourished. In the public life of the country during this period there are important events: Crimean War, numerous peasant unrest, abolition of serfdom, the formation of capitalism. In general, social relations overcome a certain bar, a certain level, after which a return to the recent past seems impossible. First of all, this concerns attitudes towards a person, his problems, without distinction between categories and classes. The process of formation of the “new man”, his social and moral self-awareness begins. It is not surprising that such aspirations made realism the main direction in Russian literature by the mid-19th century, through which the principles of depicting reality were developed. His new stage was closely associated with an attempt to penetrate in detail into the depths of human feelings and relationships. The authors demonstrate a desire not only to convey their emotions through characters, but also to reveal the main causes of social evil. As a result, authors are increasingly turning to folk themes in their works; the image of a peasant, a peasant, is becoming one of the main ones in fiction. The traditions of realism laid down by Lermontov, Pushkin, Gogol are being consolidated, and their works in many ways become a standard for new authors. Critical reviews of works acquire considerable significance and weight. This was largely due to the activities of Chernyshevsky, including his dissertation “Aesthetic Relations of Art to Reality.” It is impossible not to remember that it was at this time that a significant event took place: in Russian Empire canceled serfdom, which of course is reflected in fiction. The desire for further reforms on this basis led to controversy and the emergence of two camps: liberals and democrats. The former proposed political and economic reforms to gradually change social relations, the latter insisted on immediate, radical changes, usually through revolutionary processes. Dobrolyubov, Herzen, Nekrasov, Chernyshevsky, among others, belonged to the democratic camp, and Dostoevsky, Turgenev, Druzhinin, Leskov adhered to liberal views. As a rule, the exchange of views and ideas was carried out through polemics on the pages literary magazines. Also in the literature there are disputes between supporters of “pure art” and adherents of the “Gogolian” movement, and later - between “soilists” and “Westerners”. Under the influence of the ideology of commoners, ideas develop “ real criticism", the problem of a positive hero is raised. The creative searches of realist writers lead to new artistic discoveries, enrichment of the novel genre, and strengthening of psychologism. In the second half of the 19th century, a whole galaxy of talented Russian writers appeared: F.M. Dostoevsky (Poor people, Crime and Punishment), I.S. Turgenev (Fathers and Sons, Notes of a Hunter), I.A. Goncharov (Ordinary history, Oblomov, Precipice), A.N. Ostrovsky (Thunderstorm, Not everything is Maslenitsa for the cat, Lack of dowry, Our own people - we will be numbered), N.A. Nekrasov (Princess Volkonskaya, Who Lives Well in Rus'), M.E. Saltykov - Shchedrin (The History of a City, Lord Golovlev, Poshekhon Antiquity), L.N. Tolstoy (War and Peace), A.P. Chekhov (Novel of a Doctor, Novel of a Reporter, Ward No. 6, Death of an Official, Melancholy, Vanka, The Cherry Orchard).

1. Indicate the writers of the second half of the 19th century whose titles of works contain opposition.

A) A.N. Ostrovsky, I.S. Turgenev, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

B) I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy

B) I.A. Goncharov, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.P. Chekhov

G) L.N. Tolstoy, N.S. Leskov, I.S. Turgenev

2. In the work of which poet was the impressionistic style of depiction first used?

A) N.A. Nekrasov B) A.A. Fet

B) F.I. Tyutchev D) A.K. Tolstoy

A) A. N. Ostrovsky “The Thunderstorm” B) L. N. Tolstoy “The Living Corpse”

B) F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment” G) N. S. Leskov “Lady Macbeth...”

4.Which artistic technique used by the author in this passage: “Blessed is the gentle poet, // In whom there is little bile, a lot of feeling // Greetings to him so sincere // Friends of calm art..”

A) allegory B) antithesis

B) metaphor D) hyperbole

5.Name the main criteria for assessing personality in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”.

A) pride and pride B) naturalness and morality

B) nobility and kindness D) generosity and courage

6.Which of the Russian writers was sentenced to hard labor?

A) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin B) F.M. Dostoevsky

B) A.I. Herzen D) N.A. Nekrasov

7.What literary type is depicted in the image of the Wild (A.N. Ostrovsky “The Thunderstorm”)?

A) type " little man» B) tyrant

B) type " extra person» D)romantic hero

A) I.A. Goncharov B) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

B) N.A. Nekrasov D) A.P. Chekhov

9.Indicate what position the author occupies in the epic novel “War and Peace”.

A) participant in ongoing events

B) a person who deeply experiences and comments on the events described

B) dispassionate observer

D) a narrator who interrupts the story to tell the reader about himself

10.Indicate the name of the regiment in which Nikolai Rostov served (L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”).

A) Preobrazhensky B) Izmailovsky

B) Pavlogradsky D) Semenovsky

11.What type of literature became dominant in the second half of the 19th century?

A) lyrics B) epic

B) drama D) lyric-epic

12.Indicate which of the Russian writers spoke about the need to “squeeze the slave out of yourself drop by drop.”

A) I.A. Goncharov B) L.N. Tolstoy

B) A.P. Chekhov D) F.M. Dostoevsky

13. In the work of which writer is the type of “little man” first shown?

A) Samson Vyrin in “ Stationmaster» A.S. Pushkin

B) Akakiy Akakievich in “The Overcoat” by N.V. Gogol

B) Maxim Maksimych in “Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov

D) Captain Tushin in “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy

14. Agafya Pshenitsyna is the heroine:

A) the novel by I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”

B) F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” G

B) I. A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”

D) L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”

A) A.S. Pushkin B) F.I. Tyutchev

B) N.A. Nekrasov D) A.A. Fet

16.Which of the heroes of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky asked the question “Am I a trembling creature or do I have the right”?

A) Sonya Marmeladova B) R. Raskolnikov

B) Pyotr Luzhin D) Lebezyatnikov

17. Indicate which of the Russian poets owns the poem “I met you - and all the past ...”

A) N.A. Nekrasov B) F.I. Tyutchev

B) A.S. Pushkin D) A.A. Fet

18.Name the “happy” person in N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”

A) Savely B) Matryona Korchagina

B) Grigory Dobroslonov D) Ermil Girin

19.Indicate what the teacher Belikov taught, a character in the story “The Man in a Case” by A.P. Chekhov.

A) geography B) literature

B) Greek language D) God's law

20. In the novel “War and Peace” there is goodies who have reached the pinnacle of moral and spiritual development. One of them is Kutuzov, the other is

A) Pierre Bezukhov B) Andrey Bolkonsky

B) Platon Karataev D) Vasily Denisov

21.What mistakes did Raskolnikov make (F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”) during the murder of the old woman?

A) forgot to close the apartment door B) left his hat at the crime scene

B) forgot to take the crime weapon D) got dirty in blood

22.The genre definition of “epic novel” means:

A) a novel about ideological and moral quests individuals associated with the fate of the nation

B) a novel in which not one, but several central characters, and among other characters there are historical figures

B) a novel dedicated to historical event influencing the fate of the country

23. The turning point in the life of Ivan Flyagin (N.S. Leskov “The Enchanted Wanderer”) comes when

A) he recognizes himself as a great sinner and wants to atone for his guilt through suffering

B) he renounces faith and stops praying

C) because of his fault a person dies

24. The following character is not related to the story “The Man in a Case” by A.P. Chekhov

A) Gurov B) Kovalenko

B) Burkin D) Belikov

Literature in Russia in the second half of the 19th century. Literature of the second half of the 19th century

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