Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. “Who can live well in Rus'? Nekrasov chose not an individual person as the hero of his poem, but the entire people, the entire “peasant kingdom.” “Who lives well in Rus'”

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a great Russian poet of the 19th century. The epic poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” brought him great fame. This work was written over 20 years. The poem widely covers folk life. Nekrasov wanted to depict all social strata in it: from the peasant to the tsar. But, unfortunately, the poem was never finished - the death of the poet prevented it. Peasant theme occupies the main place in the poem. In it Nekrasov shows suffering ordinary people, their lack of rights, helplessness, inability to stand up for themselves.

Main problem, main question The poem is already clearly visible in its title: “Who lives well in Rus'.” Nekrasov is disturbed by the thought of the impossibility of living like this any longer, of the difficult peasant lot, of a hungry existence. The poet shows the poverty, rudeness and drunkenness of the peasants. The beginning of the poem - with the names of the province, district, volost, villages - shows the reader the plight of the people. The bitter fate of the temporarily obliged men who met on the public road is the cause of the dispute about happiness. After arguing, seven peasants go to long journey in search of happiness. But no matter who they meet, everywhere instead happy life They saw backbreaking labor, great grief, immeasurable suffering.

Matryona Timofeevna, the hero Savely, Yakim Nagoy, Ermil Girin, seven truth-seekers - all of them do not put up with their hungry existence, the author treats them with undisguised sympathy. Each of them has their own task in life, their own reason for “searching for the truth.” But they all together say that Rus' has already awakened and come to life. Truth-seekers see such happiness for the Russian people:

I don't need any silver

Not gold, but give, Lord,

So that my fellow countrymen

And every peasant

Lived freely and cheerfully

All over holy Rus'!

Truly happy people Nekrasov names those who can stand up for themselves and for the honor of others. Grisha Dobrosklonov is a freedom fighter for whom “fate was preparing a glorious path, a big name people's defender, consumption and Siberia.” Hungry childhood and harsh youth brought him closer to the people, determined life path:

About fifteen years old

Gregory already knew for sure

What will live for happiness

Squalid and dark

Native corner.

Grisha fought for peasant interests, for all the “offended” and “humiliated”. He doesn't need wealth. Grisha gives his whole life to serving the people and their happiness, their future. Grigory Dobrosklonov follows a difficult and thorny path. True happiness awaits a person there.

I believe that the main question of the poem: “Who lives well in Rus'?” - you can answer: fighters for the happiness of the people.

All people live differently. Some are rich, some are poor; some are strong, some are weak. Fate gives someone pleasant surprises, turns away from someone. It cannot be in the world that everyone lives well. Someone has to suffer. And this cruel law of our complex life has always worried people. Among them - great Russian writer Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. “Who lives happily and freely in Rus'?” - this question is asked by the heroes of his famous epic poem to everyone who meets them on the way.

The heroes of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” are not officials, not rich people, not merchants, but simple peasants. Nekrasov chose them to clarify this issue because it is they who do not live happily or at ease. They see nothing but work from morning to night, poverty, hunger and cold. From the very beginning of the poem, Nekrasov argues that peasants are not those who bask in happiness. And this is true.

And who, according to the peasants, lives without knowing grief? This is a landowner, an official, a priest, a “fat-bellied merchant,” a boyar, a minister of sovereignty, a tsar. But are our heroes right? Is life really so rosy for these people? Both the priest and the landowner claim the opposite. In their opinion, they are barely making ends meet. Maybe they are telling the truth, but not the whole truth. Is it possible to compare the life of a peasant with the life of a landowner, even the “poorest” one? Of course not. How more people has, the more he needs. For a landowner, for example, a big house, an abundance of food, three horses, and servants are not enough. He needs more: so that “every grass whispers: “I’m yours!” Do peasants really have such desires?! For them, a piece of bread is joy.

Everyone understands happiness differently. Most are in wealth, and some are in bringing happiness to others. And such people, in my opinion, are truly happy. To live well, you need to help other people. You must be honest, kind, selfless. But there are very few such people, but still they exist. This, for example, is Grisha Dobrosklonov, the hero of the poem:

Fate had in store for him

The path is glorious, the name is loud

People's Defender...

Nekrasov claims that Grisha will be happy because he does a lot for the good of the people, supports them, and instills faith. And his kindness cannot go unnoticed. Maybe that's why our wanderers couldn't find it for so long happy person that they met selfish people along the way? But this cannot be said about everyone. For example, Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina is a kind, hardworking woman. And the men themselves cannot be called bad. But what is happiness anyway? How to become happy? As they say, a person is the architect of his own happiness. We must achieve it. And if it doesn’t work out, then that means that’s fate. And nothing can be done about it.

The poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is the pinnacle of N.A.’s creativity. Nekrasova. This is a work about the people, their life, work and struggle. It took fourteen years to create, but Nekrasov never completed it.

This poem is called an encyclopedia folk life, since in it the poet widely presented pictures of life Russia XIX century, showed the changes that occurred in the country after the abolition of serfdom. The main problem of this work is formulated already in its title - the problem of happiness. In search of an answer to the question “who lives happily and at ease in Rus',” seven peasants set off on a journey...

They ask everyone they meet on the way a question about happiness. Gradually, from individual stories of the “lucky ones” the answer to the main question is formed, with each new meeting the understanding of happiness is clarified and filled with new meaning. Already at the beginning of the poem it is outlined that happiness has not only a material side. The peasants looked for the happy not only among the rich and noble, but also among the people.

In the chapter “Happy”, not only wanderers, but the entire people are looking for the “happy”. One after another, the peasants appear in response to the call, and the entire “crowded square” listens to them. However, the men did not recognize any of the storytellers as happy:

Hey, man's happiness!

Leaky with patches,

Humpbacked with calluses...

Popular rumor led wanderers to Matryona Timofeevna. After telling them about her life, Matryona said that she did not consider herself happy. It is no coincidence that she ends her story like this:

The keys to women's happiness,

From our free will,

Abandoned, lost

From God himself!

It seems to me that as the plot develops, the poem gives a detailed answer to the question of happiness. Happiness is a multifaceted concept: it is peace, honor, prosperity, freedom, and self-esteem. Each person experiences happiness in their own way. At the end of the poem, the wanderers are convinced that there are no happy ones among the masters. But they have the wealth that the peasants do not have! Men continue to look for “happy” among the people. And in the light of their new ideas about happiness, Grisha Dobrosklonov turns out to be happy. He has no wealth, no peace, but he has a noble goal. Gregory knew for sure “to whom he would give his whole life and for whom he would die.” This goal makes him happy, gives him strength and self-confidence.

To feel happy, in my opinion, you need to be able to understand not only your life, but also the lives of other people. I think that life is truly good for those who follow the “honest path,” who take the path of fighting for the happiness of the people.

“Who Lives Well in Rus'” is an epic poem, the final work of Nekrasov. The fate of the people, the fate of the Motherland - the poet pondered these questions. The poem widely covers folk life. Nekrasov wanted to depict all social strata in it: from the peasant to the tsar. But, unfortunately, the poem was never finished.

The main character of the poem is the people. Nekrasov describes the life, beliefs, dreams, and work of peasants. Seven wanderers from poor villages set off to look for a happy man in Rus'. The dispute between men about “who lives happily and freely in Rus'” speaks of the people’s desire for truth. The idea of the difficult peasant lot, ruin, and the impossibility of continuing to live like this runs through the entire poem. The poet does not soften the colors, showing poverty, rudeness, prejudice and drunkenness in peasant life.

The situation of the people is clearly depicted by the names of those places where the wandering peasants come from: Terpigorev county, Pustoporozhnaya volost, the villages of Zaplatovo, Dyryavino, Znobishino, Gorelovo, Neelovo. The poem vividly depicts the joyless, powerless, hungry life of the peasants. “A peasant’s happiness,” says the poet, “holey with patches, hunchbacked with calluses!”

The author supports those peasants who do not put up with their existence. It is not the meek and submissive who are close to the poet, but the rebellious and courageous, such as Savely, the “hero of Holy Russia,” whose behavior speaks of the awakening consciousness of the peasants, of protest against their oppression. Nekrasov wrote about the dispossessed peasants of his country with pain and anger; he could not come to terms with such a present of the Motherland.

The poet believed that the future of Russia belongs to people like Grisha Dobrosklonov. That is, those who put public interests above personal ones, give their lives to serve the people, their happiness:

Gregory already knew for sure

Who will he give his whole life to?

And for whom he will die.

Happy in Rus' are only those people who say:

I don't need any silver

Not gold, but give, Lord,

So that my fellow countrymen

And every peasant

Lived freely and cheerfully

All over holy Rus'!

In the image of Grisha, Nekrasov paints a freedom fighter, a revolutionary. The poet believes in hidden forces of his people and looks forward with hope and faith. Each of the heroes of the poem has its own task in life, but the true goal, according to Nekrasov, is the fight for the happiness of the Russian people. This is exactly the goal that Grisha Dobrosklonov set himself, and this goal makes him happy.

There is a lot of melancholy and sadness in the poem, there are a lot of human tears and grief in it. But there is also something that calls for an insane feat, for a fight. And happy is the one who dares to do this feat, who sacrifices himself for the people.

In my opinion, the work “Who Lives Well in Rus'” can be called a “people's book”, which describes the difficult life of a peasant. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was one of the first Russian poets who seriously dealt with the problem of peasant life.

Nekrasov began creating the poem in 1863 and worked on it until last days of your life. This is one of the most significant works of his life. But the poem was never finished. The question that the wanderers were supposed to answer remains relevant even today. Even in its unfinished form, the poem is a great work. It widely covers the events of people's life, it raises the main issues of that time. The poem reflects peasant joys and sorrows, and most importantly, hope for the best.

To answer the wanderers' question, we must carefully consider the content of the entire poem. On their way, the men meet many people. But they are all different! Each of them understands their happiness in their own way.

The first person the wanderers met was the priest. He answered their question like this:

What do you think is happiness?

Peace, wealth, honor -

Isn't that right, dear friends?

But the priest was not truly happy. Many priests understood that they were a burden for the peasantry, because life was not easy for the people even without them. And the men understood this. Ermila Girin has a completely different “happiness”. He fought for the truth all his life. He was loved and protected by the peasants. But even a person like Yermila ends up in prison during a riot, and it’s not difficult to guess how his future life turned out.

But even among the noble landowners, our men did not find “happy” ones.

They feel that their time is running out:

They're calling!.. Oh, life is wide!

Sorry, goodbye forever!

Farewell to landowner Rus'!

This is what the landowner says, recalling his past, when they “lived like Christ in his bosom.” All the fields and forests in the area belonged to them. But the landowners cannot change themselves, they cannot change their way of life.

There is no happiness in life for peasant women either. Their whole life is backbreaking work from morning to evening:

The keys to women's happiness,

From our free will,

Abandoned, lost

From God himself!

I share Nekrasov’s opinion that the only happy person in the entire poem was Grisha Dobrosklonov. He is still very young, but already dreams of people's happiness, as of his own, personal happiness.

A people's defender was maturing in Grisha. He knows that his life, the life of a fighter for justice, will not be easy. Strong in spirit, freedom-loving, he follows a difficult, honest path; Only those people who know the value of life walk along it.

The image of Grigory Dobrosklonov is the embodiment of Nekrasov’s lofty thoughts that only a fighter can be truly happy in Russia.

The poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is one of best works N.A. Nekrasova. This is proven by the variety of images, interesting plot, bright and complete speech. In his work, Nekrasov seeks the answer to the question: “Are the people happy?”

The poem begins with:

On the sidewalk

Seven men came together...

They came together and argued:

Who has fun?

Free in Rus'?

Among the “happy” ones, according to the men, were a priest, a landowner, an official, a merchant, a noble boyar, a minister and a tsar. In order not to argue, the peasants decided to “set out on a little path” and find out who lives happily.

I think that at the beginning of the journey, the men believed that happiness was wealth, luxury and fame.

On the way, the wanderers meet many people and each one is asked only one question: is he happy? After meeting with the priest and the landowner, the peasants realize that they are looking for happiness not where it is. After all, as I believe, happy is not the person who has material happiness, but the one who is spiritually enriched and free.

The first significant hero of the poem whom the men met was Yakim Nagoy. He is a man of strong peasant character, he appears before the reader as the son of mother earth:

The chest is sunken; as if pressed in

Stomach; at the eyes, at the mouth

Bends like cracks

On dry ground;

And to Mother Earth myself

He looks like...

A story happens to him that proves that for Yakim money was not the main thing in life. During the fire, he saves not his savings, but the pictures that he bought for his son. This means that his happiness was in them.

Yermil Girin was also happy, but in his own way. He had everything: money, honor, peace of mind. But he sacrifices all this for the sake of the truth, and he is sent to prison.

Matrena Timofeevna is the heroine of the poem, who embodies the fate of Russian women, best qualities feminine character:

dignified woman,

Wide and dense

About thirty years old.

Beautiful; gray streaked hair,

The eyes are large, strict,

The richest eyelashes,

Severe and dark...

She tells travelers about her life. Having learned the severity of serfdom and the sorrows of life, she kept human soul and spiritual beauty. But Matryona’s story is not only about her own fate, but about the whole people. Matryona Timofeevna's happiness lies in the fact that she is disobedient to fate.

The image of Grisha Dobrosklonov reveals the meaning of the entire poem. This is a fighter who opposes this way of life. His happiness is in freedom, in his own and in others. He will try to do everything so that the people of Rus' are no longer in captivity.

I think that every person should be free, and therefore happy.

The crowning achievement of the work of the great Russian poet Nekrasov is his poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” The poet described the life of peasants after the abolition of serfdom. Love for native land always tormented, tormented and burned Nekrasov. The poet understands that in life you have to fight for what is dear to you and never give up. He worries about peasant Rus', experiences its pain and hardships. This supports the poet, warms his soul.

The main character of Nekrasov's work is the peasantry. To answer the question of Nekrasov’s wanderers: “Who lives happily and freely in Rus'?” - you need to follow the entire content of the poem carefully. Nekrasov looks at the landowners through the eyes of the peasants without any idealization or sympathy, drawing their images. How many people look for their happiness in the little things in life, without thinking about real happiness. Many people believe that it is impossible to be happy while living in poverty. What if you look deeper into a person’s soul? See him inner world, his concept of life, his attitude towards people, towards his homeland? In the poem, Nekrasov’s wanderers met a Russian woman, Matryona Timofeevna, whom the peasants considered happy. All her happiness lay in her work, in family relationships. Is this happiness? And Grigory Dobrosklonov was actually a happy man. His life's path was difficult, but glorious. This path can only be taken strong people. This is how a person can find true happiness. Only fighters for the happiness of the people can live well and freely. This is the meaning of the poem.

He (Grisha) heard in his chest

Your strength, immense,

The sounds of grace delighted his ears,

The radiant sounds of the noble hymn -

He sang the embodiment of people's happiness.

Nekrasov connects the fate of the people with the union of different classes. How to bridge the existing gap between them?

What a pity that there are so few people who truly live happily. We must strive to ensure that future generations can live better lives.

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Russian writers

Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” tells the reader about the fate of the most different people. And these fates, for the most part, are strikingly tragic. There are no happy people in Rus'; everyone’s life is equally hard and miserable. And therefore, reflecting on what you read, you feel sad.

Yakim Nagoy is one of the men whom wanderers have to encounter on their journey. The first lines that speak about this man are striking in their hopelessness:

In the village of Bosovo Yakim

lives naked

He works himself to death

He drinks until he's half dead!..

The life story of Yakim Nagogo is very simple and tragic. He once lived in St. Petersburg, but went bankrupt and went to prison. After that, he returned to the village, his homeland, and began inhumanly hard, exhausting work.

It's been roasting for thirty years since then

On the strip under the sun,

He escapes under the harrow

From frequent rain,

He lives and tinkers with the plow,

And death will come to Yakimushka -

As the lump of earth falls off,

What's stuck on the plow...

These lines speak about the life of a simple man, whose only occupation and at the same time the meaning of his existence is hard work. This is precisely the lot that was typical for the bulk of the peasant people - the absence of all joys except the one that drunkenness can give. That is why Yakim drinks until he is “half dead.”

The poem describes an episode that seems very strange and causes great surprise to the reader. Yakim bought it for his son beautiful pictures and hung them on the wall in the hut.

And he himself is no less than a boy

I loved looking at them.

But suddenly the whole village caught fire, and Yakim needed to save his simple wealth - the accumulated thirty-five rubles. But first of all he began to take pictures. His wife rushed to remove icons from the walls. And so it turned out that the rubles “merged into one lump.”

During a fire, a person first saves what is most dear to him. What was most valuable to Yakim was not the money accumulated through incredibly hard work, but pictures. Looking at the pictures was his only joy, so he couldn't let them burn. The human soul cannot be content with a gray and miserable existence, in which there is only room for work that is exhausting to the point of impotence. The soul requires the beautiful, the sublime, and the pictures, strange as it may sound, seemed to be a symbol of something unattainable, distant, but at the same time inspiring hope, for a moment allowing you to forget about the wretched reality.

A description of Yakima’s appearance cannot but evoke compassion and pity:

The master looked at the plowman:

The chest is sunken; as if pressed in

Stomach; at the eyes, at the mouth

Bends like cracks

On dry ground;

And to Mother Earth myself

He looks like: brown neck,

Like a layer cut off by a plow,

Brick face

Hand - tree bark,

And the hair is sand.

The reader is presented with an emaciated man who has practically no strength or health left. Everything, absolutely everything, was taken away from him by work. He has nothing good in his life, which is why he is drawn to drunkenness:

The word is true:

We should drink!

We drink - it means we feel strong!

Great sadness will come,

How can we stop drinking!..

Work wouldn't stop me

Trouble would not prevail

Hops will not overcome us!

The image of Yakim Nagoy shows the whole tragedy of the existence of a simple man, he is a symbol of hopelessness and hopelessness, and this is exactly what the author is talking about when drawing these pictures.

The image of Yermil Girin differs from the image of Yakim Nagogo. If Yakim shows complete submission to fate, there is not even the slightest hint of resistance, then Yermil appears to the reader stronger, he is trying to somehow change his own joyless life.

Yermil had a mill. Not God knows what kind of wealth, but Yermil could have lost that too. During the auction, when Yermil honestly tried to win back his own property, he needed a large sum of money. Yermil asks for only half an hour, during which time he promises to bring money - a huge amount. The man turned out to be so resourceful that he went to the square and made a request to all the honest people. And since it was a market day, many people heard Ermil. He asked people for money, promising to repay the debt soon.

And a miracle happened -

Throughout the market square

Every peasant has

Like the wind, half left

Suddenly it turned upside down!

The peasantry forked out

They bring money to Yermil,

They give to those who are rich in what.

Nekrasov describes an atypical case. A person asks for help, and they absolutely help him. strangers. The wanderers, having heard such a story, are very surprised why the people responded to Yermil’s request. And they hear in response that Girin is an absolutely amazing person. He for a long time worked as a clerk, helped everyone, demanding nothing in return:

The little guy was twenty years old.

What is the scribe's will?

However, for the peasant

And the clerk is a man.

You approach him first,

And he will advise

And he will make inquiries;

Where there is enough strength, it will help out,

Doesn't ask for gratitude

And if you give it, he won’t take it!

Thanks to this attitude towards people, Yermil was elected mayor, despite his youth. He was fair and never allowed deception or meanness. Only once did Yermil make a mistake. He wanted to save his brother from the conscription, so he sent the son of a poor peasant woman to become a soldier. But this act makes him repent, it resonates with pain in his soul:

Ermil himself,

Having finished recruiting,

I began to feel sad, sad,

Doesn't drink, doesn't eat; that's how it ended

What's in the stall with the rope

His father found him.

Here the son repented to his father:

“Ever since Vlasyevna’s son

I didn't put it in the queue

I hate the white light!”

Why does Yermil suffer so much? Any unrighteous, unjust act seems to him a crime. This shows nobility common man. After Girin corrected his mistake, he resigned from his position.

The image of Yermil Girin is no less tragic, but evokes the respect and admiration of the reader. In such incredibly difficult conditions in which he is forced to live, he manages to demonstrate such positive traits of his character, such as nobility, honesty, kindness, compassion.

The images of Yermil Girin and Yakim Nagoy show the reader that, despite the difference in character and attitude to life, a simple person is submissive to fate and does not even try to protest. Yakim Nagoy lives in the narrow confines of his little world, in which there is only room for work and drunkenness. Yermil Girin is honest, decent, smart, but accepts all the rules of the world around him. The life of the common people instills in the reader a feeling of hopelessness and bitterness for the humiliation, disasters and suffering of the Russian people.

Questions and tasks for discussing “Prologue”
1. What is the essence of the dispute between the men? Why did they decide to go in search of a happy one during the important time of spring suffering for the peasant? 2. What oath do they take at the end of the “Prologue”? 3. What folklore motives appear in the Prologue? 4. What objective realities, names speak about the difficult life of a peasant in post-reform period? (Pay attention to the names of villages, volosts, provinces; indications that the peasants were not always well-fed and clothed, that they had to experience the predatory nature of the peasant reform, etc.)
5. What meaning does the path motif take on in the Prologue?

Questions and tasks for discussing the chapter “Pop”
1. What meaning is revealed in the fact that the chapter opens with a picture of a “wide path”?
2. Can we consider that the image of Rus' constantly accompanies the wanderings of men and is a kind of “hero” of the poem? Support your opinions with text.
3. Why does the priest himself consider himself unhappy? Is this so? Retell and read the passages
4. How does the chapter portray the situation of the peasants? What troubles befall them?
5. What words and expressions paint figurative pictures of the life of the priest and peasants? What is the author's attitude towards them?
6. Did the men find happiness in this chapter? Why are not only men unhappy in post-reform times, but also priests?

Questions and tasks for discussing the chapter “ Rural fair»
1. What life circumstances, according to Nekrasov, prevented the peasants from being happy?
2. How do you see Pavlusha Veretennikov? What is his lifestyle? What author's characteristics of this image did you notice? What is its compositional role in the chapter?

4. What mood does the chapter evoke? Why, despite adversity, did the Russian peasant not consider himself unhappy? What features of the Russian peasant do the author admire?
5. How is the folklore flavor of the poem reflected in the chapter?

Theme: The diversity of peasant types in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” Problems of Nekrasov’s comprehension popular revolt. Images of landowners and their ideological meaning. Pre-reform and post-reform Russia. Theme of social and spiritual slavery.

WE WORK IN GROUPS ACCORDING TO A PLAN

Plan for analyzing the image of a peasant

1. What is the name of the hero? How old is he? What is it like appearance?
2. What is its story? What troubles and hardships befell him?
3. How does the hero talk about life, what does he accept and what does he deny in the peasant way of life?
4. What moral qualities does the author give to the hero? How do you feel about him?
5. What is the hero’s idea of happiness, of the paths that lead to it?
6. Why didn’t the wanderers recognize the hero as happy?
7. Can you notice the meaning in the hero’s speaking surname?
8. What is the semantic role of folklore elements in the chapters about heroes?
In addition, each group can be asked special questions that clarify the meaning of each of the images of peasants in the poem and help generalize their observations.
Group 1(………). Yakim Nagoy. (Part I, chapter 3.)
1. How are the contradictions of the “people's soul” reflected in the image of Yakim Nagoy?
2. How does this image help the reader understand that judging a people’s grief or joy can only be done from within the people’s way of life?
Group 2……) Ermila Girin. (Part I, chapter 4.)
1. How were the moral principles of the people reflected in the duel between the peasant and the merchant Altynnikov?
2. How does the image of Ermila Girin show the mechanism of “peasant democracy” based on moral laws and norms of conscience?
Group 3.(…..) Savely, Holy Russian hero. (Part III, Chapter 3.)
1. Describe the utopian country called Korezhina, from which Savely came. What are Savely’s strengths and weaknesses?

2-Why is the story about Savely narrated by Matryona Timofeevna and why is Savely’s own story about his life included in it?
3. How can we understand Savely’s aphorism: “To not endure is an abyss, to endure is an abyss”? How do the concepts of “freedom” and “slavery” correlate in his mind?
Group 4.(…….) Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina. (Part III, prologue, chapters 1, 2.)
1. Why does Matryona Timofeevna condemn the men for their wanderings during the peasant harvest? What is peasant labor for Matryona? Why does she talk about him using words with diminutive suffixes?
2. How was she raised before marriage and why did she accept Philip Korchagin’s proposal? What was her life like in her husband's house?
Group 5.(……..) Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina. (Part III, ch. 4-8.)
1. What kind of torment did Matryona endure in connection with the death of her son Demushka? In what way is her image consonant with “The Virgin Mary’s Walk through Torment”? Prove that the description of her life resembles a hagiography.
2. What does the author see as the moral feat of the peasant woman?

3. Prepare an expressive reading and make observations on the features of Matryona Timofeevna’s speech. Find arguments in the text that indicate the inconsistency of her character.

Conclusion. The peasants of post-reform Russia understand that they live unhappily and who is to blame for their plight, but this does not prevent them from maintaining their inner dignity, honesty, sense of humor and their inner rightness. The fate of women in Rus' has always been especially difficult, so the chapter “Peasant Woman” is given a special place in the poem. All the heroes protest against the current way of life, they are capable of fighting, they have the will and energy. The image of Yakim Nagogo shows spontaneous protest, while other characters are capable of conscious struggle. The strength of Ermila Girin lies in her connections with the people’s community, and in her inner freedom and unbrokenness lies the charm of Savely’s appearance, which even hard labor did not force him to resign himself to. The image of Matryona Timofeevna is a symbol of the wisdom, hard work, and patience of a Russian woman. She bears within herself the traits of a great martyr, capable of backbreaking work and spiritual humility. She believes that her fate is “happier” than others, despite all the trials, since her life is improved by the kind governor Elena Alexandrovna. The author's attitude towards the images of peasants does not evoke pity in the reader; the poet admires his heroes and believes that they are capable of participating in the peasant revolution.

Subject: Satirical image landowners in the poem.

Essays on literature: My answer to the question of Nekrasov’s wanderers.

Nikolai Alekseevich is a great Russian poet of the 19th century. The epic poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” brought him great fame. This work was written over 20 years. The poem widely covers folk life. Nekrasov wanted to depict all social strata in it: from the peasant to the tsar. But, unfortunately, the poem was never finished - the death of the poet prevented it. The peasant theme occupies the main place in the poem. In it, Nekrasov shows the suffering of ordinary people, their lack of rights, helplessness, and inability to stand up for themselves.

The main problem, the main question of the poem is already clearly visible in its title: “Who can live well in Rus'?” Nekrasov is disturbed by the thought of the impossibility of living like this any longer, of the difficult peasant lot, of a hungry existence. The poet shows the poverty, rudeness and drunkenness of the peasants. The beginning of the poem - with the names of the province, district, volost, villages - shows the reader the plight of the people. The bitter fate of the temporarily obliged men who met on the public road is the cause of the dispute about happiness. After arguing, seven peasants set off on a long journey in search of happiness. But no matter who they met, instead of a happy life they saw backbreaking work, great grief, and immeasurable suffering.

I don't need any silver

Not gold, but give, Lord,

So that my fellow countrymen

And every peasant

Lived freely and cheerfully

All over holy Rus'!

Nekrasov calls truly happy people those who can stand up for themselves and for the honor of others. Grisha Dobrosklonov is a freedom fighter for whom “fate was preparing a glorious path, a great name as a people’s defender, consumption and Siberia.” Hungry childhood and harsh youth brought him closer to the people and determined his life path:

About fifteen years old

Gregory already knew for sure

What will live for happiness

Squalid and dark

Native corner.

I believe that the main question of the poem: “Who lives well in Rus'?” - you can answer: fighters for the happiness of the people.

All people live differently. Some are rich, some are poor; some are strong, some are weak. Fate gives pleasant surprises to some, and turns away from others. It cannot be in the world that everyone lives well. Someone has to suffer. And this cruel law of our complex life has always worried people. Among them is the great Russian writer Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. "Who lives happily and freely in Rus'?" - this question is asked by the heroes of his famous epic poem to everyone who meets them on the way.

The heroes of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” are not rich people, not merchants, but simple peasants. Nekrasov chose them to clarify this issue because it is they who do not live happily or at ease. They see nothing but work from morning to night, poverty, hunger and cold. From the very beginning of the poem, Nekrasov argues that peasants are not those who bask in happiness. And this is true.

And who, according to the peasants, lives without knowing grief? This is a landowner, an official, a priest, a “fat-bellied merchant,” a boyar, a minister of sovereignty, a tsar. But are our heroes right? Is life really so rosy for these people? Both the priest and the landowner claim the opposite. In their opinion, they are barely making ends meet. Maybe they are telling the truth, but not the whole truth. Is it possible to compare the life of a peasant with the life of a landowner, even the “poorest” one? Of course not. The more a person has, the more he needs. For a landowner, for example, a big house, an abundance of food, three horses, and servants are not enough. He needs more: so that “every grass whispers: “I’m yours!” Do peasants really have such desires?! For them, a piece of bread is joy.

Fate had in store for him

The path is glorious, the name is loud

People's Defender...

Nekrasov claims that Grisha will be happy because he does a lot for the good of the people, supports them, and instills faith. And his kindness cannot go unnoticed. Maybe that’s why our wanderers couldn’t find a happy person for so long because they met selfish people along the way? But this cannot be said about everyone. For example, Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina is a kind, hardworking woman. And the men themselves cannot be called bad. But what is happiness anyway? How to become happy? As they say, a person is the architect of his own happiness. We must achieve it. And if it doesn’t work out, then that means that’s fate. And nothing can be done about it.

The poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is the pinnacle of N. A. Nekrasov’s creativity. This is a work about the people, their life, work and struggle. It took fourteen years to create, but Nekrasov never completed it.

This poem is called an encyclopedia of people's life, since in it the poet widely presented pictures of life in Russia in the 19th century and showed the changes that took place in the country after the abolition of serfdom. The main problem of this work is formulated already in its title - the problem of happiness. In search of an answer to the question “who lives happily and at ease in Rus',” seven peasants set off on a journey...

They ask everyone they meet on the way a question about happiness. Gradually, from individual stories of the “lucky” people, an answer to the main question emerges; with each new meeting, the understanding of happiness is clarified and filled with new meaning. Already at the beginning of the poem it is outlined that happiness has not only a material side. The peasants looked for the happy not only among the rich and noble, but also among the people.

In the chapter “Happy”, not only wanderers, but also the entire people are looking for the “happy”. One after another, the peasants answer the call, and the entire “crowded square” listens to them. However, the men did not recognize any of the storytellers as happy:

Hey, man's happiness!

Leaky with patches,

Humpbacked with calluses...

Popular rumor led wanderers to Matryona Timofeevna. After telling them about her life, Matryona said that she did not consider herself happy. It is no coincidence that she ends her story like this:

The keys to women's happiness,

From our free will,

Abandoned, lost

From God himself!

It seems to me that as the plot develops, the poem gives a detailed answer to the question of happiness. Happiness is a multifaceted concept: it is peace, honor, prosperity, freedom, and self-esteem. Each person experiences happiness in their own way. At the end of the poem, the wanderers are convinced that there are no happy ones among the masters. But they have the wealth that the peasants do not have! Men continue to look for “happy” among the people. And in the light of their new ideas about happiness, Grisha Dobrosklonov turns out to be happy. He has no wealth, no peace, but he has a noble goal. Gregory knew firmly “to whom he would give his whole life and for whom he would die.” This goal makes him happy, gives him strength and self-confidence.

To feel happy, in my opinion, you need to be able to understand not only your life, but also the lives of other people. I think that a truly good life is for those who follow the “honest path”, who have taken the path of fighting for the happiness of the people.

History of creation N. A. Nekrasov began work on the poem
“Who lives well in Rus'” in the first
half of the 60s of the XIX century. Mention of
exiled Poles in the first part, in chapter
“Landowner”, allows us to assume that work
work on the poem was begun no earlier than 1863.
But sketches of the work could appear
and earlier, since Nekrasov has been
collected material. Manuscript of the first part
the poem is marked 1865, however,
it is possible that this is the end date of the work
over this part.

The idea of the poem

The poet worked on the poem from 1863 to
1877, i.e. about 14 years. During this time
his plan changed, but the poem never
was completed by the author, therefore in criticism
there is no consensus on its composition.
Four parts of the poem in modern editions
arranged in different order: literary scholars
still cannot come to a consensus about
author's intention.
Shortly before his death, Nekrasov wrote to G.I. Uspensky,
that he hopes to “create a people’s book”, relying “on the entire
experience”, “all the information” about the people, “accumulated by word of mouth...
for 20 years."

Plot

Seven temporarily obliged men are traveling
around the country in search of an answer to the question: “Who
Is life fun, at ease in Rus'? This is it
storyline of the poem. In Nekrasov's manuscripts
the plan has been preserved, according to which the heroes
were supposed to meet with the minister and
see the king. This is evidenced by the controversy
wanderers:
Roman said: to the landowner,
Old man Pakhom pushed
Demyan said: to the official,
And he said, looking at the ground:
Luke said: ass.
To the noble boyar,
To the fat-bellied merchant! -
To the sovereign minister.
The Gubin brothers said,
And Prov said: to the king...
Ivan and Metrodor.

Nekrasov chose not an individual person as the hero of his poem, but the entire people, the entire “peasant kingdom.” “Who lives well in Rus'” -

Main characters
Nekrasov chose as the hero of his poem not an individual person, but
the whole people, the entire “peasant kingdom”. “Who lives well in Rus'”
- such folk poem, which has never existed in Rus'. Nekrasov
talks about the thousand-year suffering of the people, but at the same time
time we see how much spiritual beauty and greatness there is in his
heroes, simple peasants.
Yakim Nagoy is one of the men whom the wanderers had to encounter:
An emaciated man appears before the reader,
The chest is sunken; as if pressed in
who has practically no strength and health left.
Stomach; at the eyes, at the mouth
Everything, absolutely everything, was taken away from him by work. He doesn't have
Bends like cracks
there is nothing good in life, that's why he reaches out to
On dry ground;
drunkenness: “And it all ends with wine...”
And to Mother Earth myself
The image of Yakim Nagoy shows all the tragedy
He looks like: brown neck,
the existence of a simple man, he is a symbol
Like a layer, cut off by a plow, of hopelessness and hopelessness, and that’s exactly what it’s about
Brick face
says the author, drawing these pictures.
Hand - tree bark,
And the hair is sand.

If Yakima has complete submission to fate, no
even the slightest hint of resistance, then Ermil
appears before the reader stronger, he tries somehow
change your own joyless life. In such
the incredibly difficult conditions in which he is forced to live,
he manages to show such positive traits of his
character, such as nobility, honesty, kindness, compassion.
Yermil Girin is honest, decent, smart, he accepts everything
rules of the surrounding world. The life of ordinary people inspires
the reader feels hopelessness and bitterness for humiliation,
disasters and suffering of the Russian people.

Popular rumor brings peasant truth-seekers to the village of Klin, where they
hope to meet happy
peasant woman. How much severe suffering
fell to the lot of this “happy”
women! But from her whole appearance comes
such beauty and strength that you can’t help but
admire her:
dignified woman,
Wide and dense
About thirty-eight years old.
Beautiful; gray streaked hair,
The eyes are large, strict,
The richest eyelashes,
Severe and dark.
That's why she sings more often than she talks,
sings folk songs. "Peasant Woman" is the most
folklore part of the poem, it is almost
completely built on folk poetic
images and motives. The whole life story of Matryona
Timofeevna is a chain of continuous
misfortune and suffering. No wonder she talks about
to myself: “I have a bowed head, an angry heart
I’m wearing it!” She is convinced: “It’s not a matter between women
look for a happy one."

Savely is a very proud person. This is felt in
everything: in his attitude to life, in his steadfastness and
the courage with which he defends his. When
he talks about his youth, then
remembers how only the weak surrendered to the master
people in spirit.
Savely's whole life is very
tragic, and in old age he
turns out to be involuntary
the culprit in the death of the little one
With a huge gray mane,
grandson. This case again
Tea, twenty years uncut, proves that, despite all
With a huge beard
his strength, Savely cannot
Grandfather looked like a bear
resist hostile
Especially, like from the forest,
circumstances. He's just
He bent over and went out.
a toy in the hands of fate.

10.

Grisha Dobrosklonov radically
different from others characters poems.
If the life of the peasant woman Matryona Timofeevna,
Yakima Nagogo, Savely, Ermil Girin and many
others are shown in submission to fate and
circumstances, then Grisha
There is a completely different attitude towards life.
Grigory does not agree to submit to fate and
lead an equally sad and wretched life, which
characteristic of most people around him.
The image of Grigory Dobrosklonov in Nekrasov’s poem “Who cares?”
Rus' to live well" instills hope in the moral and
political revival of Rus', in changes in the consciousness of simple
Russian people. The ending of the poem shows that people's happiness
Maybe. And even though it is still far from the moment when simple
a person can call himself happy. But time will pass - and
everything will change. And not the least role in this will be played by
Grigory Dobrosklonov and his ideas.

11.

Before Nekrasov, Gogol wrote about Russian life,
Turgenev, Pushkin, Goncharov.

12.

Nekrasov, like Gogol, in his poem decided to review
show the life of all Rus'. It is clear that such a global task
beyond the power of one person, so Nekrasov limited himself
describing the life of several adjacent villages. The main class
chosen for description in Gogol is small-scale
the nobility, and in Nekrasov - the peasantry (peasant class).
The authors achieved their goal, since the
cross-sections of society were the most representative in the period described
by the authors of the era. These images are the most typical Russian people, and Rus'
times of Gogol or Nekrasov consisted entirely of district towns and
adjacent villages.
The most natural way of storytelling is to show Russia
through the eyes of one hero (or a group of heroes), which is where the theme comes from
roads, which became the core and connecting theme in “Dead Souls”,
and in “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”

13.

N.A. Nekrasov did not complete the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”,
however, he completed his task: he created a large-scale work
about folk life in turning point history.
Turning to the road motif allowed him to include
the poem contains a large number of events and crowd scenes. Glubokoe
knowledge folk traditions and culture helped create vibrant
images. Using elements of oral folk art
contributed to the transfer of the specifics of the folk language.
According to the correct remark of the writer G.I. Uspensky, Nekrasov
spoke in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” as
“the most sincere exponent of the essence of the Russian soul -
passionate, thirsty for life, spoiled by thousands of bad
influences, breaking from these fetters to freedom, to light, to truth..."

14.

Homework
Read selected chapters of the poem
N. Nekrasova “Who lives well in Rus'”
Part I, ch. 3 – Yakim Nagoy
Part I, ch. 4 – Ermil Girin
Part III, ch. 3 – Savely, hero
Holy Russian
Part III, ch. 4-8 – Matrena Timofeevna
Korchagina

15.

Homework
Questions
What is the hero's name? How old is he? What is it like
appearance?
What's its story?
How the hero talks about life, what he accepts and what
denies the peasant way of life?
What moral qualities does the author impart to
hero?
What is the hero's idea of happiness?
Why didn’t the wanderers recognize the hero as happy?
What is the meaning of the speaking surname?
hero?

16. Test - an essay on literature on the topic: “Happy” of the people in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”

I. The heroes of the poem are in search of happiness.
Plan:
II. “The people are liberated, but are the people happy?”:
1. The tragedy of the existence of a simple man,
personified in Yakima Nagom.
2. Ermila Girin - service to the peasants.
3. The happiness of Matryona Timofeevna.
4. Savely - the hero of Svyatorussky.
III. Grisha Dobrosklonov - people's defender,
a real "lucky" guy.