The special genetic code of Russians. Russians and Ukrainians - who are the Slavs? Central and Eastern Europe

Where did the Russians come from? Who was our ancestor? What do Russians and Ukrainians have in common? For a long time the answers to these questions could only be speculative. Until geneticists got down to business.

Adam and Eve

Population genetics deals with the study of roots. It is based on indicators of heredity and variability. Geneticists have discovered that all of modern humanity can be traced back to one woman, whom scientists call Mitochondrial Eve. She lived in Africa more than 200 thousand years ago.

We all have the same mitochondrion in our genome - a set of 25 genes. It is transmitted only through the maternal line.

At the same time, the Y chromosome in all modern men is also traced back to one man, nicknamed Adam, in honor of the biblical first man. It is clear that we are only talking about the closest common ancestors of all living people; their genes came to us as a result of genetic drift. It is worth noting that they lived in different times– Adam, from whom all modern males received their Y chromosome, was 150 thousand years younger than Eve.

Of course, it’s a stretch to call these people our “ancestors,” since out of the thirty thousand genes that a person possesses, we have only 25 genes and a Y chromosome from them. The population increased, the rest of the people mixed with the genes of their contemporaries, changed, mutated during migrations and the conditions in which people lived. As a result, we received different genomes of different peoples that subsequently formed.

Haplogroups

It is thanks to genetic mutations that we can determine the process of human settlement, as well as genetic haplogroups (communities of people with similar haplotypes who have a common ancestor who had the same mutation in both haplotypes) characteristic of a particular nation.

Each nation has its own set of haplogroups, which are sometimes similar. Thanks to this, we can determine whose blood flows into us and who our closest genetic relatives are.

According to a 2008 study conducted by Russian and Estonian geneticists, the Russian ethnic group genetically consists of two main parts: the inhabitants of Southern and Central Russia are closer to other peoples who speak Slavic languages, and the indigenous northerners are closer to the Finno-Ugric peoples. Of course, we are talking about representatives of the Russian people. Surprisingly, there is practically no gene inherent in Asians, including the Mongol-Tatars. So the famous saying: “Scratch a Russian, you will find a Tatar” is fundamentally wrong. Moreover, the Asian gene also did not particularly affect the Tatar people; the gene pool of modern Tatars turned out to be mostly European.

In general, based on the results of the study, there is practically no admixture from Asia, from beyond the Urals, in the blood of the Russian people, but within Europe our ancestors experienced numerous genetic influences from their neighbors, be they Poles, Finno-Ugric peoples North Caucasus or the ethnic group of Tatars (not Mongols). By the way, haplogroup R1a, characteristic of the Slavs, according to some versions, was born thousands of years ago and was common among the ancestors of the Scythians. Some of these Proto-Scythians lived in Central Asia, while others migrated to the Black Sea region. From there these genes reached the Slavs.

Ancestral home

Once upon a time, Slavic peoples lived on the same territory. From there they scattered around the world, fighting and mixing with their indigenous population. Therefore, the population of current states, which are based on the Slavic ethnic group, differ not only in cultural and linguistic characteristics, but also genetically. The further they are geographically from each other, the greater the differences. Thus, the Western Slavs found common genes with the Celtic population (haplogroup R1b), the Balkans with the Greeks (haplogroup I2) and the ancient Thracians (I2a2), and the Eastern Slavs with the Balts and Finno-Ugrians (haplogroup N). Moreover, interethnic contact of the latter occurred at the expense of Slavic men who married aboriginal women.

Despite the many differences and heterogeneity of the gene pool, Russians, Ukrainians, Poles and Belarusians clearly fit into one group on the so-called MDS diagram, which reflects genetic distance. Of all the nations, we are closest to each other.

Genetic analysis makes it possible to find the above-mentioned “ancestral home where it all began.” This is possible due to the fact that each migration of tribes is accompanied by genetic mutations, which increasingly distort the original set of genes. So, based on genetic proximity, the original territorial one can be determined.

For example, according to their genome, Poles are closer to Ukrainians than to Russians. Russians are close to southern Belarusians and eastern Ukrainians, but far from Slovaks and Poles. And so on. This allowed scientists to conclude that the original territory of the Slavs was approximately in the middle of the current settlement area of their descendants. Conventionally, the territory of the subsequently formed Kievan Rus. Archaeologically, this is confirmed by the development of the Prague-Korchak archaeological culture of the 5th-6th centuries. From there the southern, western and northern waves of Slavic settlement had already begun.

Genetics and mentality

It would seem that since the gene pool is known, it is easy to understand where the national mentality comes from. Not really. According to Oleg Balanovsky, an employee of the Laboratory of Population Genetics of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, between national character and there is no connection with the gene pool. These are already “historical circumstances” and cultural influences.

Roughly speaking, if a newborn baby from a Russian village with a Slavic gene pool is taken directly to China and raised in Chinese customs, culturally he will be a typical Chinese. But as far as appearance and immunity to local diseases are concerned, everything will remain Slavic.

DNA genealogy

Along with population genealogy, today private directions for studying the genome of peoples and their origins are emerging and developing. Some of them are classified as pseudo-sciences. For example, Russian-American biochemist Anatoly Klesov invented the so-called DNA genealogy, which, according to its creator, “is a practically historical science, created on the basis of the mathematical apparatus of chemical and biological kinetics.” Simply put, this new direction is trying to study the history and time frame of the existence of certain clans and tribes based on mutations in male Y chromosomes.

The main postulates of DNA genealogy were: the hypothesis of the non-African origin of Homo sapiens (which contradicts the conclusions of population genetics), criticism Norman theory, as well as lengthening the history of the Slavic tribes, which Anatoly Klesov considers to be the descendants of the ancient Aryans.

Where do these conclusions come from? Everything is from the already mentioned haplogroup R1A, which is the most common among the Slavs.

Naturally, such an approach gave rise to a sea of criticism, both from historians and geneticists. In historical science, it is not customary to talk about the Slavs-Aryans, since material culture(the main source on this issue) does not allow us to determine continuity Slavic culture from the peoples of Ancient India and Iran. Geneticists even object to the association of haplogroups with ethnic characteristics.

Doctor of Historical Sciences Lev Klein emphasizes that “Haplogroups are not peoples or languages, and giving them ethnic nicknames is a dangerous and undignified game. No matter what patriotic intentions and exclamations it hides behind.” According to Klein, Anatoly Klesov's conclusions about the Aryan Slavs made him an outcast in scientific world. How the discussion around Klesov’s newly announced science and the question of the ancient origins of the Slavs will further develop remains anyone’s guess.

0,1%

Despite the fact that the DNA of all people and nations is different and in nature there is not a single person identical to another, from a genetic point of view we are all extremely similar. All the differences in our genes, which gave us different skin colors and eye shapes, according to Russian geneticist Lev Zhitovsky, amount to only 0.1% of our DNA. For the remaining 99.9% we are genetically the same. Paradoxical as it may seem, if we compare various representatives human races and our closest relatives, chimpanzees, it turns out that all people differ much less than chimpanzees in one herd. So, to some extent, we are all one big genetic family.

Russian blood - descendants of the Aryans.Haplogroup R1a1.

Although the scientific data obtained by American scientists is not classified and has already been published in scientific journals, for strange reasons, a Conspiracy of Silence remains around them... What kind of discovery is this? This mystery is connected with the origin of the Russian people and the thousand-year historical path of the Slavic ethnic group.
What is the essence of the discovery of American geneticists?

Genetic code- a method of encoding the amino acid sequence of proteins using a sequence of nucleotides, characteristic of all living organisms. There are 46 chromosomes in human DNA, each person inherits half of the chromosomes from the father, half from the mother. Of the 23 chromosomes received from the father, only one - the male Y chromosome - contains a set of nucleotides that is passed from generation to generation without changes for thousands of years.

Geneticists call this set of DNA haplogroup.

DNA research has united all people on Earth into genealogical groups and designated them with letters. People of the same haplogroup have one common ancestor in distant prehistory.
The haplogroup, due to its hereditary immutability, is the same for all men of one nation. Each biologically distinctive people has its own haplogroup, different from the haplogroups of other peoples. In fact, this is the genetic marker of the entire people.
The goal is to trace the path of one ethnic group, one people over thousands of years of its history.

DNA studies have shown that Asians and Europeans diverged about 40,000 years ago. Most scientists believe that approximately 10,000 or 8,000 years ago, the Indo-Europeans still spoke the same language! Over time, the Indo-European community begins to fragment and migrate to different parts of the world.
American scientists found that 4,500 years ago, the people of the Central Russian Plain experienced a mutation of their haplogroup R1a, as a result of which a person appeared with a new modification, R1a1, which turned out to be unusually resilient.

Approximately 5,000 years ago, there was an archaeological Yamnaya culture (more precisely - the Ancient Yamnaya cultural and historical community (3600-2300 BC) This archaeological culture dates from the late Copper Age - early Bronze Age. During archaeological excavations of mounds in this area, human remains were found subclade of Y-DNA R1a1, Copper and bronze tools were found, people believed in an afterlife.

A characteristic feature of the Yamnaya culture is the burial of the dead in pits under mounds, lying on their backs, with their knees bent. The bodies were sprinkled with ocher. Burials in the mounds were multiple, and often took place at different times. Fragments of animal bones (cows, pigs, sheep, goats and horses) were also discovered. Burials of the mound type characteristic of Proto-Indo-Europeans.

Andronovo archaeological culture(2300 – 1000 BC) comes from an older Yamnaya culture (3600 BC) and is the culture of the Proto-Indo-European community. American scientists analyzed ancient remains on the territory of the Andronovo archaeological culture (2300 - 1000 BC) and discovered the predominance of the Y-DNA subclade R1a1. Out of 10 men, 9 people have Y-DNA R1a1a - this is the type of fair-haired and light-skinned people with blue (or green) eyes. The Maykop culture (3700-2500 BC), in the North Caucasus, is also represented by haplogroups R1a1 and R1b1.

American geneticists found that subclades of Y-DNA R1a are common throughout Europe and northern India. The Aryans, who first settled in the north of India, also influenced the construction of statehood ancient india, dividing society into castes.

It is known that haplogroup R1a1 appeared in northern India 3500 years ago. At that time in northern India there was Harappan civilization, it was replaced by the more developed Aryan civilization. The Harappan period of Indian history gave way to the Aryan, the Indo-Aryans appeared, and the civilization of the Saraswati River valley appeared. It is known that the Indo-Aryans spoke Vedic Sanskrit; the Rig-Veda, the oldest part of the Vedas, was written in this language. The Aryans considered themselves to be the highest caste of society - the Brahmans - they were the ones who possessed secret knowledge (Rig-Veda) and a secret language that the Indians did not know. Vedic Sanskrit and classical Saeskrit are two different languages.

In those days there was no concept of “Aryan race”. Word Arias translated from ancient Indian. Ā́rya, ari ̯ a meant “lord”, “master of the house”. With the prefix “a-” the word acquired a negative meaning: anārya - anarya - “non-Aryan”, “ignoble”, “barbarian” or “dasyu”, “robber, enemy, demon, stranger”. The word "Arya" was never used in a racial or ethnic sense. "Arya" meant "spiritual", "noble person". Aristoi - aristoi - “the most noble”, hence the word “aristocrat”. Etymology words arya - ari ̯ a comes Vedic Sanskrit root kars (ar) - “to plow, cultivate the land”, and the word “Aryan”, in the original meaning of the word, meant “farmer”, the word was preserved in the ancient Russian language “yell” - plow, “oratay” - plowman.

Vedic Sanskrit is the oldest language in which the Rig Veda was written (3900 BC). Vedic Sanskrit contains the origins of the Indo-European group of languages.

Founder of comparative historical linguistics. William Jones (1746 - 1794) the creator of the theory of the Indo-European family of languages in 1786 said about Sanskrit: “No matter how ancient Sanskrit is, it has an amazing structure. Sanskrit, whatever its origin, reveals an amazing structure: being more flawless than Greek and richer than Latin, it is more refined than both of them.Moreover, it has such noticeable similarities with these languages in verb roots and grammatical forms that it could not possibly have arisen by chance.The similarity is so strong that not a single philologist who has studied all three languages would doubt their origin from a common ancestor, which may no longer exist.”

People with haplogroup R1a1 then looked exactly the same as we do now; the ancient Rus did not have any Mongoloid or other non-Russian features. Scientists recreated from bone remains the appearance of a young woman with haplogroup R1a1, who lived several thousand years ago, and the result was a portrait of a typical Russian beauty , millions of the same live in our time in the Russian outback.

A connection between haplogroup R1a1 and speakers of Indo-European languages was noticed in the late 1990s. Spencer Wells and his colleagues concluded that R1a1 was widespread in the Caspian steppes.

Currently, holders of the R1a1 haplogroup make up a high percentage among the male population of Russia (47), Ukraine (48 and Belarus (52), and in ancient Russian cities and villages - up to 80%. The greatest distribution of the R1a1 haplogroup is in Eastern Europe: among the Lusatian Germans (63 , Poles (57 .

R1a1 is a biological marker of the Russian ethnic group.

A set of DNA nucleotides called a haplo

Indeed, the haplogroup in the Y-chromosome DNA, unlike language, culture, religion and other creations of human hands, is not modified or mixed with the genetic codes of other peoples. The genetic inherited biological mark is not washed away, so genetic history is the main one, and everything else can only complement or clarify it, but not refute it in any way.

American geneticists began to take tests from people and look for biological “roots”, their own and others. What they accomplished is of great interest to us, since it sheds true light on the historical paths of the Russian people and destroys many established myths.

So, the ethnic center of the Russian people arose 4500 years ago on the Central Russian Plain - this is the place of maximum concentration of R1a1, from here it emerged and spread to the territories of Eastern Europe and Siberia. The question of that “area of ancient Indo-European territory where the Slavs originated” also remains controversial. (Lubor Niederle).

The history of the development of haplogroups R1a and R1b are inextricably linked with each other.

Subclades R1a and R1b are closely related to the spread of Indo-European languages, as evidenced by its presence in all regions of the world where Indo-European languages were spoken in ancient times, from the Atlantic coast of Europe to India. Almost all of Europe (except Finland and Bosnia-Herzegovina), Anatolia, Armenia, European Russia, southern Siberia, many areas around Central Asia (notably Xinjiang, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan), not forgetting Iran, Pakistan, India and Nepal.

The settlement of peoples speaking Proto-Indo-European languages, representing Subclades of haplogroups R1a and R1b settled to the west (from the Don to the Dniester, Danube) and to the east (to the Volga-Ural region).Men of both haplogroups R1a and R1b probably lived in the Pontic steppes.

In Poland, holders of the Russian haplogroup R1a1 make up 57% of the male population, in Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia - 40%, in Germany, Norway and Sweden - 18%, in Bulgaria - 12%, and in England - the least (3.

It is known that the European clan aristocracy has Aryan roots. One of the royal houses of Europe, the House of German Hohenzollern, of which the English Windsors are a branch, has Aryan roots. Windsor dynasty- the current ruling royal dynasty of Great Britain, a junior branch of the ancient Saxon house of Wettin (until 1917 the dynasty was called Saxe-Coburg-Gotha).
Wettin (German: Wettiner, English: House of Wettin) - German princely family, now represented by the Windsor dynasty ruling in Great Britain, as well as Saxe-Coburg-Gotha dynasty of kings of Belgium. The Wettin dynasty dominated for more than 800 years in the Central German area of the southeastern foothills of the Harz in Saxony in the 10th century. Witekind, leader of the Saxons, who converted to Christianity under Charlemagne, is considered the legendary founder and ancestor
Vettinov

63% of Lusatian Germans - Lusatians - a national minority in Germany, have a haplogroupR 1 a1. It is known that 60 thousand German citizens have Serbian Sorbian roots: 40 thousand live in Upper Lusatia (Saxony) and 20 thousand live in Lower Lusatia (Brandenburg).

the R1a1 group is “Russianness” from a genetic point of view.
Thus, the Russian people in a genetically modern form were born in the European part of present-day Russia about 4,500 years ago.

Nature, genetic code All people are structured in such a way that everyone has 23 pairs of chromosomes, which store all the hereditary information inherited from both parents.

The formation of chromosomes occurs at the time of meiosis, when, in the process of crossing over, each randomly takes approximately half from the maternal chromosome and half from the paternal chromosome; which specific genes will be inherited from the mother and which from the father is not known, everything is decided by chance.

Only one male chromosome, Y, does not participate in this lottery; it is entirely passed from father to son like a relay baton. Let me clarify that women do not have this Y chromosome at all.

In each subsequent generation, mutations occur in certain areas of the Y chromosome, called loci, which will be transmitted to all subsequent generations through the male gender.

It was thanks to these mutations that it became possible to reconstruct the genera. There are only about 400 loci on the Y chromosome, but only about a hundred are used for comparative haplotype analysis and genera reconstruction.

In the so-called loci, or they are also called STR markers, there are from 7 to 42 tandem repeats, the overall pattern of which is unique for each person. After a certain number of generations, mutations occur and the number of tandem repeats changes up or down, and thus on the general tree it will be seen that the more mutations, the older the common ancestor for a group of haplotypes.

The haplogroups themselves do not carry genetic information, because Genetic information is located in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. You can see the distribution of genetic components in Europe. Haplogroups are just markers of days gone by, at the dawn of the formation of modern peoples.

What haplogroups are most common among Russians?

Peoples	Human
Eastern, Western and Southern Slavs.
Russians(north)	395	34	6	10	8	35	2		1
Russians(center)	388	52	8	5	10	16	4		1
Russians(south)	424	50	4	4	16	10	5		3
Russians (All Great Russians)	1207	47	7	5	12	20	4	3	2
Belarusians	574	52	10	3	16	10	3	Russians, Slavs, Indo-Europeans and haplogroups R1a, R1b, N1c, I1 and I2 In ancient times, about 8-9 thousand years ago, there was a linguistic group that laid the foundation for the Indo-European family of languages (in initial stage most likely these are haplogroups R1a and R1b). The Indo-European family includes such linguistic groups as the Indo-Iranians (South Asia), the Slavs and Balts (Eastern Europe), the Celts (Western Europe), and the Germans (Central, Northern Europe). Perhaps they also had common genetic ancestors, who about 7 thousand years ago, due to migrations, ended up in different parts Eurasia, part went to the south and east (R1a-Z93), laying the foundation for the Indo-Iranian peoples and languages (largely taking part in the ethnogenesis of the Turkic peoples), and part remained on the territory of Europe and laid the foundation for the formation of many European peoples (R1b-L51 ), including Slavs and Russians in particular (R1a-Z283, R1b-L51). On different stages formation already in ancient times there were intersections of migration flows, which was the reason for the presence of a large number of haplogroups among all European ethnic groups. Slavic languages emerged from the once unified group of Balto-Slavic languages (presumably the archaeological culture of the Late Corded Ware). According to the calculations of linguist Starostin, this happened approximately 3.3 thousand years ago. Period from the 5th century BC to IV-V century AD can be considered conditionally Proto-Slavic, because The Balts and Slavs had already separated, but the Slavs themselves did not exist yet; they would appear a little later, in the 4th-6th centuries AD. At the initial stage of the formation of the Slavs, probably about 80% were haplogroups R1a-Z280 and I2a-M423. At the initial stage of the formation of the Balts, probably about 80% were haplogroups N1c-L1025 and R1a-Z92. The influence and intersection of migrations of the Balts and Slavs was present from the very beginning, therefore in many ways this division is arbitrary, and in general reflects only the main trend, without details. Iranian languages belong to the Indo-European languages, and their dating is as follows - the most ancient, from the 2nd millennium BC. to the 4th century BC, middle - from the 4th century BC. to the 9th century AD, and the new one - from the 9th century AD. to the present time. That is, the most ancient Iranian languages appeared after the departure of some of the tribes who spoke Indo-European languages from Central Asia to India and Iran. Their main haplogroups were probably R1a-Z93, J2a, G2a3. The Western Iranian group of languages appeared later, around the 5th century BC. Thus, the Indo-Aryans, Celts, Germans and Slavs in academic science became Indo-Europeans, this term is the most adequate for such a vast and diverse group. This is completely correct. In the genetic aspect, the heterogeneity of Indo-Europeans both in Y-haplogroups and autosomes is striking. It is typical for Indo-Iranians to to a greater extent Central Asian genetic influence of BMAC. According to the Indian Vedas, it was the Indo-Aryans who came to India (in South Asia) from the north (from Central Asia), and it was their hymns and legends that formed the basis of the Indian Vedas. And, continuing further, let’s touch on linguistics, because the Russian language (and related Baltic languages, for example, Lithuanian as part of the once existing Balto-Slavic linguistic community) is relatively close to Sanskrit along with the Celtic, Germanic and other languages of the large Indo-European family . But genetically, the Indo-Aryans were already largely Western Asians; as they approached India, the Veddoid influence also intensified. So it became clear that haplogroup R1a in DNA genealogy - this is a common haplogroup for part of the Slavs, part of the Turks and part of the Indo-Aryans (since naturally there were representatives of other haplogroups among them), part haplogroup R1a1 during migrations along the Russian Plain they became part of the Finno-Ugric peoples, for example the Mordovians (Erzya and Moksha). Part of the tribes (for haplogroup R1a1 this is subclade Z93) during migrations they brought this Indo-European language to India and Iran approximately 3500 years ago, that is, in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. In India, through the works of the great Panini, it was transformed into Sanskrit in the middle of the 1st millennium BC, and in Persia-Iran, the Aryan languages became the basis of a group of Iranian languages, the oldest of which date back to the 2nd millennium BC. These data are confirmed: DNA genealogy and linguistics correlate here. Extensive part haplogroups R1a1-Z93 in ancient times they merged with the Turkic ethnic groups and today largely mark the migrations of the Turks, which is not surprising in view of the antiquity haplogroup R1a1, while representatives haplogroup R1a1-Z280 belonged to the Finno-Ugric tribes, but when the Slavic colonists settled, many of them were assimilated by the Slavs, but even now, among many peoples, such as the Erzya, the dominant haplogroup is still R1a1-Z280. Was able to provide us with all this new data DNA genealogy, in particular, approximate dates of migrations of haplogroup carriers in the territory of the modern Russian Plain and Central Asia in prehistoric times. So scientists to all Slavs, Celts, Germans, etc. gave the name Indo-Europeans, which is true from a linguistic point of view. Where did these Indo-Europeans come from? In fact, there were Indo-European languages long before the migrations to India and Iran, throughout the Russian Plain and as far as the Balkans in the south, and as far as the Pyrenees in the west. Subsequently, the language was spread to South Asia - both to Iran and India. But in genetic terms there are much fewer correlations. “The only justified and currently accepted in science is the use of the term “Aryans” only in relation to tribes and peoples who spoke Indo-Iranian languages.” So in which direction did the Indo-European flow go - to the west, to Europe, or vice versa, to the east? According to some estimates, the Indo-European language family is about 8,500 years old. The ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans has not yet been determined, but according to one version it could be the Black Sea region - southern or northern. In India, as we already know, the Indo-Aryan language was brought about 3500 years ago, presumably from the territory of Central Asia, and the Aryans themselves were a group with different genetic Y-lines, such as R1a1-L657, G2a, J2a, J2b, H, etc. Haplogroup R1a1 in Western and Southern Europe Analysis of 67 marker haplotypes haplogroup R1a1 from all European countries made it possible to determine the approximate route of migration of the ancestors of R1a1 in the direction of Western Europe. And calculations showed that throughout almost all of Europe, from Iceland in the north to Greece in the south, haplogroup R1a1 had one common ancestor approximately 7000 years ago! In other words, the descendants, like a baton, passed on their haplotypes to their own descendants from generation to generation, diverging in the process of migrations from the same historical place - which presumably turned out to be the Urals or the Black Sea lowland. On the modern map these are countries mainly in the eastern and central Europe- Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia. But the range of more ancient haplotypes of the haplogroup R1a1 leads east - to Siberia. And the lifetime of the first ancestor, which is indicated by the oldest, most mutated haplotypes, is 7.5 thousand years ago. In those days there were no Slavs, no Germans, no Celts. Central and Eastern Europe Poland, the common ancestor of R1a1 lived about 5000 years ago (mainly the subclade R1a1-M458 and Z280). For Russian-Ukrainian - 4500 years ago, which practically coincides within the accuracy of calculations. And even if four generations are not a difference for such periods. In modern Poland haplogroup R1a1 on average 56%, and in some areas up to 62%. The rest are mainly Western European haplogroup R1b(12%), Scandinavian haplogroup I1(17%) and Baltic haplogroup N1c1 (8%). In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, a common Proto-Slavic ancestor lived 4,200 years ago. The total is not much less than that of the Russians and Ukrainians. That is, we are talking about settlement in the territories of modern Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia - all within literally a few generations, but more than four thousand years ago. In archeology, such dating accuracy is completely unthinkable. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia descendants haplogroup R1a1 about 40%. The rest have mostly Western European R1b(22-28%), Scandinavian I1 and Balkan haplogroup I2a(18% in total) In the territory of modern Hungary, the common ancestor of R1a1 lived 5000 years ago. There are now up to a quarter of the descendants of haplogroup R1a1. The rest have mainly the Western European haplogroup R1b (20%) and the combined Scandinavian I1 and Balkan I2 (total 26%) haplogroups. Considering that Hungarians speak the language of the Finno-Ugric group of languages, the most common haplogroup of which is N1c1 in the ancient Hungarian rich burials of the Magyars, the remains of men with the haplogroup are mainly found N1c1, who were the first leaders of the tribes who participated in the formation of the empire. In Lithuania and Latvia, the common ancestor is reconstructed to a depth of 4800 years. Today there are mainly subclade Z92, Z280 and M458. The most common among Lithuanians is the Baltic haplogroup N1c1, reaching 47%. In general, Lithuania and Latvia are characterized by the South Baltic subclade L1025 of haplogroup N1c1. In general, the situation is clear. I'll just add that European countries- Iceland, the Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, Belgium, Lithuania, France, Italy, Romania, Albania, Montenegro, Slovenia, Croatia, Spain, Greece, Bulgaria, Moldova - the common ancestor lived 5000-5500 years ago, it is impossible to establish more precisely. This is the common ancestor haplogroup R1a for all listed countries. The pan-European ancestor, so to speak, not counting the Balkan region shown above, the possible ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans about 7500 years ago. Share of carriers haplogroup R1a1 in the following countries varies, from 4% in Holland and Italy, 9% in Albania, 8-11% in Greece (up to 14% in Thessaloniki), 12-15% in Bulgaria and Herzegovina, 14-17% in Denmark and Serbia, 15-25% in Bosnia and Macedonia, 3% in Switzerland, 20% in Romania and Hungary, 23% in Iceland, 22-39% in Moldova, 29-34% in Croatia, 30-37% in Slovenia (16% in in the Balkans as a whole), and at the same time - 32-37% in Estonia, 34-38% in Lithuania, 41% in Latvia, 40% in Belarus, 45-54% in Ukraine. In Russia, Eastern European haplogroup R1a, as I already mentioned, on average 47%, due to the high share of the Baltic haplogroup N1c1 in the north and north-west of Russia, but in the south and center of Russia, the share of different subclades of haplogroup R1a reaches 55%. Turks and haplogroup R1a1 The haplotypes of ancestors are different everywhere, for different regions are characterized by their own subclades. The peoples of Altai and other Turks also have high percentages of haplogroup R1a1; among the Bashkirs, subclade Z2123 reaches 40%. This is a daughter line from Z93 and can be called typically Turkic and not related to the migrations of Indo-Iranians. Today a large number haplogroup R1a1 located in the Sayan-Altai region, among the Turkic population of Central Asia. Among the Kyrgyz, reaching 63%. You can’t call them either Russians or Iranians. It turns out to name all haplogroup R1a1 a single name - gross exaggeration, at least, and at most - ignorance. Haplogroups are not ethnic groups; the linguistic and ethnic affiliation of the carrier is not recorded on them. Haplogroups also have no direct relationship to genes. The Turks are mainly characterized by various subclades Z93, but in the Volga region there are also R1a1-Z280, possibly passed on to the Volga Turks from the Volga Finns. Haplogroup R1a1-Z93 is also characteristic of Arabs in moderate frequency, and for Levites - a subgroup of Ashkenazi Jews (the CTS6 subclade was confirmed in the latter). This line already at the earliest stages took part in the ethnogenesis of these peoples. Territory of initial distribution haplogroup R1a1 in Europe, this is probably the territory of Eastern Europe and possibly the Black Sea lowland. Before this, probably in Asia, possibly in South Asia or Northern China. Caucasian R1a1 haplotypes Armenia. Age of the common ancestor of the haplogroup R1a1- 6500 years ago. Mainly also the subclade R1a1-Z93, although there is also R1a1-Z282. Asia Minor, Anatolian Peninsula. A historic crossroads between the Middle East, Europe and Asia. It was the first or second candidate for an "Indo-European ancestral home." However, the common ancestor of haplogroup R1a1 lived there about 6,500 years ago. It is clear that, judging by the haplotypes, this ancestral home could practically be in Anatolia, or the original Indo-Europeans were carriers haplogroup R1b. But there is a high probability of low representation of individuals from Turkey in the general database of haplotypes. So, both Armenians and Anatolians - all have either the same ancestor, or ancestors very close in time, within several generations - this is the subclade Z93 and Z282 . It should be noted that 4500 years before the common ancestor of the R1a1-Z93 haplogroup in Anatolia is in good agreement with the time of the appearance of the Hittites in Asia Minor in the last quarter of the 3rd millennium BC, although many R1a1-Z93 lineages could have appeared there after the migrations of Turkic peoples to the peninsula already in our era. Alexey Zorrin ******

We constantly hear that Russians are not a people united by blood, related by blood, but a conglomerate of people united by a common culture and territory. Everyone remembers Putin’s catchphrases “There are no pure Russians!” and “scratch every Russian, you will certainly find a Tatar.”
They say that we are “very different in blood”, “we did not sprout from the same root”, but were a melting pot for the Tatar, Caucasian, German, Finnish, Buryat, Mordovian and other peoples who have ever raided, entered, strayed on our land, and we received them all, let them into the house, took them into our family.

This has become almost an axiom among politicians who are blurring the concept of Russian, and at the same time for everyone it has become an entrance ticket to the environment of the Russian people.

This approach, raised to the flag by numerous Russophobic a la “human rights” organizations and Russian Russophobic media outlets, has filled the airwaves. But, sooner or later, Putin and others like him will have to answer for their words of humiliation of the Russian people. The scientists' verdict is merciless:

1) In 2009, a complete “reading” (sequencing) of the genome of a representative of the Russian ethnic group was completed. That is, the sequence of all six billion nucleotides in the Russian human genome has been determined. His entire genetic makeup is now in full view.

(The human genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes: 23 from the mother, 23 from the father. Each chromosome contains one DNA molecule formed by a chain of 50-250 million nucleotides. The genome of a Russian man was sequenced. The decoding of the Russian genome was carried out on the basis of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", on the initiative of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" Mikhail Kovalchuk According to information received in. Russian Academy Sciences, the Kurchatov Institute spent approximately $20 million on the purchase of sequencing equipment alone. The National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute” has a recognized scientific status in the world.)

It is known that this is the seventh deciphered genome beyond the Ural ridge: before that there were Yakuts, Buryats, Chinese, Kazakhs, Old Believers, Khanty. That is, all the prerequisites for the first ethnic map of Russia have been created. But all of these were, so to speak, composite genomes: pieces assembled after deciphering the genetic material different representatives the same population.

The complete genetic portrait of a particular Russian man is only the eighth in the world. Now there is someone to compare Russians with: an American, an African, a Korean, a European...

“We did not find any noticeable Tatar additions in the Russian genome, which refutes theories about the destructive influence of the Mongol yoke,” emphasizes the head of the genomic direction at the Kurchatov Institute Research Center, academician Konstantin Scriabin. - Siberians are genetically identical to Old Believers, they have one Russian genome. There are no differences between the genomes of Russians and Ukrainians - one genome. Our differences with the Poles are negligible.”

Academician Konstantin Scriabin believes that “in five to six years it will be compiled genetic map of all peoples of the world - this is a decisive step towards understanding the susceptibility of any ethnic group to medicines, diseases and products.” Feel what it costs... Americans in the 1990s gave the following estimates: the cost of sequencing one nucleotide is $1; according to other sources - up to 3-5 dollars.

(Sequencing (reading the genetic code) of mitochondrial DNA and the DNA of the human Y chromosome is the most advanced DNA analysis method to date. Mitochondrial DNA is passed down through the female line from generation to generation practically unchanged since the time when “the ancestor of mankind, Eve "came down from the tree in East Africa. And the Y chromosome is present only in men and therefore is also passed on to male offspring almost unchanged, while all other chromosomes, when transmitted from father and mother to their children, are shuffled by nature, like a deck of cards before being dealt. Thus. , unlike indirect signs(appearance, body proportions), sequencing of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA indisputably and directly indicate the degree of relatedness of people.)

2) Outstanding anthropologist, researcher of human biological nature, A.P. Bogdanov in late XIX century wrote: “We often use expressions: this is purely Russian beauty, this is the spitting image of a hare, typically Russian face. You can be convinced that it is not something fantastic, but something real that lies in this in general terms Russian physiognomy. In each of us, in the sphere of our “unconscious”, there is a fairly definite concept of the Russian type” (A.P. Bogdanov, “Anthropological physiognomy.” M., 1878).

A hundred years later, and now the modern anthropologist V. Deryabin, using the latest method of mathematical multidimensional analysis of mixed characteristics, comes to the same conclusion: “The first and most important conclusion is to state the significant unity of Russians throughout Russia and the impossibility of identifying even the corresponding regional types, clearly limited from each other” (“Questions of Anthropology.” Issue 88, 1995). How is this Russian anthropological unity expressed, the unity of hereditary genetic characteristics expressed in the appearance of a person, in the structure of his body?

First of all, hair color and eye color, the shape of the skull structure. According to these characteristics, we Russians differ from both the European peoples and the Mongoloids. And we cannot be compared with Negroes and Semites at all, the differences are too striking. Academician V.P. Alekseev proved a high degree of similarity in the structure of the skull among all representatives of the modern Russian people, while clarifying that the “Proto-Slavic type” is very stable and has its roots in the Neolithic era, and, possibly, the Mesolithic. According to the calculations of the anthropologist Deryabin, light eyes (gray, gray-blue, light blue and blue) are found in 45 percent of Russians, while in Western Europe only 35 percent are light-eyed. Dark, black hair is found in five percent of Russians, and in 45 percent of the population of foreign Europe. The popular opinion about the “snub nose” of Russians is also not confirmed. 75 percent of Russians have a straight nose profile.

Conclusion of anthropologists:
“In terms of their racial composition, Russians are typical Caucasians, who, according to most anthropological characteristics, occupy a central position among the peoples of Europe and are distinguished by slightly lighter pigmentation of their eyes and hair. One should also recognize the significant unity of the Russian racial type throughout European Russia.”
“A Russian is a European, but a European with physical characteristics unique to him. These signs make up what we call a typical hare.”

Anthropologists have seriously scratched the Russian, and - there is no Tatar, that is, a Mongoloid, in the Russians. One of the typical features of the Mongoloid is the epicanthus - the Mongolian fold of the internal corner eyes. In typical Mongoloids, this fold occurs in 95 percent; in a study of eight and a half thousand Russians, such a fold was found in only 12 people, and in its rudimentary form.

Another example. Russians literally have special blood - the predominance of groups 1 and 2, which is evidenced by many years of practice at blood transfusion stations. Among Jews, for example, the predominant blood type is 4, and the negative Rh factor is more common. During biochemical studies of blood, it turned out that Russians, like all European peoples, are characterized by a special gene RN-c, this gene is practically absent in Mongoloids (O.V. Borisova “Polymorphism of erythrocyte acid phosphatase in various population groups of the Soviet Union.” “Questions of Anthropology ". Issue 53, 1976).

It turns out that no matter how you scratch a Russian, you still won’t find a Tatar or anyone else in him. This is confirmed by the encyclopedia “Peoples of Russia”, in the chapter “Racial Composition of the Population of Russia” it is noted: “Representatives of the Caucasian race make up more than 90 percent of the country’s population and another 9 percent are representatives of forms mixed between Caucasoids and Mongoloids. The number of pure Mongoloids does not exceed 1 million people.” (“Peoples of Russia”. M., 1994).

It is easy to calculate that if there are 84 percent Russians in Russia, then all of them are exclusively people of the European type. The peoples of Siberia, the Volga region, the Caucasus, and the Urals represent a mixture of European and Mongolian races. This was beautifully expressed by anthropologist A.P. Bogdanov in the 19th century, studying the peoples of Russia, he wrote, refuting from his far, far away today’s myth that the Russians poured foreign blood into their people during the eras of invasions and colonization:

“Perhaps many Russians married natives and became sedentary, but the majority of the primitive Russian colonizers throughout Rus' and Siberia were not like that. They were a trading, industrial people, who cared about organizing themselves according to their own, in accordance with the ideal of well-being they had created for themselves. And this ideal of the Russian person is not at all such that he can easily twist his life with some kind of “trash,” just as even now Russian people often dishonor the non-religious. He will do business with him, will be affectionate and friendly with him, will become friendly with him in everything, except to become related, to introduce a foreign element into his family. For this, ordinary Russian people are still strong, and when it comes to the family, to the roots of their home, then they have a kind of aristocracy. Often villagers of different tribes live in the same neighborhood, but marriages between them are rare.”

For thousands of years, the Russian physical type remained stable and unchanged, and was never a cross between different tribes that at times inhabited our land. The myth is dispelled, we must understand that the call of blood is not an empty phrase, that our national idea of the Russian type is the reality of the Russian breed. We must learn to see this breed, admire it, appreciate it in our near and distant Russian relatives. And then, perhaps, ours will be reborn Russian appeal to complete strangers, but to our own people - father, mother, brother, sister, son and daughter. After all, we are actually all from a single root, from one clan - the Russian clan.

3) Anthropologists were able to identify the appearance of a typical Russian person. To do this, they had to convert all photographs from the photo library of the Museum of Anthropology with frontal and profile images to a single scale typical representatives population of the Russian regions of the country and, combining them along the pupils of the eyes, superimpose them on each other. The final photographic portraits turned out, naturally, blurry, but they gave an idea of the appearance of the standard Russian people. This was the first real sensational discovery. After all, similar attempts by French scientists led to a result that they had to hide from the citizens of their country: after thousands of combinations from the resulting photographs of the reference Jacques and Marianne, gray faceless ovals of faces were seen. Such a picture, even among the most distant Frenchmen from anthropology, could raise an unnecessary question: is there a French nation at all?

Unfortunately, anthropologists did not go beyond creating photographic portraits of typical representatives of the Russian population of different regions of the country and did not superimpose them on each other in order to obtain the appearance of an absolute Russian person. In the end, they were forced to admit that such a photo could get them into trouble at work. By the way, “regional” sketches of Russian people were published in the general press only in 2002, and before that they were published in small editions only in scientific publications for specialists. Now you can judge for yourself how similar they are to the typical cinematic Ivanushka and Marya.

Unfortunately, mostly black and white old ones archival photos The faces of Russian people do not allow us to convey the height, build, color of skin, hair and eyes of a Russian person. However, anthropologists have created verbal portrait Russian men and women. They are of average build and average height, light brown-haired with light eyes - gray or blue. By the way, during the research a verbal portrait of a typical Ukrainian was also obtained. The standard Ukrainian differs from the Russian only in the color of his skin, hair and eyes - he is a dark brunette with regular facial features and brown eyes. A snub nose turned out to be absolutely uncharacteristic of an Eastern Slav (found in only 7% of Russians and Ukrainians); this feature is more typical for Germans (25%).

4) In 2000 " Russian Foundation Fundamental Research" allocated approximately half a million rubles from state budget funds for the study of the gene pool of the Russian people. It is impossible to implement a serious program with such funding. But this was more of a landmark decision than just a financial decision, indicating a change in the country’s scientific priorities. Scientists from the Laboratory of Human Population Genetics of the Medical Genetic Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, who received a grant from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, national history were able to completely concentrate for three years on studying the gene pool of the Russian people, and not small nations. And limited funding only spurred their ingenuity. They supplemented their molecular genetic research with an analysis of the frequency distribution of Russian surnames in the country. This method was very cheap, but its information content exceeded all expectations: a comparison of the geography of surnames with the geography of genetic DNA markers showed their almost complete coincidence.

Unfortunately, interpretations of family analysis that appeared in the media after the first publication of data in a specialized scientific journal could create a false impression about the goals and results of the scientists’ enormous work. The project leader, Doctor of Sciences Elena Balanovskaya, explained that the main thing was not that the surname Smirnov turned out to be more common among Russian people than Ivanov, but that it was compiled for the first time full list true Russian surnames by region of the country. First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, across all regions there were about 15 thousand Russian surnames, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When superimposing regional lists on top of each other, scientists identified a total of 257 so-called “all-Russian surnames.” It's interesting that on final stage research, they decided to add surnames of residents of the Krasnodar Territory to the list of the Southern region, expecting that the predominance of Ukrainian surnames of descendants Zaporozhye Cossacks, evicted here by Catherine II, will significantly reduce the all-Russian list. But this additional restriction reduced the list of all-Russian surnames by only 7 units - to 250. From which followed the obvious and not pleasant conclusion that Kuban was populated mainly by Russian people. Where did the Ukrainians go and were they even here at all is a big question.

Over the course of three years, participants in the Russian Gene Pool project walked through almost the entire European territory RF and made a very representative sample of Russian blood.

However, cheap indirect methods of studying the genetics of the Russian people (by surnames and dermatoglyphics) were only auxiliary for the first study in Russia of the gene pool of the titular nationality. His main molecular genetic results are available in the monograph “Russian Gene Pool” (Luch Publishing House). Unfortunately, due to a lack of government funding, the scientists had to carry out part of the research together with foreign colleagues, who imposed a moratorium on many of the results until joint publications were published in the scientific press. Nothing prevents us from describing these data in words. Thus, according to the Y chromosome, the genetic distance between Russians and Finns is 30 conventional units. And the genetic distance between Russian people and the so-called Finno-Ugric peoples (Mari, Vepsians, etc.) living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 2-3 units. Simply put, genetically they are almost identical. The results of mitochondrial DNA analysis show that the Russians from the Tatars are at the same genetic distance of 30 conventional units that separates us from the Finns, but between the Ukrainians from Lviv and the Tatars the genetic distance is only 10 units. And at the same time, Ukrainians from the left bank of Ukraine are genetically as close to the Russians as the Komi-Zyrians, Mordovians and Maris.
from the blog AEKSEI_RUDKO

Human haplogroups are transmitted through direct male and female lines. But the information stored in DNA autosomes is responsible for the genetics of both men and women. Autosomes are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes in humans, which are passed on from both parents after crossing over, a process of recombination. Thus, approximately equal half of the genetic information is transmitted from father and mother to offspring.
This study uses more than 80,000 autosomal SNPs, reference points - this is very high resolution, which makes it possible to detect even relatively small influences at the genetic level among the bulk of the people. The comparative analysis data was taken from an open study by V. Verenich, a specialist in comparative analysis of genetic components. The genetic calculators themselves are located on the GedMatch service, and allow anyone to find out their comparative position on the genetic graph. To do this, it is enough to have the results of an autosomal test from FTDNA or 23andMe. At the end of the study, maps of geographic distribution and frequency maxima for the main autosomal components are provided from the MDLP World-22 project.
The graphs below show the main components and their average percentages for each population. One line shows the percentage breakdown for one population. Each division (vertical bar) represents 10%, and the names of the autosomal components are arranged in the same sequence from left to right as in the legend from top to bottom. The more similar the percentage composition general genetics among different peoples, the more similar the picture on the given graph looks. So let's get started...

Genetics of Germans, Lithuanians, Russians, Swedes, Finns, etc.

This graph shows the main genetic components for European peoples and are aligned by decreasing the East European component (North-East-European) in different populations. As you can see, all European peoples are quite different genetically, and having genetic components of the same origin in their set, they nevertheless have very different percentages. For all Slavs and Balts in general, one of the most significant is this component of Eastern Europe, which is at its maximum among Lithuanians and Belarusians. Probably since the time of the archaeological “Corded Ware Culture,” the territory of these countries has been the center of origin of this component. It is represented by more than 80% among Lithuanians, and only 20% among Italians.
The purple color represents the Atlanto-Mediterranean component, and it increases as you move from northeast to southwest. So among Finns it reaches an average of 15%, and among Italians 40%. The remaining components are less pronounced.

Genetics of Russian Ukrainians and Belarusians

This graph shows Eastern Slavs - Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians. The similarity of the genetic patterns of the three listed peoples is noteworthy, and within the margin of error they differ very slightly - among Ukrainians and southern Russians there is a slight increase in the West Asian component, and among northern Russians there is a slight increase in one of the Siberian components, called conventionally Samoyed, and an increase components of the Mesolithic of Europe up to approximately 10%, which according to the latter indicator brings them closer to the German-speaking population of Scandinavia - the Swedes.

This graph depicts all Slavs, including the western ones - Poles and Czechs, as well as the southern ones - Serbs, Bulgarians, Macedonians, etc.
All Slavs have 2 main components. These are Eastern European and Atlantic-Mediterranean. The first is at its maximum among Belarusians, and the second among all southern Slavs - Serbs, Macedonians, Bulgarians. The Eastern European component is more primary in origin among the Slavs, and the Atlantic-Mediterranean component is largely acquired as the Slavs migrated to the Balkans. Western Ukrainians and Slovaks have a slight increase in the Samoyed component relative to their neighbors Slavic peoples- Belarusians, Czechs, Poles; This is probably a genetic trace of the medieval migrations of the Huns and Ugrians to Central Europe.

Genetics of Slavs, Russians and Tatars, Germans, Caucasians, Jews, etc.

This graph shows the different origins among the peoples of Russia. As you can see, among the Slavs the main one is the Eastern European component, and among the peoples of the Volga region the proportion of Siberian components increases. While for Caucasians the West Asian, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern components are most characteristic.

Genetics of Finns, Ugrians, Udmurts, Hungarians, Sami, etc.

As you can see, the Finns, Vepsians and Karelians are characterized by a similar genetic origin with the Slavs. They also have the highest East European component, decreasing closer to the Urals and the Volga region, with an increase in Siberian components in this region. Also, all Finno-Ugric peoples have a significantly pronounced Mesolithic component of Europe, which reaches almost 80% among the Sami and is associated with the pre-Indo-European and pre-Neolithic population of Europe. Hungarians in general are characterized by a set of the same genetic components as other populations of the Carpathian region and Central Europe.

As you can see, the entire Caucasus is characterized by a relatively similar genetic origin - a large share of the West Asian and Mediterranean components. Only the Nogais stand out a little - their share of Siberian components is increasing.

As can be seen among Ashkenazim and Sephardim there is a high frequency of West Asian, Atlanto-Mediterranean and Middle Eastern components. At the same time, the Ashkenazim have a slight increase in the Siberian component, which is probably due to the Khazar heritage, and an increase of up to 30% in the East European component, which in this indicator brings them closer to the countries of southern Europe.
The only people who especially stand out from their “company” are Ethiopian Jews and Indian Jews. The former have a high proportion of sub-Saharan Africa (up to 40%), and the latter have a proportion of the South Asian genetic component, conventionally called Indian (up to 50%).

Genetics of Tatars, Bashkirs, Azerbaijanis, Chuvashs, etc.

In genetic terms, the Turks turned out to be one of the most heterogeneous ethnic groups, because their genetic components differ significantly. So, taking into account that the primary homeland of the Turks is Siberia, such peoples as the Yakuts, Tuvinians, Khakassians have retained the East Siberian autosomal component in the largest percentage, which reaches from 30 to 65%. This genetic component is also the main one among the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs. The remaining components bring the Turks closer to the peoples from the regions of their residence. So, for the Yakuts and Tuvans, these are the North Siberian and Samoyed components. In total the data is 3 Siberian components among the Yakuts it is up to 90%, among the Tuvinians up to 70%, with an increase to 20% of the East-South Asian component, which is associated to a greater extent with the migration flows of the population of East Asia. For the Bashkirs, the share of 3 Siberian components is up to 45%, and Southeast Asian up to 10%. The Tatars have 3 Siberian genetic components on average from 25 to 50%. Moreover, the share of components characteristic of the Caucasian population among the Bashkirs is up to 45%, and among the Tatars on average from 50 to 70%. The genetics of Azerbaijanis and Turks, within the margin of error, practically do not differ; they, like other peoples of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia region, have a significant presence of the West Asian component (reaches 50%) and the Atlantic-Mediterranean component (on average up to 20%). The share of 3 Siberian components is represented by Azerbaijanis, Turks and Balkars - at the level of 3-7%.

Conclusion

The genetics of peoples does not have a direct and significant correlation with the distribution language families, or with the percentage of uniparental markers - Y-DNA and mt-DNA haplogroups represented in a particular population. The greatest correlation can be traced according to the territorial-geographical principle. Thus, the share of Siberian components characteristic of the Mongoloid race as a whole gradually decreases from East to West, and the share of components characteristic of the Caucasian race increases accordingly. In the border areas along the line from the north of the Urals to Central Asia, their ratio is approximately equal. In the regions east of Baikal, the genetic components characteristic of the large Caucasoid race are practically no longer represented, while at the same time, in the regions west of the Pechora-Volga region line, the Siberian components characteristic of the large Mongoloid race are disappearing.
The spread of the Eastern European genetic component to Siberia occurred to a large extent already in Bronze Age(cultures of the Andronovo circle), although individual peaks in the extreme east of Siberia among the Chukchi may already be associated with Russian migrations in the 17th century.
The share of the Sub-Saharan component characteristic of the Negroid race is distributed throughout Africa - right up to the southern Mediterranean and the northern border of the African continent, reaching a maximum in its equatorial part, and practically never occurs beyond its borders; lightly distributed on the Arabian Peninsula and the southern part of the Iranian plateau.