Paris National Library France. Paris: National Library of France. Need help studying a topic?

Introduction

Conclusion

References

Introduction

This essay is dedicated to the National Library of France (NBF). First, it is necessary to determine the categorical status of the concept “national library”.

"National" (from lat. n?ti? - people, nation) dictionaries interpret as relating to the socio-political life of nations, associated with their interests; belonging to, characteristic of a given nation, expressing its character; state, relating to a given state; relating to the nation as a large socio-cultural community of the industrial era; characteristic of a given nation, peculiar to it.

the term “national library” used in world practice usually means the largest libraries of states, which are established by the government, serve the people as a whole, performing the functions of preserving, developing and transmitting written cultural monuments of a given country to future generations;

In addition to the main state libraries, the system of national libraries includes branch libraries of national importance, as well as libraries that are the central library institutions of territories that have a special status.

Regardless of type, all national libraries have common features, namely: appropriate scale; the nature of formation (established by the state represented by the governments of the region, region, republic); right to legal deposit; the duty to consolidate, preserve and transmit from generation to generation written cultural monuments of the country (region). The functions of national libraries are also uniform: universal bibliographic control in the relevant field; formation of complete funds of domestic documents; organization of international exchange. .

The French National Library includes all of the above functions.

The relevance of studying the French National Library lies in the fact that the library itself is the largest historical monument nation, has great demand among readers from other countries. It contains a large historical layer and, most importantly, is a wonderful architectural creation of its time.

Chapter 1. History of the birth of the French National Library

French National Library ( Bibliothèque nationale de France) - at different times bore different names: the library of the king, royal, imperial and national; For a long time it was the personal library of the French kings, the Parisian national library.

Already King Pepin the Short had a collection of manuscripts. Charlemagne founded a library in Aachen, quite significant for that time, but after his death the library was sold out. King Louis IX again collected a large library, which he bequeathed to the four spiritual communities. .

The real founder of the Royal Library of Paris was Charles V, who started the library not only for himself personally, but also to enable scientists to work; He not only bought and forced manuscripts to be rewritten, but also ordered that some books be translated “for the benefit of the kingdom and the entire Christian world.” In 1367-1368, the library, by order of the king, was moved to the Falcon Tower (tour de la Fauconnerie) in the Louvre. In 1373, its catalog was compiled, supplemented in 1380. This library suffered greatly from the fact that royal relatives took books from it and did not return them back. Of the 1,200 lists that were in the library, barely 1/20 have reached us. .

Louis XII moved the Louvre library to Blois and added it to the library collected there by his grandfather and father, the Dukes of Orleans; He also acquired a rich collection of books by the Dukes of Milan, part of the books from Petrarch's library and a collection of books by Louis de Bruges, lord de la Gruthuyse.

The generally accepted year of birth of the NBF is considered to be 1480. King Francis I added his own personal library, collected by his father and grandfather, to the royal library; he continued to collect books with great diligence, in France and abroad, to increase the library. Under him, the royal library was one of the richest in all of Europe; little by little it ceases to be regarded as the personal property of the king, and it becomes a public institution open to scholars. .

Under Francis I, the positions of chief librarian of the royal library, his assistants and bookbinders were established.

Francis I, by decree of December 28, 1537 (the “Decree of Montpellier”), introduced legal deposit (repealed at the end of the 18th century, and restored in 1810) so that “books and their contents do not disappear from human memory.” Thus, the introduction of legal deposit of printed materials creates a fundamental stage in the development of the library. .

At the end of the reign of Charles IX, the library from Fontainebleau was transported to Paris. Under Louis XIII, a library was established in the Louvre, which belonged personally to the king and was called the Cabinet du roi. During the reign of Louis XIV, the royal library acquired, by purchase and as a gift, a very large number of books and manuscripts of paramount importance. .

In the 16th century, the Royal Library of France ranked first among the largest libraries in Europe. The library's collection has increased many times; librarians could not remember so many titles. And in 1670, N. Clement, the head of the library at that time, developed a special classification printed publications, allowing you to quickly search for them.

A special contribution to the development of the Royal Library was made by Abbot Bignon, who was appointed librarian in 1719. He proposed dividing the library’s collections into departments, pursued a policy of acquiring the most important works of European writers and scientists, and sought to make it easier for ordinary readers (initially the Library was open only to scientists) to access the collections Royal Library.

In 1795, the Library was declared national by the Convention. Has undergone huge changes National Library during the Great French Revolution. Significant revenues were accepted during the years of the revolution in connection with the confiscation of monastic and private libraries, libraries of immigrants and princes during the Paris Commune. It is believed that a total of two hundred and fifty thousand printed books, fourteen thousand manuscripts and eighty-five thousand prints were added to the Library during this period.

The largest book acquisition of the NBF was the library of the French cardinals: Richelieu and Mazarin. However, the value of this acquisition is not only in the documents, but also in the fact that Gabriel Naudet was in charge of this library. It is with this that an analytical description is introduced.

On behalf of Mazarin, Naudet traveled throughout Europe and acquired entire libraries for the cardinal from representatives of the European nobility, which led to the formation of a retrospective European fund in France.

Subsequently, the library began to be located in Paris on the rue Richelieu (immediately behind the Palais Royal) in an ensemble of buildings of the 17th century, built according to the design of Mansart for Cardinal Mazarin and expanded after 1854.

The development of the library system in France is largely based on the achievement of enlightenment. However, literacy of the population began to decline sharply in the second half of the 20th century, and this was due to the migration of people from 3rd world countries. Therefore, all public libraries were forced to include in their activities educational programs.

Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the library never ceased to grow and accumulate funds. In connection with the expansion of the fund, it became necessary to create new buildings, new departments and, accordingly, new buildings.

In 1988, President François Mitterrand supported a library reform program, according to which the main collections moved to modern high-rise buildings in the XIII arrondissement of Paris (architect Dominique Perrault). At that time, the number of printed books in the library’s collection exceeded 9 million.

In March 1995, French President François Mitterrand inaugurated a new library complex located on the left bank of the Seine on an area of 7.5 hectares along Tolbiac Street.

Chapter 2. Main buildings and departments of the NBF

The National Library of France is currently located in eight library buildings and complexes in Paris and its suburbs, among them: the world famous architectural ensemble along rue Richelieu, where the Royal Library, the Arsenal Library, the House of Jean Vilar in Avignon, and the Library-Museum of the Opera were located. The structure of the NBF also includes five conservation and restoration centers, three of which are located in the suburbs of Paris. In 1994, a new library complex was built on the left bank of the Seine, named after F. Mitterrand.

1.On March 30, 1995, French President François Mitterrand inaugurated a new library complex located on the left bank of the Seine on a site of 7.5 hectares on Tolbiac Street. Initially, this complex was conceived as an independent large library of the third millennium. The initiator of the construction of the "Very Large Library" (" Très grande bibliotheque ) was François Mitterrand. After a wide discussion of the concept of the new library, it was decided to build not just a large library of the 21st century, but a national library of France of the future. To implement decisions made The Association “For the Library of France” was created, and in 1989 a international competition for the best project "Libraries of the Future". 244 applicants took part in the competition, including 139 foreign ones. The international jury unanimously recognized best project young French architect Dominique Perrault.

2.The Richelieu Library contains a department of maps and plans, a department of prints and photographs, a department of manuscripts, a department of oriental manuscripts, a department of coins, medals and works of ancient art. Although today most of the collection of the French National Library has been moved to the François Mitterrand Library, the most valuable remains in the ancient part, located on the rue Richelieu, just behind the Palais Royal.

3.The Jean Vilar House Museum was opened in 1979. It is a regional center for documentation and cultural and educational work, providing readers with materials about the art of performance. The library includes approximately 25,000 works, 1,000 video titles, iconographic documents, and costume designs.

4.The Arsenal Library was annexed to the National Library in 1934. It was first mentioned in 1754. In 1797 it opened as a public library. It is based on the unique library of the famous writer, bibliophile and collector Marquis de Polmy, which stores the collection of Count d'Artois (King Charles X), the archives of the Bastille, as well as collections confiscated from private individuals, the church and emigrants during the revolution of 1789-1794 The Library includes 14,000 manuscripts, 1 million printed publications, 100,000 engravings.

5.The Library and Museum of the Opera was created on June 28, 1669 at the Royal Academy of Music and throughout its development occupied various premises. The Opera Library-Museum has been accessible to the public since 1878. The Department's reading room has 180 seats and can accommodate 600,000 literary, musical, archival and iconographic documents, 1,680 titles periodicals and several tens of thousands of drawings and typographic posters.

Currently, the NBF is doing a lot to improve the quality of service to readers. An automated integrated information system, developed specifically for this library, should unite all buildings, ensuring clear coordination of their activities.

Chapter 3. Current state NBF

Currently, the National Library of France represents the richest collection of French-language<#"justify">french national library literature

The NBF applies ISBD standards, the MARC INTERMARC format, and the exchange of bibliographic records is carried out in the UNIMARC format.

The NBF participates in the work of UNESCO, IFLA, etc. international organizations.

Many people visit various exhibitions. The new library complex has a total exhibition area of 1,400 m2. For holding conferences, seminars, meetings and other events, the library has a system of halls, of which one has a capacity of 350 seats, another has a capacity of 200 seats, and six have a capacity of 50 seats each. As a paid service, these halls can be provided to organizations and institutions for holding various events. The library also has bookstores, kiosks, cafes, and restaurants.

The average age of visitors is 39 years, while middle age readers - 24 years old. The composition of visitors is as follows: 21% - employees, 17% - students, 16% - pensioners, 20% - teachers and representatives of liberal professions, 29% - non-Parisians and foreigners. .

The collections of the NBF are unparalleled in the world: these are fourteen million books and printed publications; These are also manuscripts, engravings, photographs, maps and plans, scores, coins, medals, audio and video recordings, multimedia, scenery, costumes. All areas of intellectual activity, art and science are represented in the spirit of encyclopedism. Each year, the collections receive approximately 150,000 documents, either as legal deposit or as a result of purchases or donations.

With the invention of book scanning technology<#"center">Conclusion

Now the National Library of France is the center of modern intellectual life and culture. It stores the knowledge accumulated by humanity, making it accessible to everyone. Place of access to information and scientific work. Center for cultural exchange. Memory of what is happening. .

The new library building, the François Mitterrand Library, houses collections of printed materials, as well as audio and video materials. In a historic library building in the center of Paris, the "Bibliotheque Richelieu", currently under reconstruction, houses the departments of manuscripts, prints, photographs, maps and plans, coins and medals. Seven centuries of history, today: 35,000,000 storage units. Every day the library receives more than a thousand copies of periodicals and hundreds of book titles. .

The Belarusian Popular Fund participates in international book exchange with the largest libraries in the world. And it compiles funds related to all areas of knowledge. Cataloging, indexing and classification of each storage unit received in the funds ensures its easy search in the catalogue. Computerized catalogs are available throughout the world via the Internet. Store and digitize.

Today, the NBF is accelerating the digitization of its collections, preserving the originals for future generations. Heading for development latest technologies. Book miniatures, posters, photographs are restored in special workshops and photo studios. bnf website. fr and the Gallica electronic library - provide access to thousands of texts and images. Large-scale digitization work with subsequent storage on all types of media. Printed materials, including press, audio recordings, drawings, scores. NBF is a participant in the European project electronic library Europeana.

Seminars, conferences, film and video screenings, and numerous exhibitions make the library a center of intense cultural life, open to the general public. The NBF actively cooperates with other organizations in France, Europe and the world. To jointly develop an idea of the library of the future, a true virtual library without borders.

References

1.Bibliothèque nationale de France [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.bnf. fr/fr/utils/a. bienvenue_a_la_bnf_ru.html#SHDC__Attribute_BlocArticle0BnF . - Date of access 2.10.13.

Library encyclopedia / RSL. - M.: Pashkov House, 2007. - 1300 p.: ill. - ISBN 5-7510-0290-3.

Wikipedia [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallica . - Date of access: 10/3/13.

Vodovozov V.V. Paris National Library / V.V. Vodovozov // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. - Owen - Patent about fights. - t.22a. - 1897. - p.793-795

Bibliology: encyclopedic dictionary/ editor: N.M. Sikorsky (chief ed.) [and others]. - M.: Soviet encyclopedia, 1982. - P.371-372.

Kuznetsova, R.T. Current national bibliographic accounting in France at the present stage / T.R. Kuznetsova // Library science and bibliography abroad. - 1991. - Issue 126. - P.52-59.

Léritier, A. Department of printed publications of the National Library in Paris (collections and catalogues) / A. Léritier // Library science and bibliography abroad. - 1977. - Issue 65. - P.5-11.

National libraries of the world. Directory, M., 1972, p.247-51; Dennry E., National Library in Paris, “Library science and bibliography abroad” 1972, v. 40, pp. 3-14.

Nedashkovskaya, T.A. Organization of library services in the new complex of the National Library of France / T.A. Nedashkovskaya // Libraries abroad: collection / VGIBL; ed. : E.A. Azarova, S.V. Pushkova. - M., 2001. - P.5-20.

Chizhova, N.B. The concept of “national library”: Theoretical and methodological foundations in world and domestic practice / N.B. Chizhova // Cultural life South of Russia. - 2012. - No. 4 (47). - p.114-117

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The Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris is considered the richest collection of French-language literature and the largest library not only in the country but also in the world. Her literary collection is located in several buildings in Paris and the provinces.

The history of the National Library dates back to the 14th century. In those days, Charles V opened the Royal Library, which managed to collect 1,200 volumes. In 1368, the collection of works was placed in the Falcon Tower of the Louvre. Five years later, all the books were rewritten and the first catalog was compiled. Over time, many books were lost and only a fifth of that fund has survived to this day. The next king, Louis XII, continued to collect books. He transferred the remaining volumes to the Château de Bloire and combined them with the collections of the library of the Dukes of Orleans.

Under Francis I, the positions of chief librarian, bookbinders and assistants were established. In 1554, an impressive collection was assembled and at the same time it became public, open to scientists. The following leaders of France constantly replenished the book collection and changed the location of the library. Over the years, it was supplemented by manuscripts of paramount importance, medals, miniatures, drawings, historical documents, books from the East and other countries. During the French Revolution, the book fund was replenished with literature from various emigrants, 9,000 manuscripts from the monastery of Saint-Germain-des-Prés and 1,500 volumes from the Sorbonne.

After its completion, the library received its modern name. The modern library building was inaugurated in 1996 in the 13th arrondissement and named after its initiator, François Mitterrand. Today this is where the main storage facility is located. By appearance- these are two pairs of four high-rise buildings standing next to each other, framing a huge park. Two of them are tightly adjacent to each other, forming an open book. Each of the buildings has its own name: time; law; number; letters and letters.

The construction of new buildings took 8 years. Literature from several eras is stored here, and thematic exhibitions and conferences are held. Today, the library's library collection includes over 20 million books, manuscripts, medals, maps, antiques and historical documents. Every year it is replenished with hundreds of thousands of books. The structure of the National Library of France is as follows: Royal Library; department theatrical arts; Opera Library-Museum; Arsenal Library; house-museum of the French director J. Vilar in Avignon; five book restoration centers.

The National Library of France has its origins in the King's Library, included in the Louvre by Charles V. The Royal Library and then the Imperial Library before becoming national. The mission of the BNF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) is to collect and store everything published in France to make the information accessible to researchers and professionals. Heiress and Guardian national memory, she is responsible for passing it on to future generations. It also aims to expand access to a wider audience.

Compulsory deposit was introduced in 1537 by Francis I. By a decree of December 28, the King of France introduced a new and decisive principle for the increase of collections: he ordered printers and booksellers to bring to the bookshop of the Castle of Blois any printed book for sale in the kingdom.

The creation of this obligation, called the legal deposit, represents a fundamental date for France's heritage, even if at first this measure was not very accurately used. This obligation was abolished during the Revolution of Liberty, but restored in 1793 to protect literary property, and reorganized in 1810 to supervise the printing press. In 1925, printer/publisher double escrow was introduced, which increased efficiency; legal escrow today is governed by the probate code and the Decree of December 31, 1993, amended in 2006.

National Library of France in Paris

The birth of a great architectural project

In 1988, it was decided to create a new building in Tolbiak, increase collections and expand research. In July 1989, an international jury headed by the architect I.M. Pei selected four projects, highlighting in particular the design of Dominique Perrault, selected by the President of the Republic François Mitterrand on August 21, 1989. Since 1990, major projects have been launched to prepare for the relocation of collections: inventory (inventory) and general computerization of catalogues.

Introduction

Conclusion

References

Introduction

This essay is dedicated to the National Library of France (NBF). First, it is necessary to determine the categorical status of the concept “national library”.

"National" (from lat. nātiō - people, nation) dictionaries interpret as relating to the socio-political life of nations, associated with their interests; belonging to, characteristic of a given nation, expressing its character; state, relating to a given state; relating to the nation as a large socio-cultural community of the industrial era; characteristic of a given nation, peculiar to it.

Regardless of the type, all national libraries have common characteristics, namely: appropriate scale; the nature of formation (established by the state represented by the governments of the region, region, republic); right to legal deposit; the duty to consolidate, preserve and transmit from generation to generation written cultural monuments of the country (region). The functions of national libraries are also uniform: universal bibliographic control in the relevant field; formation of complete funds of domestic documents; organization of international exchange. .

The French National Library includes all of the above functions.

The relevance of studying the French National Library lies in the fact that the library itself is the largest historical monument of the nation and is in great demand among readers from other countries. It contains a large historical layer and, importantly, is a wonderful architectural creation of its time.

Chapter 1. History of the birth of the French National Library

Under Francis I, the positions of chief librarian of the royal library, his assistants and bookbinders were established.

In the 16th century, the Royal Library of France ranked first among the largest libraries in Europe. The library's collection has increased many times; librarians could not remember so many titles. And in 1670, N. Clement, the head of the library at that time, developed a special classification of printed publications, allowing them to be quickly searched.

In 1795, the Library was declared national by the Convention. The National Library underwent enormous changes during the years of the French Revolution. Significant revenues were accepted during the years of the revolution in connection with the confiscation of monastic and private libraries, libraries of immigrants and princes during the Paris Commune. It is believed that a total of two hundred and fifty thousand printed books, fourteen thousand manuscripts and eighty-five thousand prints were added to the Library during this period.

In March 1995, French President François Mitterrand inaugurated a new library complex located on the left bank of the Seine on an area of 7.5 hectares along Tolbiac Street.

Chapter 2. Main buildings and departments of the NBF

The National Library of France is currently located in eight library buildings and complexes in Paris and its suburbs, among them: the world-famous architectural ensemble on rue Richelieu, which housed the Royal Library, the Arsenal Library, the House of Jean Vilar in Avignon, and the Library-Museum of the Opera. The structure of the NBF also includes five conservation and restoration centers, three of which are located in the suburbs of Paris. In 1994, a new library complex was built on the left bank of the Seine, named after F. Mitterrand.

1.On March 30, 1995, French President François Mitterrand inaugurated a new library complex located on the left bank of the Seine on a site of 7.5 hectares on Tolbiac Street. Initially, this complex was conceived as an independent large library of the third millennium. The initiator of the construction of the "Very Large Library" (" Très grande bibliotheque ) was François Mitterrand. After a wide discussion of the concept of the new library, it was decided to build not just a large library of the 21st century, but a national library of France of the future. To implement the decisions made, the association “For the Library of France” was created, and in 1989 an international competition was held for the best project “Libraries of the Future”. 244 applicants took part in the competition, including 139 foreign ones. The international jury unanimously recognized the best project by the young French architect Dominique Perrault.

5.The Library and Museum of the Opera was created on June 28, 1669 at the Royal Academy of Music and throughout its development occupied various premises. The Opera Library-Museum has been accessible to the public since 1878. The Department's reading room has 180 seats and can accommodate 600,000 literary, musical, archival and iconographic documents, 1,680 titles of periodicals and several tens of thousands of drawings and typographic posters.

Chapter 3. Current state of NBF

Currently, the National Library of France represents the richest collection of French-language<#"justify">french national library literature

The NBF applies ISBD standards, the MARC INTERMARC format, and the exchange of bibliographic records is carried out in the UNIMARC format.

The NBF participates in the work of UNESCO, IFLA and other international organizations.

The average age of visitors is 39 years old, while the average age of readers is 24 years old. The composition of visitors is as follows: 21% - employees, 17% - students, 16% - pensioners, 20% - teachers and representatives of liberal professions, 29% - non-Parisians and foreigners. .

With the invention of book scanning technology<#"center">Conclusion

Today, the NBF is accelerating the digitization of its collections, preserving the originals for future generations. We have set a course for the development of new technologies. Book miniatures, posters, photographs are restored in special workshops and photo studios. bnf website. fr and the Gallica electronic library - provide access to thousands of texts and images. Large-scale digitization work with subsequent storage on all types of media. Printed materials, including press, audio recordings, drawings, scores. NBF is a participant in the European electronic library project Europeana.

References

1.Bibliothèque nationale de France [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.bnf. fr/fr/utils/a. bienvenue_a_la_bnf_ru.html#SHDC__Attribute_BlocArticle0BnF . - Date of access 2.10.13.

Library encyclopedia / RSL. - M.: Pashkov House, 2007. - 1300 p.: ill. - ISBN 5-7510-0290-3.

Wikipedia [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallica . - Date of access: 10/3/13.

Vodovozov V.V. Paris National Library / V.V. Vodovozov // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. - Owen - Patent about fights. - t.22a. - 1897. - p.793-795

Bibliology: encyclopedic dictionary / editorial board: N.M. Sikorsky (chief ed.) [and others]. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1982. - P.371-372.

Kuznetsova, R.T. Current national bibliographic accounting in France at the present stage / T.R. Kuznetsova // Library science and bibliography abroad. - 1991. - Issue 126. - P.52-59.

National libraries of the world. Directory, M., 1972, p.247-51; Dennry E., National Library in Paris, “Library science and bibliography abroad” 1972, v. 40, pp. 3-14.

Chizhova, N.B. The concept of “national library”: Theoretical and methodological foundations in world and domestic practice / N.B. Chizhova // Cultural life of the South of Russia. - 2012. - No. 4 (47). - p.114-117

In 1996, a new attraction appeared in Paris - the new building of the National Library of France (Bibliotheque Nationale de France), which bears the name former president the country of François Mitterrand. This is the main library storage. The building itself consists of four towers resembling open books and framing a park with an area of 12 thousand square meters. Each of the four towers […]

In 1996 in Paris a new attraction appeared - a new building was inaugurated National Library of France (Bibliotheque Nationale de France), which bears the name of the former president of the country Francois Mitterrand. This is the main library storage. The building itself consists of four towers resembling open books and framing a park with an area of 12 thousand square meters. Each of the four towers has its own name - Tower of Time, Tower of Laws, Tower of Numbers and Tower of Letters and Letters.

The National Library of France, which dates back to the 14th century, was first royal, then imperial, before becoming a national institution. Its mission is to collect and preserve all published works, regardless of medium. mass media, with the aim of making them accessible to researchers and professionals. Under French law, publishers must place multiple copies of their published material in the Bibliothèque Nationale.

Construction of the new library building began in 1988 on the initiative of the President Mitterrand. According to his plan, it was to become one of the largest libraries in the world and have all the modern means of transmitting and exchanging information. Mitterrand's dream came true. The library contains not only historical and modern writings, but exhibitions and conferences are regularly held here. The library's collection annually increases by 130 thousand books. She receives at least one copy of any book or newspaper that was published in France. A total number The library collection is estimated at 30 million books and historical documents.

New repository of the National Library of France (Bibliotheque Nationale de France) named after François Mitterrand
Quai François Mauriac, 75706 Paris Cedex 13, France‎
bnf.fr

Take the metro to Bibliothèque François Mitterrand station

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