Presentation on the topic of the biography of Leo Tolstoy. Biography of L.N. Tolstoy. The birthplace of the great Russian writer and philosopher Tolstoy is Yasnaya Polyana - the village where Lev Nikolaevich was the fourth. Download presentation on literature Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy

Kasatkina Maria

In a presentation prepared by a student for a lesson literary reading, presents material about the life and work of the great Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy. The presentation will be useful not only for schoolchildren, but also for teachers and parents.

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Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 1, Kameshkovo, Vladimir region Life and work of L.N. Tolstoy Performed by a student of class 4 “B” Kasatkina Maria

Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (1828 – 1910), prose writer, playwright, publicist. Born on September 9 (August 28, old style) in the estate Yasnaya Polyana Tula province. By origin he belonged to the oldest aristocratic families in Russia. He received home education and upbringing.

His mother, nee Princess Volkonskaya, died when Tolstoy was not yet two years old, but according to the stories of family members, he had a good idea of ​​“her spiritual appearance.” Tolstoy's father, participant Patriotic War, remembered by the writer for his good-natured, mocking character, love of reading, and hunting, also died early (1837). The children were raised by a distant relative, T. A. Ergolskaya, who had a huge influence on Tolstoy: “she taught me the spiritual pleasure of love.” Childhood memories always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy and were reflected in the autobiographical story “Childhood”. “Childhood period” The writer’s father is Nikolai Tolstoy

L.N. Tolstoy with his brothers. Tolstoy was the fourth child in the family; he had three older brothers: Nikolai (1823-1860), Sergei (1826-1904) and Dmitry (1827-1856). In 1830, Sister Maria was born. His mother died with the birth of her last daughter, when he was not yet 2 years old.

When Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, to the house of a relative and guardian of the children, P. I. Yushkova. Living in Kazan, Tolstoy spent 2.5 years preparing to enter university; at the age of 17 he entered there. Lev Nikolaevich already at that time knew 16 languages, read a lot and studied philosophy. But his studies did not arouse any keen interest in him and he passionately indulged in social entertainment. In the spring of 1847, having submitted a request for dismissal from the university “due to poor health and domestic circumstances,” Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana with the firm intention of studying the entire course of science. Kazan University P. I. Yushkova is the aunt of the writer Kazan University. House in Yasnaya Polyana.

After a summer in the village, in the fall of 1847, Tolstoy went first to Moscow, then to St. Petersburg to take candidate exams at the university. His lifestyle changed frequently during this period. At the same time, he had a serious desire to write and the first unfinished artistic sketches appeared. "The stormy life of adolescence"

In 1851, his elder brother Nikolai, an officer in the active army, persuaded Tolstoy to go together to the Caucasus. Tolstoy lived for almost three years in Cossack village on the banks of the Terek. In the Caucasus, Tolstoy wrote the story “Childhood” and sent it to the Sovremennik magazine without revealing his name. Tolstoy's literary debut immediately brought real recognition. The story "Childhood"

In 1854, Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube Army in Bucharest. A boring staff life forced him to transfer to the Crimean Army, to besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (awarded the Order of St. Anne and medals). In Crimea, Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans(he was also going to publish a magazine for soldiers), here he began writing a series of “Sevastopol stories.” Crimean campaign

In November 1855, Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately entered the Sovremennik circle (N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. A. Goncharov, etc.), where he was greeted as a “great the hope of Russian literature." In the fall of 1856, Tolstoy, having retired, went to Yasnaya Polyana, and at the beginning of 1857 - abroad. He visited France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany. In the fall he returned to Moscow, then to Yasnaya Polyana. Among writers and abroad

In 1859, Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the village and helped establish more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana. In 1862 he published the pedagogical magazine "Yasnaya Polyana", the books "ABC" and "New ABC", as well as children's books for reading. People's School

In September 1862, Tolstoy married the eighteen-year-old daughter of a doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers, and immediately after the wedding he took his wife from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana. For 17 years life together they had 13 children.

In the 1870s, still living in Yasnaya Polyana, continuing to teach peasant children and developing his pedagogical views in print, Tolstoy worked on the novels: “War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina”, the story “Cossacks”, the first of works in which Tolstoy's great talent was recognized as a genius.

The turning point years radically changed the writer’s personal biography (Tolstoy’s proclaimed refusal to own private property caused sharp discontent among family members, especially his wife). In the late autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana. The journey turned out to be too much for him: on the way, Tolstoy fell ill and was forced to get off the train at the small Astapovo railway station. Here, in the station master's house, he spent the last seven days of his life. Tolstoy's funeral in Yasnaya Polyana became an event of all-Russian scale. Astapovo station

Throughout his life, L.N. Tolstoy expanded his knowledge and was a highly educated person. In his works, L.N. Tolstoy said that only one who works, who does good to other people, who honestly fulfills his duty can be called a person. It is shameful and unworthy of a person to live by someone else’s labor. On November 10 (23), 1910, he was buried in Yasnaya Polyana, on the edge of a ravine in the forest, where as a child he and his brother were looking for a “green stick” that kept the secret of how to make all people happy.

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Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born on August 28 (September 9), 1828 in the Yasnaya Polyana estate of the Krapivensky district of the Tula province into an aristocratic noble family. House in Yasnaya Polyana.

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By origin, Lev Nikolaevich belonged to the famous noble families Tolstoy (on his father’s side) and Volkonsky (on his mother’s side), who gave rise to a number of statesmen and military figures known in the history of Russia. Nikolai Sergeevich Volkonsky, grandfather of L.N. Tolstoy. Ekaterina Dmitrievna Volkonskaya, grandmother of Leo Tolstoy. Ilya Andreevich Tolstoy, grandfather of Leo Tolstoy. Pelageya Nikolaevna Tolstaya, grandmother of Leo Tolstoy.

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Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya in childhood, mother of Leo Tolstoy. Nikolai Ilyich, father of Leo Tolstoy. Maria Nikolaevna and Nikolai Ilyich had 4 sons: Nikolai, Sergei, Dmitry, Lev, and the long-awaited daughter Maria. However, her birth turned out to be an inconsolable grief for the Tolstoys: Maria Nikolaevna died during childbirth in 1830. And in 1837 Nikolai Ilyich died. The children's teacher was their distant relative Tatyana Aleksandrovna Ergolskaya. In 1841, the children were taken by their own aunt Pelageya Ilyinichna Yushkova, who lived in Kazan.

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In 1844, Lev Nikolaevich entered Kazan University at the Department of Oriental Languages, then transferred to the Faculty of Law. Government teaching did not satisfy his inquisitive mind, and in 1847 Tolstoy filed a petition to dismiss him from among the students. Tolstoy is a student. Building of Kazan University.

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Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy leaves Kazan and returns to Yasnaya Polyana. And in 1850 he was assigned to serve in the office of the Tula provincial government, but the service also did not satisfy him. Under the influence of his older brother Nikolai L.N. Tolstoy left for the Caucasus in 1851 and volunteered to serve in the artillery. Brother of the writer N.N. Tolstoy.

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In 1854-1855, Tolstoy took part in the heroic defense of Sevastopol. This time was for him a school of military and civil courage. The experience he gained in battles later helped Tolstoy the artist achieve true realism in the battle scenes of War and Peace. In besieged Sevastopol, Tolstoy wrote Sevastopol Stories. For the first time in Russian literature, a writer chose as his heroes soldiers and sailors who fought for their Motherland. L.N. Tolstoy. Publication of “Sevastopol Stories” in the Sovremennik magazine.

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At the beginning of November 1855, Tolstoy was sent by courier to St. Petersburg. He stayed with I.S. Turgenev, in his apartment on Fontanka, near the Anichkov Bridge. In St. Petersburg, Turgenev introduced Tolstoy to the circle of famous writers and contributed to his literary success. Tolstoy became especially close to the writers grouped around Sovremennik. L.N. Tolstoy in the group of Sovremennik writers.

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Turgenev's persistent advice to leave military service still had an effect on Tolstoy: he submitted his resignation and in November 1856 received dismissal from military service, and at the beginning of 1857 he went on his first trip abroad through Warsaw to Paris. Paris

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From France, Tolstoy arrived in London in early March 1861. Here he was lucky enough to attend a lecture by Charles Dickens, who was one of Tolstoy's most beloved writers; He placed his portrait in his Yasnaya Polyana office among the portraits of close people. From London, Tolstoy returns to Russia via Brussels. London.

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Immediately after the wedding, Lev Nikolaevich and Sofya Andreevna left for Yasnaya Polyana, where they lived almost continuously for 20 years. In Sofya Andreevna he found a diligent assistant in his literary work. She parsed and rewrote the writer’s difficult-to-read manuscripts countless times, happy to be the first to read his works. S.A. Tolstaya. L.N. Tolstoy.

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Since 1882, Tolstoy and his family lived in Moscow. The writer was impressed by the contradictions of a large capitalist city, which Moscow had become by that time. This exacerbated the spiritual crisis that led Tolstoy to a break with the noble circle to which he belonged. Family of Leo Tolstoy.

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On October 28, 1910, at six o'clock in the morning, Tolstoy left Yasnaya Polyana forever. He and his companions were heading through Kozelsk to the south of Russia. On the way, Tolstoy fell ill with pneumonia and was forced to get off the train at Astapovo station. The last seven days of the writer’s life passed in the station master’s house. On November 7 at 6:50 a.m. Tolstoy died. Funeral in Yasnaya Polyana.

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Tolstoy's grave in Yasnaya Polyana. Tolstoy's death sparked a wave of anti-government demonstrations: factory workers went on strike; in St. Petersburg, near the Kazan Cathedral, a student demonstration took place; unrest and riots occurred in Moscow and other cities.

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1828. August 28 (September 9 new style) Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born on the Yasnaya Polyana estate, Krapivensky district, Tula province. 1841. After the death of his mother (1830) and father (1837), L. N. Tolstoy and his brothers and sister moved to Kazan, to his guardian P. I. Yushkova. 1844 - 1847. L.N. Tolstoy studies at Kazan University - first at the Faculty of Philosophy in the category of Arabic-Turkish literature, then at Faculty of Law. 1847. Without completing the course, Tolstoy leaves the university and comes to Yasnaya Polyana, which he received as property under a separate deed. 1849. Trip to St. Petersburg University to take exams for a candidate’s degree. 1849. Leo Tolstoy returned to Yasnaya Polyana. 1851. L.N. Tolstoy writes the story “The History of Yesterday” - his first literary work(unfinished). In May, Tolstoy travels to the Caucasus and volunteers in military operations. MAIN DATES IN THE LIFE AND WORK OF L. N. TOLSTOY 1859.

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1860 - 1861 L. N. Tolstoy studies the organization of school affairs abroad during his second trip abroad to Europe. In May, L.N. Tolstoy returns to Yasnaya Polyana. 1861 - 1862. L.N. Tolstoy - world mediator, protects the interests of the peasants; The Tula provincial nobility, dissatisfied with him, demands his removal from office. The story “Polikushka” has been written. 1862 L. N. Tolstoy publishes the pedagogical magazine “Yasnaya Polyana”, finished the story “Cossacks”. 1863 - 1869. L.N. Tolstoy works on the novel “War and Peace”. 1868. L.N. Tolstoy begins to work on “The ABC”, graduated in 1872. 1872. Resumes pedagogical activity L.N. Tolstoy, interrupted after the search, a congress of public school teachers gathers. L.N. Tolstoy is trying to create teacher training courses in Yasnaya Polyana. Working on stories for children. 1873. Tolstoy began writing the novel “Anna Karenina”, finished in 1877. In June - August, L.N. Tolstoy participates in helping the starving peasants of the Samara province.

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1901 - 1902. L.N. Tolstoy lives during his illness in the Crimea, where he often meets with A.P. Chekhov and A.M. Gorky. 1903. Leo Tolstoy wrote the story “After the Ball.” 1905 - 1908. Leo Tolstoy writes articles “Why?”, “I Can’t Be Silent!” and others L.N. Tolstoy. 1895

In 1844, Tolstoy entered Kazan University to study oriental languages, but after three years he abandoned his studies, as he quickly became bored with it. When Tolstoy turned 23, he and his older brother Nikolai left to fight in the Caucasus. During Tolstoy's service, a writer awakens, and he begins his famous cycle - a trilogy, which describes moments from childhood to adolescence. Lev Nikolaevich also writes several autobiographical stories and stories (such as “Cutting Wood”, “Cossacks”).

Finding himself on his plot, Lev Nikolaevich creates own system pedagogy and opens a school, and also begins to engage in educational activities. Completely fascinated by this type of activity, he goes to Europe to get acquainted with the schools. In 1862, Tolstoy married young Sofya Andreevna Bers - and immediately left with his wife to Yasnaya Polyana, where he was fully engaged family life and household chores.

But by the autumn of 1863 he began work on his most fundamental work, War and Peace. Then, from 1873 to 1877, the novel Anna Karenina was created. During this period of time, Tolstoy’s worldview was fully formed, which bears the self-explanatory name - “Tolstoyism”, the whole essence of which is well depicted in such works of the writer as “The Kreutzer Sonata”, “What is your faith”, “Confession”.

And in 1899, the novel “Resurrection” was published, which describes the main provisions of the teachings of the brilliant author. Late in the autumn night, Tolstoy, who at that time was 82 years old, secretly leaves Yasnaya Polyana with his attending physician. But on the way, the writer falls ill and gets off the train at the Astapovo Ryazan-Ural station.

Conversation for children 5-9 years old: “Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy”

Dvoretskaya Tatyana Nikolaevna, GBOU School No. 1499 DO No. 7, teacher
Description: The event is intended for children of senior preschool and junior school age, educators preschool institutions, primary school teachers and parents.
Purpose of work: The conversation will introduce children to the great Russian writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, his work and personal contribution to children's literature.

Target: introducing children of senior preschool and primary school age to the world of book culture.
Tasks:
1. introduce children to the biography and work of the writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy;
2. introduce children of senior preschool and primary school age to literary works;3. to form emotional responsiveness to a literary work;
4. cultivate children’s interest in the book and its characters;
Attributes for games: rope, 2 baskets, fake mushrooms, hat or mask - Bear.

Preliminary work:
- Read fairy tales, stories, fables of Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy
- Organize an exhibition of children's drawings based on the works they read

Opening remarks in verse

Dvoretskaya T.N.
Great soul man
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy.
Famous writer talented from God.
A wise teacher with the soul of a teacher.
He was a generator of bold ideas.
He opened a school for peasant children.
Lev Nikolaevich – great thinker.
Founder, benefactor.
Noble family, count blood.
He thought about the troubles of ordinary people.
He left behind a legacy
Knowledge has become an encyclopedia.
His works and experience are invaluable capital.
For many generations, it became the foundation.
The writer is famous, and in the 21st century
We will proudly tell you about this man!

Progress of the conversation:
Presenter: Dear guys, today we will meet an amazing person and a great writer.
(Slide No. 1)
Near the city of Tula there is a place called Yasnaya Polyana, where on September 9, 1828, the great Russian writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born. He was the fourth child in a large noble family. His mother, Princess Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya. His father, Count Nikolai Ilyich, traced his ancestry back to Ivan Ivanovich Tolstoy, who served as a governor under Tsar Ivan the Terrible.
(Slide No. 2)
The little writer spent his childhood in Yasnaya Polyana. Leo Tolstoy primary education received at home, lessons were given to him by French and German teachers. He lost his parents early. Leo Tolstoy's mother died when he was one and a half years old, and his father died when the boy was nine years old. The orphaned children (three brothers and a sister) were taken in by their aunt, who lived in Kazan. She became the children's guardian. Leo Tolstoy lived in the city of Kazan for six years.
In 1844 he entered Kazan University. Classes according to the program and textbooks weighed heavily on him and after studying for 3 years, he decided to leave the institution. Leo Tolstoy left Kazan for the Caucasus, where his older brother Nikolai Nikolaevich Tolstoy served in the active army with the rank of artillery officer.

Young Leo Tolstoy wanted to test himself to see if he was a brave man, and to see with his own eyes what war was. He entered the army, at first he was a cadet, then after passing the exams, he received a junior officer rank.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was a participant in the defense of the city of Sevastopol. Awarded the Order of St. Anne with the inscription “For Bravery” and medals “For the Defense of Sevastopol.
Russian people have long glorified courage, bravery and bravery.
Listen to what sayings were made in Rus':
Where there is courage, there is victory.

Don't lose courage, don't take a step back.
A soldier's job is to fight bravely and skillfully.
Anyone who has never been in battle has never experienced courage.
Now we will check how brave and courageous our boys are.
Exit to the center of the hall. The game is played: Tug of war.
Leo Tolstoy traveled abroad twice in 1850 and 1860.
(Slide No. 3)
Returning back to Yasnaya Polyana, the family estate of Leo Tolstoy opens a school for serf children. At that time the country had serfdom- this is when all the peasants obeyed and belonged to the landowner. Previously, even in the cities there were not many schools, and only children from rich and noble families studied in them. People lived in villages and they were all illiterate.

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy announced that the school would be free and that there would be no corporal punishment. The fact is that in those days it was customary to punish children; they were beaten with rods (a thin twig) for bad behavior, for an incorrect answer, for not learning a lesson, for disobedience.
(Slide No. 4)
At first, the peasants shrugged their shoulders: where has it been seen that they teach for free. People doubted whether such lessons would be of any use if they did not flog a mischievous and lazy child.
In those days, peasant families had many children, 10 to 12 people each. And they all helped their parents with housework.

But they soon saw that the school in Yasnaya Polyana was not like any other.
(Slide No. 5)
“If,” wrote L.N. Tolstoy, “the lesson is too difficult, the student will lose hope of completing the task, will do something else, and will not make any effort; if the lesson is too easy, the same thing will happen. We must try to ensure that all the student’s attention can be absorbed in the given lesson. To do this, give the student such work that each lesson feels like a step forward in his learning.”
(Slide No. 6)
The following folk proverbs have been preserved and survived to this day about the power of knowledge:
From time immemorial, a book has raised a person.
It is good to teach whoever listens.
The ABC is a stepping stone to wisdom.
Live forever and learn.
The world is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by knowledge.
Without patience there is no learning.
Learning to read and write is always useful.
(Slide No. 7)

At the Tolstoy school, the children learned to read, write, count, and they had lessons in history, natural science, drawing and singing. The children felt free and cheerful at school. In the classroom, little students sat down wherever they wanted: on benches, on tables, on the windowsill, on the floor. Everyone could ask the teacher about anything they wanted, talked to him, consulted with neighbors, looked into their notebooks. Lessons turned into a general interesting conversation, and sometimes into a game. There were no homework assignments.
(Slide No. 8)
During breaks and after classes, Leo Tolstoy told the children something interesting, showed them gymnastic exercises, played games with them, and ran races. In winter I went sledding down the mountains with my children, and in summer I took them to the river or to the forest to pick mushrooms and berries.

(Slide No. 9)
Come on guys, and we’ll play a game: “Mushroom Pickers”
Rules: Children are divided into 2 teams, each team has 1 basket. At the signal, children collect mushrooms.
Condition: You can only take 1 mushroom in your hands.
Music plays, children collect mushrooms and put them in their common team basket.
The music fades out, a bear comes out into the clearing (starts roaring), the mushroom pickers freeze and do not move. The bear goes around the mushroom pickers; if the mushroom picker moves, the bear eats him. (The eaten mushroom picker is placed on a chair). At the end of the game, the mushrooms in the baskets are counted. The team that has collected the most mushrooms and whose team has the most mushroom pickers left unharmed wins.
(Slide No. 10)
At that time there were few books for children. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy decides to write a book for children. The ABC was published in 1872. In this book, Lev Nikolaevich collected best fairy tales, fables, proverbs, stories, epics and sayings. Small instructive works make children all over the world sympathize and worry, rejoice and be sad.

(slide No. 11)
The works written by Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy contain useful and wise advice, teach us to understand the world around us and the relationships between people.
(Slide No. 12)
The work of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is a real treasure trove for children. Children are small and attentive listeners who learn love, kindness, courage, justice, resourcefulness, and honesty.
Children are strict judges in literature. It is necessary that stories for them be written clearly, entertainingly, and morally... Simplicity is a huge and difficult to achieve virtue.
L.N. Tolstoy.
(Slide No. 13)
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was a master at inventing different games and fun for children. Here are some of them. Guys, try to guess some interesting riddles.
It walks along the sea, but when it reaches the shore, it disappears. (Wave)
There is a mountain in the yard, and water in the hut. (Snow)
He bows, bows, when he comes home he will stretch out. (Axe)
Seventy clothes, all without fasteners. (Cabbage)
Grandfather builds a bridge without an axe. (Freezing)
Two mothers have five sons. (Hands)
Twisted, tied up, dancing around the hut. (Broom)
It's made of wood, but the head is iron. (Hammer)
Every boy has a closet. (Signet)

(Slide No. 14)

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy wrote sayings for children.
Where there is a flower, there is honey.
Unknown friend, not good for services.
Help your friend as much as you can.
The bird is red with its feather, and the man with his mind.
A drop is small, but drop by drop the sea.
Don't take it by the handful, but take it in a pinch.
If you want to eat rolls, don’t sit on the stove.
Summer gathers, winter eats.
Know how to take, know how to give.
You won't learn everything at once.
Learning is light, not learning is darkness.
The end is the crown of the matter.
Presenter: Well, at the end of our event we invite you to play an outdoor game:
"Golden Gate".

Rules of the game: The two leaders join hands and build a “gate” (raise their clasped hands up). The rest of the players join hands and begin to dance in a circle, passing under the “gate”. The round dance must not be broken! You can't stop!
Everyone playing in chorus pronounces the words (chorusing)

“Golden Gate, come through, gentlemen:
Saying goodbye for the first time
The second time is prohibited
And we won’t let you through the third time!”

When the last phrase sounds, “the gate is closing” - the drivers lower their hands and catch and lock those participants in the round dance who are inside the “gate”. Those who are caught also become “gates”. When the “gate” grows to 4 people, you can divide them and make two gates, or you can leave just a giant “gate”. If there are few “masters” left in the game, it is advisable to arrive under the goal, moving like a snake. The game usually goes to the last two uncaught players. They become new leaders, form new gates.
(Slide No. 14 and No. 15)

Thank you for your attention! See you again!

Biography of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1828 - 1910)

PEDIGREE
Great-grandfather Andrei Ivanovich served as president of the Chief Moscow Magistrate. His two sons served the Fatherland: Pyotr Andreevich - an associate of Peter I, Ilya Andreevich - an officer of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. He married the daughter of the Minister of War, Pelageya Nikolaevna Gorchakova.

The son of Ilya Andreevich, Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, a participant in the War of 1812, in 1820 married Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya, the daughter of a retired general close to Catherine II. The family had children Nikolai, Sergei, Dmitry, Lev (August 28, 1828) and Maria

CHILDHOOD
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born in Yasnaya Polyana on August 28, 1828. When Lyovushka was 2 years old, her mother died. The closest person was a distant relative of Pelageya Nikolaevna’s grandmother, Tatyana Aleksandrovna Ergolskaya.

STUDIES
Moving to Kazan in 1841. Here in 1844 L. Tolstoy entered Kazan University. He attends classes at the Faculty of Philosophy (Department of Arabic-Turkish Literature) for a year and at Law for two years. In 1847, L.N. Tolstoy left the University

THE CAUCASUS AND THE CRIMINAL WAR
In 1851, together with his older brother Nikolai L. Tolstoy, he left for the Caucasus to join the active army, where he served first as a volunteer and then as a junior artillery officer.

With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish War, L. Tolstoy submits a memo on his transfer to the Danube Army. As an artillery officer of the fourth bastion, he participated in the defense of Sevastopol. He returned home at the end of 1855 with the Order of St. Anne “For Bravery” and medals “For the Defense of Sevastopol.”

Literary activity of the first half of the 1850s.
1852 - the story “Childhood”, published in Sovremennik, later “Adolescence” (1854) and “Youth” (1856) were published in it. In 1855, L. Tolstoy completed work on “Sevastopol Stories”

Literary activity of the second half of the 50s.
Returning from Sevastopol, Leo Tolstoy plunged into the literary environment of St. Petersburg. In 1857 and 1860-61, L.N. Tolstoy made foreign trips to European countries. However, I did not find peace of mind here. 1857 – stories “Albert”, “From the Notes of Prince Nekhlyudov”, story “Lucerne” 1859 – story “Three Deaths”

Pedagogical activity
Back in 1849, L.N. Tolstoy began classes with peasant children. In 1859 he opened a school in Yasnaya Polyana. In 1872, L. Tolstoy wrote “The ABC,” which was published 28 times during the writer’s lifetime.

Life and creative maturity(1860-1870s)
1863-69 – “War and Peace” 1873-77 – “Anna Karenina”. According to the writer, in the first work, “folk thought” was dear to him, in the second, “family thought.” Soon after publication, both novels were translated into foreign languages.

SPIRITUAL CRISIS
1882 The autobiographical work “Confession” was completed: “I renounced the life of our circle...” In 1880-1890, Leo Tolstoy created a number of religious works in which he outlined his understanding of Christian doctrine. In 1901, the Holy Synod excommunicated Leo Tolstoy from the church.

Literary activity of 1880-1890
At the beginning of the 1889s, Leo Tolstoy’s views on art changed significantly. He came to the conclusion that he should write not “for the masters,” but for “Ignatius and their children” 1889-1899 - “Resurrection” 1886 - “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” 1887-89 “Kreutzer Sonata” 1896 1904 - “Hadji Murat » 1903 – “After the Ball”

FAMILY LIFE
In 1862, Lev Nikolaevich married the daughter of a Moscow doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers. After the wedding, the newlyweds immediately leave for Yasnaya Polyana.

Sofya Andreevna in Yasnaya Polyana on for many years becomes a housekeeper-housekeeper, her husband's secretary, children's educator and keeper of the hearth.

Of the 13 children, seven survived. (In the photo: Mikhail, Lev Nikolaevich, Vanechka, Lev, Sasha, Andrey, Tatyana, Sofya Andreevna, Maria) Two losses were especially noticeable: the death of the last child Vanechka (1895) and the writer’s beloved daughter Maria (1906).

Recent years.
Relations with his wife and children were tense. They finally deteriorated after a secretly written will, according to which the family was deprived of the right to literary heritage writer.

On the night of October 27-28, 1910, Leo Tolstoy secretly left his home and went to the south of Russia, where he planned to stay with peasant friends. He died in the house of the head of the Astapovo station on November 7, 1910 at 6:50 am.