Natural resources of European countries. Natural conditions and resources of Western Europe

The video lesson is dedicated to the topic “Natural Resources Foreign Europe" From the lesson you will learn about the natural resource potential of Foreign Europe, and get acquainted with the main resources that various European territories are rich in. The teacher will tell you about the leading European countries in terms of security various types resources.

Topic: Regional characteristics of the world. Foreign Europe

Lesson:Natural resources of Foreign Europe

Europe's resource supply is determined primarily by three circumstances. Firstly, the European region is one of the most densely populated regions on the planet. Consequently, the region's natural resources are used very actively. Secondly, European countries took the path of industrial development earlier than others. As a result, the impact on nature on an industrial scale began here several centuries ago. And finally, Europe is a relatively small region of the planet. The conclusion suggests itself: Europe's natural resources are severely depleted. The exception is the Scandinavian Peninsula, whose resources remained largely intact until the end of the twentieth century. In fact, the active industrial development of Scandinavia began only in the second half of the twentieth century. At the same time, the population of the countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula is small and distributed over a large area. All these features of the Scandinavian subregion are opposite to the properties characteristic of Europe as a whole.

The following resources located within are important for the world economy:

7. Bauxite

Europe has quite large reserves of ore. Iron ore is mined in Sweden (Kiruna), France (Lorraine) and the Balkan Peninsula. Non-ferrous metal ores are represented by copper-nickel and chromium ores from Finland, Sweden, bauxite from Greece and Hungary. There are large deposits of uranium in France, and titanium in Norway. There are polymetals, tin, mercury ores in Europe (Spain, Balkan, Scandinavian peninsulas), Poland is rich in copper.

Rice. 2. Map of mineral resources of Foreign Europe ()

Soils Europe is quite fertile. However, the countries' small area and significant population explain the low population. In addition, almost all available areas have already been used for agriculture. The territory of the Netherlands, for example, is more than 80% plowed. Water resources. Natural waters are one of the most important and scarce natural resources in Europe. The population and various sectors of the economy use huge volumes of water, and the volume of water consumption continues to increase. Qualitative deterioration of water, caused by uncontrolled or poorly controlled economic use, is the main problem in modern water use in Europe.

The modern economy of European countries annually withdraws from water sources for industrial needs, agriculture and for water supply to settlements of about 360 km3 clean waters. The demand for water and water consumption is steadily increasing as the population grows and the economy develops. According to calculations, only at the beginning of the 20th century. industrial water consumption increased 18 times in Europe, significantly outpacing the growth rate of gross national product production. The situation with water resources in Europe is generally good, with the exception of the southern regions of Italy, Greece and Spain.

Hydropower resources The Alps, Scandinavian mountains, and Carpathians are rich. Agroclimatic resources. European countries have a fairly high agroclimatic potential, since they are located in temperate and subtropical geographical zones and have favorable thermal resources and moisture availability. But the increased population density characteristic of Europe throughout historical eras, contributed to a long-standing and intensive use of natural resources. The low fertility of some types of soil prompted Europeans to pay attention to the development in various ways improving soils and raising their natural fertility. It was in Europe that the practice of artificially improving the chemical composition of soil cover with the help of organic and mineral fertilizers was born, and options for crop rotation systems and other agrotechnical measures were developed.

Rice. 3. Agroclimatic map of Foreign Europe

Forest resources. Forests cover 30% of its territory in foreign Europe. On average, every European has 0.3 hectares of forest (in the world this norm is 1 hectare). The long history of economic development of European lands was accompanied by intensive deforestation. Forests not affected economic activity, almost not preserved in Europe, with the exception of the territories of the Alps and Carpathians. Europe is the only part of the world where forest cover has been increasing in recent decades. And this happens despite the high population density and the severe shortage of productive land. The need, long recognized by Europeans, to protect their very limited land resources and fertile soils from erosion destruction and regulate flood flow was expressed in the fact that the environmental protection functions of forest plantations were overestimated. Therefore, the soil and water conservation role of the forest and its recreational value have increased immeasurably in importance; in addition, environmental policy in Europe has contributed to less deforestation. Finland, Sweden, and Norway have the largest reserves of forest resources in Foreign Europe.

Do not forget that the territory of Foreign Europe is rich in unique recreational resources. The recreational resources of France, Spain, Italy and other European countries are of global importance.

Homework

Topic 6, P.1

1. What are the features of the placement of mineral resources in Foreign Europe?

2. Give examples of countries in Foreign Europe and their characteristic resources.

References

Main

1. Geography. Basic level. 10-11 grades: textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.

2. Economic and social geography of the world: Textbook. for 10th grade educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovsky. - 13th ed. - M.: Education, JSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.

3. Atlas with a set of contour maps for grade 10 Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: FSUE "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012 - 76 p.

Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., map.: color. on

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography: a reference book for high school students and those entering universities. - 2nd ed., rev. and revision - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.

Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam

1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 80 p.

2. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.

3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography. Tutorial./ Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2012. - 256 p.

4. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010.- 223 p.

5. Geography. Diagnostic work in Unified State Exam format 2011. - M.: MTsNMO, 2011. - 72 p.

6. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.

7. Geography tests: 10th grade: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky “Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade” / E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.

8. Textbook on geography. Tests and practical tasks in geography / I.A. Rodionova. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 1996. - 48 p.

9. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2009: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. - 250 p.

10. Unified State Exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for preparing students / FIPI - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009 - 240 p.

11. Geography. Answers to questions. Oral exam, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.

12. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography: thematic training tasks / O.V. Chicherina, Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 144 p.

13. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Model exam options: 31 options / ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2011. - 288 p.

14. Unified State Exam 2011. Geography: Model exam options: 31 options / ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().

2. Federal portal Russian Education ().

5. Website of natural and social sciences ().

Foreign Europe has quite diverse resources of fuel, mineral and energy raw materials.

But it must be taken into account that almost all known mineral deposits in European territory have long been known and are on the verge of exhaustion. Therefore, this region needs resource imports more than others in the world.

Features of the relief of Europe

The relief of foreign Europe is quite diverse. In the east they predominate lowland plains, which stretch in a wide strip from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. In the south, hills dominate: Oshmyany, Minsk, Volyn, Crimean mountains.

The territory of the western part of Europe is highly dissected. Here, as you move from north to south, mountain ranges alternate with stripes of plains and lowlands. In the north are the Scandinavian Mountains. Further to the south: Scottish Highlands, high plains (Norland, Småland), lowlands (Central European, Greater Poland, North German, etc.). Then again there follows a mountainous strip: these are Sumava, Vosges and others, which alternate with the plains - Lesser Poland, Bohemian-Moravian.

In the south are the highest European mountain ranges - the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, the Alps, then again the plains. At the southernmost tips of foreign Europe there is another mountain belt, which consists of such massifs as the Rhodope Mountains, the Apennines, the Andalusian Mountains, the Dinara Mountains, and the Pindus Mountains.

This diversity determined the uneven occurrence of minerals. Reserves of iron, manganese, zinc, tin, copper, polymetallic ores, and bauxite are concentrated in the mountains and on the Scandinavian Peninsula. Significant deposits of brown and hard coal and potassium salts have been discovered in the lowlands. The coast of Europe, washed by the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, is an area where oil and gas fields occur. Especially a lot of fuel resources lie in the north. Development of the Arctic Ocean shelf still remains a priority.

Types of minerals

Despite the diversity of minerals in foreign Europe, the reserves of only some of them can be assessed as significant shares in the world reserve. In numbers this can be expressed as follows:

. hard and brown coal— 20% of the world reserve;

. zinc— 18%;

. lead— 14%%

. copper— 7%;

. oil, natural gas, iron ores, bauxite — 5-6%.

All other resources are presented in insignificant quantities.

By production coal Germany is in the lead (Ruhr, Saar, Aachen, Krefeld basins). It is followed by Poland (Upper Silesian Basin) and Great Britain (Welsh and Newcastle Basins).

The richest deposits brown coal also located in Germany (Halle-Leizipg and Lower Lausitz basins). There are rich deposits in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, and Hungary.

Every year, for example, 106 billion tons of coal are mined in Germany, and 45 billion tons in the UK.

Potassium salts It is mined on an industrial scale in Germany and France.

Uranium ores- in France (deposits: Limousin, Forez, Morvan, Chardonnay) and Spain (Monasterio, La Virgen, Esperanza).

Iron ores- in France (Lorraine Basin) and Sweden (Kiruna).

Copper- in Bulgaria (Medet, Asaral, Elatsite), Poland (Grodzetsky, Zlotoryysky, Presudetskoye fields) and Finland (Vuonos, Outokumpu, Luikonlahti).

Oil— in Great Britain and Norway (water area North Sea), Denmark and the Netherlands. Currently, 21 oil and gas basins have been discovered, with a total area of more than 2.8 million sq. km. There are 752 separate oil fields, 854 gas fields.

Gas- in Great Britain, Norway, the Netherlands. The largest deposit is Gronigen. More than 3.0 trillion are mined here annually. cubic meters

Bauxite- in France (Mediterranean province, La Ruquette), Greece (Parnas-Kiona, Amorgos), Croatia (Rudopole, Niksic), Hungary (Halimba, Oroslan, Gant).

Natural resources of foreign Europe

The peculiarities of Europe's resource supply can be explained by three factors:

1. This is a relatively small area, therefore, the volume of natural resources is small.

2. Europe is one of the most densely populated regions in the world, so resources are used very actively.

3. Europeans were the first in the world to follow the path of industrial development, which led not only to a significant depletion of all types of resources, but also to environmental deterioration.

Land and forest resources. The land area of foreign Europe is small - about 173 million hectares, of which 30% is allocated for arable land, 18% for pastures, 33% is occupied by forests. The highest land use ratio is in the Netherlands, Romania, Poland and Denmark - 80%, in France, Germany - 50, but in Italy and Portugal - 14-16%.

There is approximately 0.3 hectares of forest per European, while the world average is 1.2 hectares. Long-term use has led to the fact that there are practically no natural forests left; those that exist are planted forests. Every year about 400 million cubic meters of timber are mined in Europe, mainly on the Scandinavian Peninsula. The rest of the territory is dominated by protected forests, which are not subject to felling, and therefore are not resources.

Water resources. Natural water is a scarce resource in Europe. Most of the water is used by industry and agriculture. Long-term unsupervised use water resources led to their exhaustion. To date, an extremely unfavorable environmental situation has developed - most European rivers and lakes are heavily polluted. In all countries of foreign Europe there is an acute shortage of fresh water.

1. General characteristics physical and economic geographical location Europe

Europe is a part of the world with an area of about 10 million km² (of which Foreign Europe, in relation to the CIS countries, accounts for 5.1 million km²) and a population of 740 million people (about 10-11% of the Earth's population). The average height is about 300 m, the maximum is 4808 m, Mont Blanc.
Features of the geographical location:

The length from north to south (from Spitsbergen to Crete) is 5 thousand km, and from west to east - more than 3 thousand km.
The relief “mosaic” of its territory: lowlands and elevated areas. Among the mountains of Europe, most are of medium height. The borders run primarily along natural boundaries that do not create obstacles to transport connections.
High degree of ruggedness of the coastline.
The coastal position of most countries. The average distance from the sea is 300 km. In the western part of the region there is no place more than 480 km away from the sea, in the eastern part – 600 km.
The “depth” of the territory of most countries is small. So in Bulgaria and Hungary there are no places that are more than 115-120 km away from the borders of these countries.
Neighborhood location favorable for integration processes.
An advantageous position in terms of contacts with the rest of the worlds, because is located at the junction with Asia and Africa, extended far into the ocean - “the large peninsula of Eurasia.”
Diversity of natural resources, but non-comprehensive distribution across countries; many deposits are largely depleted.

Europe is usually divided into Northern and Southern, Western and Eastern, this is quite arbitrary, especially since not only purely geographical, but also political factors come into play here.

2. European organizations and associations

A single economic, political and financial space is emerging in Foreign Europe.
The vast majority of countries are members of the UN. Switzerland joined the UN in September 2002, NATO members are 14 countries, EU members are 15 countries. Most countries belong to the group of industrialized countries. Four countries: Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy are part of the G7 Western countries. Post-socialist countries or countries with economies in transition occupy a special place on the economic map of the region.
The Council of Europe is an international organization promoting cooperation between all European countries in the field of legal standards, human rights, democratic development, the rule of law and cultural interaction. Founded in 1949, the Council of Europe is the oldest in Europe international organization. Most known authorities Council of Europe are the European Court of Human Rights, acting in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and the Commission of the European Pharmacopoeia.

3. Political changes in Europe. NATO

After the collapse of the socialist regimes, the situation changed noticeably. Most countries of the former “socialist camp” have reoriented themselves towards Western structures. Currently, more than half of the European countries are members of the European Union and NATO, almost all the rest declare their desire to join these organizations.

4. Changes on the political map of Europe

In the nai to a greater extent The following events influenced the formation of the political map of Europe: The first world war, World War II, the collapse of the USSR and the entire world socialist system. Until the mid-80s there were 32 sovereign states, including microstates. Since the beginning of the 90s - about 40 states.

5. Modern political map Foreign Europe

Currently, there are more than 40 states in Europe. Most states by form of government are republics, 12 are monarchies. According to the administrative territorial structure, all countries (except Belgium, Germany, Austria and Switzerland) are unitary. Largest countries by area: France, Spain, Sweden, Germany, Finland. Largest countries by population: Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy. Four countries of Overseas Europe are members of the G7: France, Germany, Italy, and Great Britain. Germany is considered the main economy of Europe.

Natural resources of Foreign Europe

1. Share of Foreign Europe for certain resources

The following resources located within Foreign Europe are important for the world economy:

Coal
Lead
Oil
Bauxite
Soil

2. Mineral resources

Deposits of igneous fossils are concentrated in places where ancient crystalline rocks come to the surface - in Fennoscandia and in the belt of ancient destroyed mountains of Central Europe. These are deposits of iron ores in the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula, non-ferrous metal ores in the Baltic Shield region and in ancient massifs and mountains
Europe has significant natural fuel reserves. Large coal basins are located in Germany (Ruhr Basin), Poland (Upper Silesian Basin) and the Czech Republic (Ostrava-Karvina Basin). At the end of the 60s of the twentieth century, huge reserves of oil and gas were discovered at the bottom of the North Sea. Great Britain and Norway quickly became among the world leaders in oil production, and the Netherlands and Norway - in gas production.
Europe has quite large reserves of ore. Iron ore is mined in Sweden (Kiruna), France (Lorraine) and the Balkan Peninsula. Non-ferrous metal ores are represented by copper-nickel and chromium ores from Finland, Sweden, bauxite from Greece and Hungary. There are large deposits of uranium in France, and titanium in Norway. There are polymetals, tin, mercury ores in Europe (Spain, Balkan, Scandinavian peninsulas), Poland is rich in copper.

3. Soils

The soils of Europe are quite fertile. However, the countries' small area and significant population explain the low population. In addition, almost all available areas have already been used for agriculture. The territory of the Netherlands, for example, is more than 80% plowed.

4. Water resources.

Natural waters are one of the most important and scarce natural resources in Europe. The population and various sectors of the economy use huge volumes of water, and the volume of water consumption continues to increase. Qualitative deterioration of water, caused by uncontrolled or poorly controlled economic use, is the main problem in modern water use in Europe.

The modern economy of European countries annually takes about 360 km3 of clean water from water sources for the needs of industry, agriculture and water supply to populated areas. The demand for water and water consumption is steadily increasing as the population grows and the economy develops. According to calculations, only at the beginning of the 20th century. industrial water consumption increased 18 times in Europe, significantly outpacing the growth rate of gross national product production. The situation with water resources in Europe is generally good, with the exception of the southern regions of Italy, Greece and Spain.

5. Hydropower, forest, agroclimatic, recreational resources

The Alps, Scandinavian Mountains, and Carpathians are rich in hydropower resources. Agroclimatic resources. European countries have a fairly high agroclimatic potential, since they are located in temperate and subtropical geographical zones and have favorable thermal resources and moisture availability. But the increased population density characteristic of Europe in all historical eras contributed to the long-standing and intensive use of natural resources. The low fertility of some types of soil prompted Europeans to pay attention to the development of various ways to improve soils and increase their natural fertility. It was in Europe that the practice of artificially improving the chemical composition of soil cover with the help of organic and mineral fertilizers was born, and options for crop rotation systems and other agrotechnical measures were developed.

6. Forest resources

Forests cover 30% of its territory in foreign Europe. On average, every European has 0.3 hectares of forest (in the world this norm is 1 hectare). The long history of economic development of European lands was accompanied by intensive deforestation. There are almost no forests left untouched by economic activity in Europe, with the exception of the Alps and Carpathians. Europe is the only part of the world where forest cover has been increasing in recent decades. And this happens despite the high population density and the severe shortage of productive land. The need, long recognized by Europeans, to protect their very limited land resources and fertile soils from erosional destruction and to regulate flood flow resulted in the overestimation of the environmental protection functions of forest plantations. Therefore, the soil and water conservation role of the forest and its recreational value have increased immeasurably in importance; in addition, environmental policy in Europe has contributed to less deforestation. Finland, Sweden, and Norway have the largest reserves of forest resources in Foreign Europe.

7. Recreational resources

The territory of Foreign Europe is rich in unique recreational resources. The recreational resources of France, Spain, Italy and other European countries are of global importance.

Population of Europe

The population of Europe is more than 500 million people. The region has a rather difficult demographic situation.
1. Fertility and mortality

IN lately the population of foreign Europe began to increase very slowly. This is explained by the fact that the population reproduction of the region is characterized by a difficult demographic situation. In some countries there is even a natural population decline. At the same time, the age composition of the population is changing, and the proportion of older people is growing.

2. Population reproduction

Almost all European countries are characterized by a modern type of population reproduction. Countries with minimal rates of natural population growth (population decline): Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary.

3. National composition

All this led to a sharp change in the region’s share in the global system of external population migrations. Having been the main center of emigration since the Great Geographical Discoveries, foreign Europe has become the world's main center of labor immigration. Now there are 18 - 20 million foreign workers, a significant part of whom are not citizens, but temporary guest workers (in German, “guest workers”).
By national composition the population of foreign Europe is relatively homogeneous: the vast majority of the 62 peoples of the region belong to the Indo-European language family. At the same time, related languages of the Slavic, Romance, and Germanic groups have significant similarities. The same is true for the languages of the Uralic family. However, the ethnic map of the region, which has evolved over thousands of years, is not so simple. Along with single-national ones, there are many states with a complex national composition.

Types of state by national composition:

mononational (i.e. the main nationality is over 90%). There are most of them in Europe (Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Austria, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Italy, Portugal),
with a sharp predominance of one nation, but with the presence of more or less significant minorities (Great Britain, France, Spain, Finland, Romania);
binational (Belgium);
multinational countries with a complex and ethnically diverse composition (Switzerland, Latvia, etc.).

In many countries there are complex problems of interethnic relations: Great Britain, Spain (Basques), France (Corsica), Belgium, Cyprus, etc.
The most common languages in Foreign Europe: French, German, Italian, English.

4. Religious composition

In all countries of foreign Europe, the dominant religion is Christianity. In Southern Europe, Catholicism sharply predominates, in Northern Europe - Protestantism; and in the Middle they are in different proportions. The world center of Catholicism is located in Rome - the Vatican. In the southeastern and eastern countries of Foreign Europe they profess Orthodoxy. Islam is practiced in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

5. Population placement and migration

Foreign Europe is one of the most densely populated regions of the world. Moreover, the distribution of the population in it is primarily determined by the geography of cities. The level of urbanization here is one of the highest in the world: on average, 74%, and in some countries, more than 80% and even 90% of the total population live in cities. The total number of cities is measured in many thousands, and their network is very dense. Gradually, over thousands of years, a Western European type of city emerged, the roots of which go back to the times of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages.

A characteristic feature of the urbanization of foreign Europe is a very high concentration of the population in cities and urban agglomerations. The largest of them are London, Paris and Rhine-Ruhr. In the 70s After a period of rapid growth of cities and agglomerations, an outflow of population began from their centers (nuclei), first to near and far suburbs, and then to more distant small towns and rural areas (“green wave”). As a result, the number of residents in the central areas of London, Paris, Hamburg, Vienna, Milan and many other cities either stabilized or even began to decline. This process is called suburbanization in science.

The largest number of migrants go to the following countries: France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, Austria. In addition, Foreign Europe is characterized by migration within the region – and from east to west.

Exercise:

Using the data from the flyleaf of the textbook and table No. 2 in the Appendix, plot states with monarchical and republican systems of government.

Presentation for the lesson

The industrial level of impact on the mineral resources of Foreign Europe dates back several centuries. The active use of mineral resources has led to the depletion of natural materials.

Mineral resources of foreign Europe in the context of industrialization of the region

The reserves of mineral resources in Foreign Europe, although varied, are small. The distribution of these resources between the northern and southern parts of Europe is uneven. There are ore deposits in the area of the Hercynian fold of the Baltic Shield in the northern part of Europe. The southern part of Europe is rich in igneous minerals and bauxite.

The increased industrialization of the last two centuries has led to a significant depletion of the mineral reserves of overseas Europe.

Rice. 1 Zones of increased industrialization of foreign Europe

Provision of foreign European countries with mineral resources

Metal ore deposits in Western Europe are unevenly distributed. The Balkans, Kirun (Sweden) and French Lorraine are iron ore mining regions.

Copper, nickel and chromium are predominantly found in Finland and Sweden.

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Hungary and Greece are famous for their bauxite - ores of non-ferrous metals.

Rice. 2 Ore mining

Uranium and titanium have their largest deposits in France and Norway.

The richest copper deposits are in Poland.

The Balkan Peninsula, Scandinavia and Spain concentrated deposits of mercury, tin and polymetals.

Northern Europe is rich in bauxite, which is used to produce aluminum. Minerals of Northern Europe are mainly represented by metals, copper and iron ores.

In the south of Europe, in Italy, deposits of zinc and mercury ores are concentrated.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is rich in iron and aluminum ores.

Nickel ore mining is actively carried out in Germany.

Mining of small gold deposits has been discovered in the UK.

The Baltic countries are not known for their rich mineral resources.

Copper and zinc are found in Serbia, as well as gold and silver in small quantities.

Rice. 3. Map of the provision of foreign European countries with mineral resources

The variety of mineral resources of Foreign Europe is great, but the quantity is insignificant. The growth of the region's industry strictly dictates the needs for this type of raw material.

Table of mineral resources of Foreign Europe

Features of mineral resources of the Scandinavian Peninsula

European countries were the first to begin a large-scale impact on environment. The Scandinavian Peninsula is an exception. The region's crustal resources remained untapped until the second half of the 20th century. The small population of Scandinavia also played a role in preserving the region's mineral resources.

Zinc and copper are the main elements that are used in almost all European countries. The supply of European countries with this type of raw material is covered by imports.

What have we learned?

The mineral resources of the Nordic countries are varied but scarce. The distribution of mineral resources in the southern and northern parts of Europe is uneven and is determined by the structural features of the earth's crust.

Evaluation of the report

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Page 20

Remember

Question 1. What are the features of the geographical location of Foreign Europe?

Answer. The territory of foreign Europe has a length from north to south of about 5 thousand km, from west to east - 3 thousand km. In terms of size, the countries of foreign Europe are relatively small. Their economic and geographical position is determined by two factors: first, the neighboring position of the countries in relation to each other; secondly, the coastal position of most countries. Natural conditions and resources create favorable conditions for the development of industry, agriculture, transport, recreation and tourism.

Question 2. What physical and geographical regions are distinguished in Foreign Europe?

Answer. The following physical and geographical regions are distinguished as part of Foreign Europe: Western Europe and Eastern Europe. IN Eastern Europe distinguished - Northern, Central and Southern Europe.

How do you think

Question. Which region of Foreign Europe has the best geographical location?

Answer. Western Europe has the best geographical location. Highly developed countries coexist on a compact territory, and a dense network of transport communications has been formed.

The coastline of foreign Europe is highly rugged; it is dissected by deeply jutting seas and bays. The mainland is surrounded by numerous islands and entire archipelagos. Islands and peninsulas account for 1/3 of the region's surface. On the world map, foreign Europe looks like a heavily indented peninsula. The vast majority of European states have access to the World Ocean and its seas.

The world's most important shipping routes pass off the coasts of Western Europe and through their numerous ports, allowing for vibrant maritime trade.

The natural conditions of foreign Europe are conducive to establishing connections between the countries located in it. Europe as opposed to Asia, Africa and South America not “fenced off” by high, inaccessible mountain ranges, not separated by vast deserts or swampy basins of giant rivers. The main part of the region is flat and hilly areas. The mountains are cut through by populated valleys convenient for agriculture and communications. Railways and roads are laid through the passes. Rivers, especially the Danube, are convenient transport routes connecting many countries.

The borders between European states mostly pass through long-lived, economically developed territories with a well-developed transport network. They often lie very close to the main economic centers of the countries in the region. This “crowding” also favors the development of international economic and cultural ties.

LET'S TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Question 1. What subregions are part of Overseas Europe?

Answer. The following subregions are distinguished within Foreign Europe: Western Europe and Eastern Europe. Eastern Europe is divided into Northern, Central and Southern Europe.

Question 2. What are common features geographical location of Western European countries?

Answer. Western Europe is a historical and geographical region included in the Abroad Europe region. These are more than 20 countries distinguished by their historical, economic, natural, social and cultural uniqueness.

The geographical position of Western Europe is determined by two main features:

Coastal location, facilitating the development of intercontinental connections, the import of fuel and raw materials from developing countries;

The neighboring position of the countries of the region in relation to each other, promoting the development of integration processes.

Question 3. What mineral resources is foreign Europe rich in?

Answer. The natural conditions of Foreign Europe are generally favorable for economic development. Natural resources are quite diverse, but they are mostly developed and depleted, which makes the region dependent on the import of natural raw materials. This primarily concerns mineral resources, which do not fully meet the needs of industry. The following patterns can be identified in the distribution of mineral resources: in the northern part of the region, ore minerals are common (iron ore basins in Lorraine (France), Kiruna (Sweden); non-ferrous metal ores in Finland, Norway, Germany, France), as well as fuel (North Sea oil and gas basin; Russian and Saar coal basins in Germany, Welsh - in Great Britain); in the southern part, ore minerals predominate (chrome, copper, polymetallic, mercury ores in Spain, Italy, Greece, bauxite in France). The water resources of Western Europe are distributed unevenly. The northern and western parts of the region are provided with them to a much greater extent than the southern ones. Large rivers: Danube, Rhine, Laura, Seine, Thames, Main and other rivers in Scandinavia, the Alps and the Pyrenees are rich in hydropower resources. The soils are varied and fertile. Forest resources have been preserved mainly in the north of the region - these are coniferous forests. In the rest of the territory, forests have been cut down and occupy no more than 30% of the area. In their place, anthropogenic landscapes formed. Recreational resources are most widely represented in Spain, Italy, Greece, France, and Switzerland.

Question 4: What is the reason for the relative wealth of natural resources in Northern Europe?

Answer. In Northern Europe, the development of mineral resources began much later. For example, the active industrial development of Scandinavia began only in the second half of the 20th century.

Question 5. What is ecotourism?

Answer. Ecotourism (ecotourism, green tourism) is a form of sustainable tourism, focused on visiting natural areas relatively unaffected by anthropogenic influence. Ecotourism is travel to relatively undistorted or unpolluted areas with unique natural sites.

AND NOW FOR MORE COMPLEX QUESTIONS

Question 1. What is the basis for identifying subregions within Foreign Europe?

Answer. We will use one of them. According to this scheme, Europe is divided into two subregions: Western and Eastern, or Central. This division occurred after the Second World War along political lines into Western and Eastern. The Eastern included the countries of the socialist camp, and the Western included all the others. Today there are several schemes for dividing the region. Principle: Western Europe unites developed countries with market economy, and Eastern - developed countries with economies in transition. If Western Europe is subjected to a more detailed zoning, then it can be distinguished Northern Europe, Central Europe and Southern Europe.

Question 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the geographical location of Foreign Europe?

Answer. Advantages:

Compactness, “miniature” (in scale globe) territories, which facilitated the exchange of experience between centers of development and the cross-border spread of innovations throughout Europe at all stages of its development;

The coastal location of a large part of the territory (the maximum distance from the sea in the interior regions of Foreign Europe is 800 km). The strongly dissected coasts and the presence of numerous bays convenient for navigation contributed to the development of navigation and became one of the factors in the planetary expansion of Europeans during the period of the Great Geographical Discoveries and the colonial division of the world;

Favorable combination of various relief forms, including flat and mountainous areas. Average altitude - 300 m above sea level. m. More than half of the territory is located below 200 m above sea level. m.;

Moderate oceanic and Mediterranean climate types, which provided conditions for the development of various economic activities;

Relatively favorable, but limited in area, soil resources, combined with a mild climate, created good conditions for the development of agriculture. The early exhaustion of territorial opportunities for the extensive development of agricultural production stimulated the search for ways to intensify it;

A variety of mineral resources and their successful combination. Concentrated in relatively small areas, they met human needs at various stages of development until the era of mature industrialization.

Flaws:

Lack of natural resources;

Small area of agricultural land;

Specificity of the climate of coastal and mountainous areas;

The tension of the political situation.

Question 3. Why does foreign Europe, which is small in area, have compound division to subregions?

Answer. When dividing Europe into subregions, not only purely geographical, but also political factors come into play. Some countries, depending on one's point of view, may be considered various groups states

IN Soviet era the division of Europe into East and West often had political overtones - Eastern Europe included the GDR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Yugoslavia and the USSR - socialist countries, or, as they were also called, “countries of people's democracy”. All other states belonged to Western Europe. At the same time, Spain, Portugal, the south of France, Italy, Malta, Cyprus, Greece and Turkey were also called Southern Europe, and Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland - Northern.

Currently, after the collapse of the USSR, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, Central Europe include Austria, Switzerland and Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, the countries of the former Yugoslavia, Romania, Hungary, and sometimes the Baltic countries (the latter are more often included in Northern Europe) that were previously included in Eastern Europe. Towards Eastern Europe - physiographically Russian Federation(in Europe only part), Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan (in Europe only part), Moldova, including the unrecognized Transnistria. To Western Europe - Great Britain, Ireland, France and other countries, including physical-geographically Central European Germany. Some sources retain the old division.

Question 4. What types of natural resources is Europe best provided with? Which ones are worse?

Answer. Europe is best endowed with labor resources. The territory of Europe has favorable climatic resources for growing many crops. In Europe, it is possible to grow a wide range of temperate and subtropical crops: early ripening grains, vegetables and grass mixtures in the north, and olives, citrus fruits and even cotton in the south.

The worst is fuel (except coal). 12% of the world's fuel and energy potential is concentrated in the depths of Europe, including 20% of the world's fossil coal reserves; large reserves of metal ores (mercury, lead, zinc, etc.), native sulfur, potassium salts and a number of other types of minerals. But almost all European countries depend to one degree or another on the import of raw materials, especially fuel and energy. Also, 22% of water resources are used every year, if there was no water cycle, then after 4 years there would be no water left. Clean water Europe in general is very poorly provided for.

Question 5. What is the reason for the great depletion of natural resources in Foreign Europe?

Answer. There are 3 main reasons:

1. Historically, this is the territory richest in mineral resources;

2. Mining has been underway since the 13th century;

3. Europe is the most densely populated region on the planet.

FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE

Question 1. Using atlas maps, compare the geographical locations of Spain and Bulgaria.

Question 2. Based on the analysis of atlas maps, formulate a conclusion about the resource supply of foreign European countries with minerals.

Answer. Foreign Europe has quite diverse resources of fuel, mineral and energy raw materials. In general, Foreign Europe is provided with mineral raw materials much worse than other large regions of the world. This circumstance determines, firstly, the more modest importance of the extractive industries, and secondly, the dependence of the industry on the import of mineral raw materials. Foreign Europe imports about half of the energy resources and a large number of other types of raw materials consumed in its economy.

But it must be taken into account that almost all known mineral deposits on European territory have long been known and are on the verge of depletion. Therefore, this region needs resource imports more than others in the world. There is a difference in the distribution of mineral resources between the northern and southern parts of the region.

The diversity of the relief determines the uneven occurrence of minerals. Reserves of iron, manganese, zinc, tin, copper, polymetallic ores, and bauxite are concentrated in the mountains and on the Scandinavian Peninsula. Significant deposits of brown and hard coal and potassium salts have been discovered in the lowlands. The coast of Europe, washed by the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, is an area where oil and gas fields occur. Especially a lot of fuel resources lie in the north. Development of the Arctic Ocean shelf still remains a priority.

Question 3. Using data from additional sources of information, make a list of resorts located on the coasts of the seas listed in the text of the paragraph.