The problem of the utilitarian attitude towards art. Problems of understanding in contemporary art. The problem of human perception of music

Good afternoon

The Unified State Exam is coming soon. To organize everything you have read, complete several tasks.

Highlight with a marker those “universal” works in which you “freely navigate.”

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don"
F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
N.A. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
A.P. Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard"
A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"
N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time"

*if you have highlighted less than 3 works, then IMMEDIATELY flip through the ones you have read!

Make sure you can quickly select arguments for the following problems (use both “universal” ones and any other examples from literature and real life).

Relationships between fathers and children.
· The problem of finding ways of mutual understanding between people of different age generations (What influences the relationship between fathers and children, the emergence of differences in their worldview? How to learn to represent different generations respect each other's views?)
· The problem of selfless and forgiving parental love.
· The problem of children betraying their parents.
The role of childhood in the development of a person’s personality and moral guidelines.
· The problem of the influence of childhood on the formation life position person, as well as on the formation of his moral guidelines.
· The problem of the role of a caring adult in the formation of a teenager’s personality (How can adults influence the lives of teenagers?).
· The problem of the influence of childhood events, childhood and youth experiences on the formation of a person’s character, his future fate(What influence do the events that occurred in childhood have on the formation of a person’s character?).
Role classical literature V spiritual development modern society.
· The problem of the role of books in the intellectual, spiritual, moral development modern society.
· The problem of a decrease in the level of reading activity in modern society (Why do modern youth begin to read less? Has the attitude towards books changed in society? Can television become an alternative to books?).
· The problem of understanding the importance and necessity of studying literature at school (Do modern schoolchildren need to study literature?).
Complexity and inconsistency human actions.
· The problem of betrayal, which caused the destruction of friendly relations (Is it possible to continue friendship after betrayal?).
· The problem of a person’s moral choice in an extreme life situation.
The problem of difference true heroism from false heroism associated with the senseless risk of one’s own life.
Human nobility.
· Problem honor as one of the main factors influencing moral choice person.
· Problem conscience And responsibility a person for his actions (What can a person’s careless, indifferent attitude to his work lead to?).
The problem of human perseverance in achieving the set goals.
The problem of human nobility(What is the true greatness of a person?).
Honor and human dignity.
· Problem of loss moral values(What does the loss of moral values lead to?).
· The problem of protecting honor and self-dignity.
· Problem true and false life values.
A person's relationships with other people.
· Problem of overcoming selfishness in relationships with other people.
· The problem of dedication in a relationship with a person you consider your friend.
· Problem true friendship.
Manifestation problem rudeness people in relation to each other (How do manifestations of rudeness affect people? Is it possible to resist its manifestation?).
· Problem relationships with older people(What needs to be done to old man felt needed by your loved ones and was happy?).
· Problem helping the desperate a person to gain faith in himself.
Human perception of the surrounding world.
· Problem of loss modern man ability to enjoy life because small household troubles.
· The problem of acquiring a joyful worldview (Why do you need to learn a culture of joy?).
Loneliness of a person.
· The problem of human loneliness (When and why does a person feel lonely? How can you help him get rid of this feeling?).
· Problem loneliness of a child in the world of adults (Why is it unacceptable for a child to feel lonely?).
· Problem lonely old age.
Man and art.
· The problem of ambiguous perception of art different people(Why do some people immerse themselves in the world created by the artist, while others remain deaf to beauty?).
· The problem of the purpose of genuine art (What kind of art does society need?).
· The problem of human perception of music.
Man's relationship to the natural world.
· The problem of man's soulless, consumerist, ruthless attitude towards the natural world.
· The problem of human sensitivity or insensitivity to the beauty of nature.
· The problem of the influence of the beauty of nature on a person’s mood and way of thinking.
· The problem of the negative impact of the scientific and technological process on the relationship between man and nature (What is the negative impact of civilization on human life, his relationship with nature?).
· Problem homeless animals(Is a person obligated to help homeless animals?).
Careful attitude person to language.
· The problem of language ecology (What changes are currently taking place in the Russian language? How do modern Russians feel about the culture of their speech? Why is it necessary to take emergency measures to preserve and maintain the purity and correctness of Russian speech?).
The man and the power with which he is endowed.
· The problem of the influence of power on the character and actions of the person endowed with it (How should people who have received special powers and privileges behave towards others? Why does even minimal power make some people cruel and rude?).
Compassion for others.
· The problem of a person’s presence or absence of the ability to sympathize (How does having the ability to sympathize or lack of such ability affect a person’s life? Is it necessary to cultivate a sense of compassion in a person?).
· The problem of effective compassion.
· The problem of empathy and active assistance to a person.
Human attitude towards war.
· The problem of human attitude towards war (Why can’t human consciousness recognize the very fact of war?).
· The problem of a person’s mental state in war conditions (How do military events and related human tragedies affect state of mind people, on their ability to compassion?).
· The problem of human behavior in war (How did the war force people to behave? What helped people behave heroically during the war? What led Soviet people to Victory?).
· The problem of heroism and resilience in the face of severe military trials (What does ordinary people courageous and persistent during the war? Why were people ready to sacrifice themselves during the war? What can be done to an ordinary person in extreme situations?).
· The problem of demonstrating humanism in difficult military conditions.

If you have time, read it next books(at least read the content):

All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque
"The Great Gatsby" by Francis Scott Fitzgerald
“The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous breakdown” by Maxim Anisimovich Krongauz (!!!)

“Letters about the good and the beautiful” by Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev

Make your list of works that you need to read/repeat before the Unified State Exam:

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And here is a PDF file for downloading: https://yadi.sk/i/sGxx37Um3GQjKm

In the center of our attention is the text of the outstanding Soviet and Russian writer Viktor Petrovich Astafiev, which describes moral problem neglect of art, which is one of the main tragedies of modern society.

The relevance of this problem is very important, because the values of modern society are truly frightening. Lack of awareness, haste, the cycle of personal experiences and the daily pursuit of something more valuable have turned most of us into a society of “blind” people. But really, when in last time were you on theatrical production, symphony concert or ballet? Perhaps, on your way home from work, you stopped at some pleasant street concert and thereby lifted your spirits? Would each of us be able to answer these questions positively? I think the answer is obvious.

The author's position is clear: young people have lost touch with art and turned into egoists. So, for example symphony concert in Essentuki, Viktor Petrovich narrates: “... already from the middle of the first part of the concert, the listeners, crowded into the hall for musical event just because it was free, they began to leave the hall.

Yes, if only they just left him, silently, cautiously, no, with indignation, shouting, abuse, as if they had been deceived in their best lusts and dreams.” When reading this passage, I felt a sense of shame and embarrassment for everyone who allowed themselves to leave so defiantly.

I understand and share the author’s position, because each of us has our own hobby, work, and we treat it painstakingly and with love. Who wouldn’t be offended by such an attitude towards work into which so much effort and soul was invested. Yes, classical music is not understandable to everyone; it is part of an elite culture and requires a certain degree of intellectual preparation. But we must not forget about education, respect and everything that should have stopped these spectators in time.

The relevance of this problem was also obvious to Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, who was always against the inhabitants of life who want to retire from the whole world and are not interested in anything. With the help of the heroes of the works “Man in a Case” and “Gooseberry” by Belikov and Himalayan, the author shows us how boring and empty a person is who is not interested in the beauty of the world around him, all its delights created by man and nature.

My mother told me that as a baby I only fell asleep under classical music, and in the first grade I attended a concert at the Philharmonic for the first time and was so full of enthusiasm that the very next day I was enrolled in a piano club. I studied there until the eighth grade, and now I often play music and listen to the works of classics. Perhaps this makes me old-fashioned, but for me art, be it music, architecture or painting, is first and foremost spiritual food, in which, upon careful examination, you can see a reflection of the author or, with special luck, yourself...

Thus, you must not lose this thin thread in yourself, which will save you from many adversities. I think that any mental organization is a subtle matter that has its own weaknesses, which is why we must keep within ourselves such concepts as frugality, respect for the work of others and a willingness to contemplate and create. Only by developing and rising spiritually can we consider ourselves full-fledged individuals.

Updated: 2017-03-18

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Music can help a person feel beauty and relive moments of the past.
The power of art can change a person's life
The paintings of a truly talented artist reflect not only the appearance, but also the soul of a person.
In difficult situations, music inspires a person and gives him vitality.
Music can convey thoughts to people that cannot be expressed in words.
Unfortunately, art can push a person to spiritual degradation

Arguments

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”. Nikolai Rostov, who lost a huge amount of money for his family at cards, is in a dejected, depressed state. He doesn’t know what to do, how to confess everything to his parents. Already at home he hears the beautiful singing of Natasha Rostova. The emotions evoked by the music and singing of the sister overwhelm the hero’s soul. Nikolai Rostov realizes that there is nothing more important in life than all this. The power of art helps him overcome his fear and confess everything to his father.

L.N. Tolstoy "Albert". In the work we learn the story of a poor violinist with outstanding talent. Once at the ball, the young man begins to play. With his music he touches the hearts of people so much that he immediately ceases to seem poor and ugly to them. Listeners seem to be experiencing again best moments their lives, return to what is lost irretrievably. Music influences Delesov so much that tears begin to flow down the man’s cheeks: thanks to music, he is transported to his youth, remembering his first kiss.

K.G. Paustovsky “The Old Cook”. Before his death, the blind old cook asks his daughter Maria to go outside and call any person to confess to the dying man. Maria does this: she sees a stranger on the street and conveys her father’s request. The old cook confesses young man, that he committed only one sin in his life: he stole a golden saucer from Countess Thun’s service to help his sick wife Martha. The dying man's desire was simple: to see his wife again as she was in her youth. The stranger begins to play the harpsichord. The power of music has such a strong influence on the old man that he sees moments from the past as if in reality. The young man who gave him these minutes turns out to be Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, a great musician.

K.G. Paustovsky “Basket with fir cones.” In the forests of Bergen great composer Edvard Grieg meets Dagny Pedersen, the daughter of a local forester. Communication with the girl prompts the composer to write music for Dagny. Knowing that a child cannot appreciate all the charm of classical works, Edvard Grieg promises to make a gift for Dagny in ten years, when she turns eighteen. The composer is true to his word: ten years later, Dagny Pedersen unexpectedly hears something dedicated to her piece of music. The music evokes a storm of emotions: she sees her forest, hears the sound of the sea, the shepherd's horn, the whistling of birds. Dagny cries tears of gratitude. Edvard Grieg discovered for her the beautiful things that a person should really live with.

N.V. Gogol “Portrait”. The young artist Chartkov, quite by accident, uses his last money to acquire mysterious portrait. Main feature This portrait has incredibly expressive eyes that seem alive. Unusual picture haunts everyone who sees her: everyone thinks that the eyes are watching him. Later it turns out that the portrait was painted very talented artist at the request of a moneylender, whose life story is striking in its mystery. He made every effort to convey these eyes, but then he realized that these were the eyes of the devil himself.

O. Wilde “The Picture of Dorian Gray.” Basil Hallward's portrait of the handsome young Dorian Gray - best work artist. The young man himself is delighted with his beauty. Lord Henry Wotton tells him that it won't last forever because all people age. In his feelings, the young man wishes that this very portrait would grow old instead of him. Later it becomes clear that the wish comes true: any act committed by Dorian Gray is reflected in his portrait, and he himself remains the same. The young man begins to commit inhumane, immoral acts, and this does not affect him in any way. Dorian Gray does not change at all: by the age of forty he looks the same as in his youth. We see that a magnificent picture, instead of a beneficial influence, destroys the personality.

A.T. Tvardovsky “Vasily Terkin”. Music can warm a person's soul even in difficult times. wartime. Vasily Terkin, the hero of the work, plays the slain commander on the accordion. Music makes people feel warmer, they follow the music like they walk into fire, and start dancing. This allows them to forget about adversity, difficulties, and misfortunes at least for some time. The comrades of the killed commander give the accordion to Terkin so that he can continue to amuse his infantry.

V. Korolenko “The Blind Musician.” For the hero of the work, musician Petrus, music became the true meaning of life. Blind from birth, he was very sensitive to sounds. When Petrus was a child, he was attracted by the melody of the pipe. The boy began to be drawn to music and later became a pianist. He soon became famous, and much was said about his talent.

A.P. Chekhov “Rothschild’s Violin”. People tried to avoid Yakov Matveevich, a gloomy and rude man. But the accidentally found melody touched his soul: Yakov Matveevich for the first time felt ashamed for offending people. The hero finally realized that without anger and hatred, the world around him would be simply beautiful.

After reading a book, looking at a painting, listening to music, a person often remains perplexed. “Nothing is clear!” - the reader, viewer or listener exclaims in disappointment. However, did he try to comprehend the author’s intention or did he expect that everything in a work of art should be clear and precise? Here we are faced with the problem of understanding art, which is the subject of the text...

You should also pay attention to language means, which can be used in the introductory part of an essay.

1. Question-answer unity. Rhetoric experts advise introducing elements of dialogue into public speaking. Dialogue will not hurt in the composition, it will make the performance more energetic. For example:

What is beauty? This is probably one of the most mysterious concepts in the history of culture. Many generations of people have struggled with this riddle. Artists, sculptors, poets sought to comprehend the secrets of beauty and harmony. The text by V. Sukhomlinsky makes us think about what beauty is and what its role in human life is.

2. Chain of interrogative sentences. Several interrogative sentences at the beginning of the essay are designed to focus attention on key concepts. source text, highlight the main thing in it.

What is talent? How should a person live so as not to waste his gift? Such questions involuntarily arise after reading the text by Yu. Bashmet.

3. Nominative sentence (nominative topic).

The nominative sentence in the beginning must also contain key concept or the name of the person described in the source text.

Marina Tsvetaeva. This name is dear to everyone who appreciates real poetry. It seems to me that it is difficult to find a person whom Tsvetaeva’s poems would leave indifferent. Literary critic Evgeny Borisovich Tager is one of those who were lucky enough to know Marina Ivanovna personally. In his memoirs he strives to reveal inner world this amazing poet.

4. Rhetorical question. Not every interrogative sentence is a rhetorical question. A rhetorical question is a sentence that is interrogative in form and affirmative in meaning.

Who among us has not heard that truth is born in a dispute? You've probably encountered avid debaters who are ready to argue until they are hoarse over any little thing. Of course there is various ways conducting a dispute, which L. Pavlova considers in her text.

5. A rhetorical exclamation expresses the writer’s emotions: joy, surprise, admiration... draws attention to the subject of speech.

How beautiful the Russian language is! There are so many words in it that can express the deepest thought or any shade of feeling! Why is it that sometimes, when a person takes a piece of paper or sits down at the computer, only boring, template phrases appear in his head? What is the reason for the appearance of cliches in our speech? This problem worries everyone who is truly demanding of themselves and their speech culture.

REMEMBER that there are no “universal” introductions that fit any text. As a rule, a formulaic opening looks bad against the backdrop of the main part that follows it.

How to finish?

As a rule, the conclusion is written at a time when there is little time left until the end of the exam. Often the writer begins to get nervous, fearing that he will not have time to rewrite the text completely, and breaks off the essay mid-sentence. Of course, such work is flawed from the point of view of compositional integrity, which means it will not receive the maximum score for this criterion.

The main requirement for the final part of the essay can be formulated as follows: the conclusion should be such that the reader understands that the most important thing has already been said and there is nothing more to say.

So what could it be the final part of the essay?

1. Summary, repetition in a generalized form of the main idea of the text, the position of the author. This is the most common type of conclusion: return to the author's main idea, expressing it in your own words, so that it does not seem like a simple repetition of the same thing.

...Thus, A. Likhanov raises an issue that is important for each of us, calls for preserving childhood in the soul, not leaving in the past a joyful, childlike, direct perception of life. But the world around us is truly beautiful. It's just that as people grow up, they often forget about this.

Text. K.I. Krivoshein
(1) Following Fyodor Mikhailovich, we will not exclaim today: “Beauty will save the world!” Dostoevsky’s naivety touches. (2) The time has come to save Beauty itself.
(3) The word BEAUTY has not only a philosophical meaning; objective assessments of Beauty have been formed over the centuries.
(4) We all know that children under five years of age are wonderfully able to draw and, moreover, distinguish the beautiful from the ugly.
(5) With their unspoiled taste, they intuitively separate truth from lies, and as they grow older and, as they said in the USSR, “under pressure environment»lose their natural immunity. (b) Moreover, I am almost sure that at birth every person is endowed with the talent to feel Beauty. (7) The modern museum visitor is confused, new formulas are drummed into him, which is why it is difficult for a person to determine what is more perfect: Bellini, Raphael, a Greek statue or modern installations. (8) Apparel taste and fashion still cannot kill the true selection in us: we can unmistakably distinguish handsome man from a freak or a beautiful landscape from a concrete suburb.
(9) A well-known fact: most people are completely devoid of any desire to develop their taste. (U)Modern construction, faceless cities, cheap clothes, literature aimed at the average person, “soap operas” and so on - all this leads to bourgeoisification.
(And) Despite this, I don’t think that there are many lovers, both from the “ill-educated” and from the “educated”, who would spend hours contemplating installations from Ilya Kabakov’s toilets and garbage trash... (12) Statistics say about something else: love and sympathy pull the human flow towards eternal values, be it the Louvre, the Hermitage or the Prado...
(13) Today I often hear that you need to play in art, treat it as easy fun. (14) This game of Art is equated to a certain form of innovation. (15) I would say that this is enough dangerous GAMES, you can get so carried away that you lose your balance, the edge, the line... beyond which anarchy and chaos already reign, and they are replaced by emptiness and ideology.
(16) Our apocalyptic 20th century broke established views and preferences. (17) For centuries, the basis of plastic expression, literary and musical, of course, was our Creator, God and Faith, and the Muses of Beauty for centuries worked on the harmony of divine and earthly beauty. (18) This is the basis and meaning of Art itself.
(19) Our developing civilization, like a fire-breathing dragon, devours everything in its path. (20) We live in eternal fear for tomorrow, atheism has led to loneliness of the soul, and our feelings are in anticipation of the everyday apocalypse. (21) Poverty of spirit has dulled not only creators, but also connoisseurs. (22) We can only admire the beauty in museums. (23) What we see in modern galleries sometimes gives rise to the feeling that someone is mocking the viewer. (24) New forms, manifestos and the revolution in art, which began in the 20th century, swept across the planet with such pomp and delight, began to stall and misfire at the end of the millennium. (25) The artist, having become sophisticated and gutted himself inside out, no longer knows what else to come up with in order to attract attention to himself. (26) Real schools of mastery have disappeared, replaced by amateurism, boundless self-expression and big game into money.
(27) What awaits us in the coming millennium, will there be those guides of Beauty who will lead it out of the labyrinth?
(K.I. Krivosheina)

Composition
Author of the text, K.I. Krivoshein, touches on the important problem of assessing beauty and attitudes towards art. The situation that has developed in society, the stereotypes imposed on individuals in the perception of beauty and ugliness seem dangerous to the author, as a result of which she exclaims that the time has come to save beauty.
K.I. Krivosheina writes that in childhood a person easily distinguishes the beautiful from the ugly, but later his taste deteriorates: “modern construction, faceless cities, cheap clothes, literature designed for the average man in the street, “soap operas” lead to “bourgeoisization.” Few people strive to develop their taste. However, the author assures that no fashion can kill a person’s sense of beauty. But the main thing the publicist calls us to is a serious and careful handling of art, the meaning of which is the harmony of earthly and divine beauty.
Then those works of so-called art that the author mentions in the text and which are reduced to “amateurism” and “playing for money” will not overshadow true art, created not to please stereotypes popular culture. On this I agree with the author.
The problem of assessing beauty has attracted the attention of writers before. I remember the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Ionych" and the Turkin family described in it, which was considered the most intelligent and educated in the city, sensitive to beauty and having good taste. But is this true? The daughter, Ekaterina Ivanovna, plays the piano for the guests, hitting the keys so that Startsev thinks stones are falling from the mountains. The mother writes a novel about what does not happen in life, about non-existent problems and passions that are of no interest to anyone. Can their work be classified as beautiful? I think it's unlikely. So only city dwellers with unpretentious taste could appreciate them.
In my opinion, what can be classified as beautiful is built on the principle of harmony. Works of genuine art survive centuries. These, without a doubt, include poems, fairy tales, poems by A.S. Pushkin. Written in simple and at the same time elegant language, they touch the strings of the reader's soul. Generations change, but the charm of Pushkin’s lines does not fade. While still children, we immerse ourselves in the wonderful world of the poet’s fairy tales, read the prologue to the poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila”, then get acquainted with the lyrics and finally read the novel in verse “Eugene Onegin”. I especially like the poet’s landscape sketches. In them I feel the breath of winter, the charm of early autumn, I see “noisy caravan geese”, a pale spot of the moon or a wolf coming out onto the road. I think many will join my opinion that such a touching reflection of life is possible only in true art. I would like to hope that even today, despite the author’s words that “real schools of excellence have disappeared,” there are authors whose works will be appreciated by their descendants.