A story about a symphony orchestra for children. About the symphony orchestra. XVII-XVIII centuries: orchestra as a court decoration

Music is, first of all, sounds. They can be loud and quiet, fast and slow, rhythmic and not very...

But each of them, each sounding note in some certain way affects the consciousness of the person listening to the music, his state of mind. And if this is orchestral music, then it certainly cannot leave anyone indifferent!

Orchestra. Types of orchestras

An orchestra is a group of musicians who play music on musical instruments that are designed specifically for these instruments.

And depending on what this composition is, the orchestra has different musical capabilities: in timbre, dynamics, expressiveness.

What types of orchestras are there? The main ones are:

• symphonic;
• instrumental;
• orchestra folk instruments;
• wind;
• jazz;
• pop.

There is also a military orchestra (performing military songs), a school orchestra (comprising schoolchildren), and so on.

Symphony orchestra

This type of orchestra contains strings, wind and percussion instruments.

There is a small symphony orchestra and a large one.

Small is the one who plays the music of composers of the late 18th - early XIX centuries. There may also be modern variations in his repertoire. A large symphony orchestra differs from a small one by adding more instruments to its composition.

The small one must include:

• violins;
• alto;
• cellos;
• double basses;
• bassoons;
• horns;
• pipes;
• timpani;
• flutes;
• clarinet;
• oboe.

The large one includes the following tools:

• flutes;
• oboes;
• clarinets;
• contrabassoons.

By the way, it can contain up to 5 instruments from each family. And also in the large orchestra there are:

• horns;
• trumpets (bass, snare, alto);
• trombones (tenor, tenorbass);
• tuba

And, of course, percussion instruments:

• timpani;
• bells;
• snare and bass drum;
• triangle;
• plate;
• Indian tom-tom;
• harp;
• piano;
• harpsichord.

The peculiarity of a small orchestra is that there are about 20 string instruments in it, while in a large orchestra there are about 60.

The conductor leads the symphony orchestra. He artistically interprets a work performed by an orchestra using a score - a complete musical notation of all parts of each instrument of the orchestra.

Instrumental orchestra

This type of orchestra differs in its form in that it does not have a clear number musical instruments certain groups. And he can also perform any music (unlike a symphony orchestra, which performs exclusively classical music).

There are no specific types of instrumental orchestras, but conditionally they can include a pop orchestra, as well as an orchestra performing classics in modern arrangements.

According to historical information, instrumental music began to actively develop in Russia only under Peter the Great. She, of course, had Western influence, but she was no longer under such a ban as in earlier times. And before it got to the point where they banned not only playing, but also burning musical instruments. The Church believed that they had neither soul nor heart, and therefore they could not glorify God. And therefore instrumental music developed mainly among the common people.

They play in an instrumental orchestra the flute, lyre, cithara, pipe, trumpet, oboe, tambourine, trombone, pipe, nozzle and other musical instruments.

The most popular instrumental orchestra of the 20th century is the Paul Mauriat orchestra.

He was its conductor, leader, arranger. His orchestra played a lot of popular music of the 20th century, as well as his own compositions.

Folk Orchestra

In such an orchestra, the main instruments are folk ones.

For example, the most typical for a Russian folk orchestra are: domras, balalaikas, gusli, button accordions, harmonicas, zhaleikas, pipes, Vladimir horns, tambourines. Also additional musical instruments for such an orchestra are the flute and oboe.

The folk orchestra first appeared at the end of the 19th century, organized by V.V. Andreev. This orchestra toured a lot and gained wide popularity in Russia and abroad. And at the beginning of the 20th century, folk orchestras began to appear everywhere: in clubs, at palaces of culture, and so on.

Brass band

This type of orchestra assumes that it includes various wind and percussion instruments. It comes in small, medium and large.

Jazz orchestra

This type of orchestra was also called a jazz band.

It includes the following musical instruments: saxophone, piano, banjo, guitar, drums, trumpets, trombones, double bass, clarinets.

In general, jazz is a direction in music that was formed under the influence of African rhythms and folklore, as well as European harmony.

Jazz first appeared in the southern United States at the beginning of the 20th century. And soon it spread to all countries of the world. At home, this musical direction developed and was supplemented by new characteristic features that appeared in one region or another.

At one time in America the terms “jazz” and “ popular music"had the same semantic meaning.

Jazz orchestras began to actively form already in the 1920s. And they remained so until the 40s.

In these musical groups Participants, as a rule, acted while still in adolescence, performing their specific part - memorized or from notes.

The 1930s are considered the pinnacle of glory for jazz orchestras. The leaders of the most famous jazz orchestras at that time were: Artie Shaw, Glenn Miller, and others. Their musical works were heard everywhere at that time: on the radio, in dance clubs and so on.

Currently, jazz orchestras and melodies written in the jazz style are also very popular.

And although there are types of musical orchestras more, the article discusses the main ones.

Interesting, but true...

The physicist Albert Einstein, puzzling over the most difficult questions, usually played the violin until a solution came. Then he would get up and announce: “Well, I finally understand what’s going on here!”

Structure of a symphony orchestra

Orchestra V Ancient Greece called place, intended for choir(Greek orheomai - dancing). Currently, an orchestra refers to a certain composition of musical instruments that form an organic whole based on the deep internal relationship of timbres with each other. Musical practice has developed various types of orchestras. Each has a certain composition of tools and a different number of them. Main types: opera-symphony, brass, folk instrument orchestra, jazz orchestra.

The symphony orchestra, in turn, has varieties. Chamber orchestra (10 - 12 people) is created for the performance of ancient music by the composition for which it was written (Bach's Brandenburg Concertos, Concerto grosso by Vivaldi, Corelli, Handel). The core of a chamber orchestra is a string section with the addition of harpsichord, flute, oboe, bassoon and horns. Address to the chamber orchestra in modern music connected either with the search for new expressive possibilities (Shostakovich. Opera “The Nose”, 14th symphony, A. Schnittke. Concerto grosso for two violins and chamber orchestra 1977), or is explained by practical considerations. Similar circumstances turned out to be decisive when I. Stravinsky created “The Story of a Soldier” in 1918: “... our staging resources were very meager... I saw no other choice but to settle on a composition that would include the most characteristic instruments of high and low registers. From strings - violin and double bass, from wooden - clarinet and bassoon, from brass - trumpet and trombone, and, finally, percussion, which is controlled by one musician.”

String orchestra consists of the orchestra's bow section (Tchaikovsky. Serenade for string orchestra, Onneger. Second Symphony).

By the end of the 18th century, when it was ending creative path Haydn and Mozart and the first symphonies of Beethoven appeared, a small (classical) orchestra. Its composition:

string group woodwind brass percussion

violins I flutes 2 horns 2 – 4 timpani 2 – 3

violins II oboes 2 trumpets 2

violas clarinets 2

cellos bassoons 2

double basses

J. Haydn. Symphony "The Hours", part II

In the second half of the 19th century, it gained a foothold large symphony orchestra. Main hallmark big orchestra from small – the presence of three trombones and a tuba ( “heavy copper” quartet ). To create dynamic balance, the number of performers in the string group increases.

Small orchestra big orchestra

violins I 4 consoles 8 – 10 consoles

violins II 3 consoles 7 – 9 consoles

violas 2 consoles 6 consoles

cellos 2 consoles 5 consoles

double basses 1 remote control 4 – 5 remote controls

Depending on the number of woodwind instruments, several compositions of a large symphony orchestra are distinguished.

Doubles or double composition , in which there are 2 instruments of each family

Schubert. Symphony in B minor.

Glinka. Waltz fantasy.

Tchaikovsky. Symphony No. 1.

Triple composition, in which there are 3 instruments of each family:

Lyadov. Baba Yaga.

Rimsky-Korsakov. Operas “The Golden Cockerel”, “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”.

Quadruple composition : 4 flutes, 4 oboes, 4 clarinets, 4 bassoons.

How an exception occurs single composition:

Prokofiev. Symphonic tale"Peter and the Wolf."

Rimsky-Korsakov. Opera "Mozart and Salieri".

Possible intermediate composition:

Rimsky-Korsakov. "Scheherazade".

Shostakovich. Symphonies 7, 8, 10.

Tchaikovsky. Symphony No. 5. Overtures "Francesca da Rimini", Romeo and Juliet."

The organization of a symphony orchestra consists of combining related instruments into groups. There are five of them:

Stringed instruments - archi

Woodwind instruments – fiati (legno)

Brass instruments - ottoni

Percussion instruments - percussi

Keyboard and plucked instruments.

3. Find information about the composition of the orchestra in Monteverdi's opera "Orpheus"

Interesting facts about symphony orchestra

We invite you to familiarize yourself with interesting and fascinating facts related to the symphony orchestra, of which quite a lot have gathered, for its centuries-old history. We hope so interesting information we will be able to surprise not only lovers of ballet art, but also discover something new even for true professionals in this field.

• The formation of a symphony orchestra took place over several centuries from small ensembles and began in the 16th-17th centuries, when new genres appeared in music and a change in the group of performers was required. The completely small composition was determined only in the 18th century.
• The number of musicians can range from 50 to 110 people, depending on the piece or place of performance. The largest number of performers ever recorded dates back to a performance in Oslo at Yllevaal Stadium in 1964, with 20,100 people taking part.
• Sometimes you can hear the name double or triple symphony orchestra; it is given by the number of wind instruments represented in it and denotes its size.
• He made a huge contribution to the development of the orchestra L. Beethoven , so in his work the classical or small symphony orchestra was finally established, and in more late period the features of a large composition were outlined.
• The symphony orchestra uses German and American seating arrangements. So, in Russian, the American one is used.
• Among all the orchestras in the world, there is only one that chooses its own conductor and, if something happens, can do this at any time - this is the Vienna Philharmonic.
• There are groups without a conductor at all. For the first time, this idea was adopted in 1922 by Persimfans in Russia. This was due to the ideology of the time, which valued teamwork. Later other orchestras followed this example, even today in Prague and Australia there are orchestras without a conductor.

• The orchestra is tuned by oboe or tuning fork, the latter, in turn, sounds higher and higher over time. The point is that initially, in different countries it sounded different. In the 18th century in Germany, its sound was lower than Italian, but higher than French. It was believed that the higher the setting, the brighter the sound would be, and any band strives for this. That is why they increased its tone from 380 Hz (Baroque) to 442 Hz in our time. Moreover, this figure has become the benchmark, but they also manage to exceed it to 445 Hz, as they do in Vienna.
• Until the 19th century, the duties of the conductor also included playing the harpsichord or violin . In addition, they did not have a conductor's baton; the beat was struck by the composer or musician using an instrument or nods of the head.
• The prestigious English magazine Gramophone, which is recognized as an authoritative publication in the field classical music, published a list of the best orchestras in the world, Russian groups took 14th, 15th and 16th positions in it.

Marina Razheva
Synopsis of NOD "Symphony Orchestra"

Lesson notes

« Symphony orchestra»

for children 5 -6 years old

Prepared: musical director

Razheva Marina Anatolyevna

Teykovo 2015

Target: introducing preschoolers to classical music

Tasks. To form in children an aesthetic perception of the world around them.

Introduce to musical culture.

To form the need for the perception of music.

Develop cognitive and creative abilities.

Enrich your vocabulary.

Educational area - "Artistic and aesthetic education"

Form of organization – joint activities teacher with children.

Type of children's activity: educational, communicative, musical and artistic.

Materials and equipment: music center for listening to music, children's musical instruments, presentation.

Preliminary work: on music lessons children need to become familiar with basic instruments symphony orchestra, their real sound, timbre coloring. Distinguish between groups of instruments: strings, winds, percussion, singles.

Program content.

1. Expand children’s knowledge about the sound characteristics of musical instruments.

2. Cultivate interest and desire to listen to the sound of instruments.

3. Continue to develop skills in playing the DMI (children's musical instruments)

4. Develop children's timbre hearing.

Planned result.

Forming an idea about symphony orchestra.

Strengthening the ability to distinguish the sounds of instruments symphony orchestra.

Take an active part in the game at DMI.

Feel the need to perceive music as it is performed symphony orchestra.

Progress of the lesson.

Children enter the hall and perform the usual set of musical and rhythmic movements, then calmly go to their chairs.

M. r. greets children by singing "Hello!", author…

M. r. Draws children's attention to the screen, where children see a large group of musicians.

M. r. Guys, what do you see in this photo.

Children's answers.

M. r. Yes it is orchestra - group of musicians who perform one thing together piece of music. Each musician plays his part according to the notes, which is called the score. The scores stand on special stands – consoles.

And now, I want to tell you a riddle. Try to guess it.

He conducts the orchestra,

Brings joy to people.

He just waves his wand,

The music will start playing.

He is not a doctor or a driver.

Who is this? (Conductor)

Children. Conductor.

M. r. To orchestra sounded coherent and harmonious - it is controlled by the conductor. He faces the musicians. The conductor can force orchestra play fast, and slowly, and quietly, and loudly - whatever you want! But at the same time he does not utter a single word. He only uses his magic baton. In front of the conductor are thick, thick sheet music, in which the parts of all the musicians are written. These notes are called clavier.

The violin is a 4-string bowed instrument, the highest in sound in its family and the most important in orchestra.

The cello is a large violin that is played while sitting. The cello has a rich low sound.

The double bass is the lowest in sound and the largest in size. (up to 2 meters) among the string family bowed instruments. They play it standing or on a special chair. This is the bass foundation (warp) total orchestra.

The flute belongs to the group of woodwind instruments. But modern flutes are very rarely made of wood, more often of metal, sometimes of plastic and glass. The most virtuoso and technically agile instrument in the wind family. The flute is often entrusted orchestral solo.

M. r. Guys, why are instruments called wind instruments?

Children's answers.

M. r. Yes, they really blow. It would be more correct to say that wind instruments sound when air is blown into them.

And now you see and hear a trumpet from a group of brass instruments. The trumpet has a high, clear sound, very suitable for fanfares. Fanfares are used to give signals - solemn or militant at festive celebrations and military parades.

In front of you is a trombone. The trombone plays more of a bass line than a melodic line. From others brass instruments It is distinguished by the presence of a movable backstage, by moving which back and forth the musician changes the sound of the instrument.

Horn - horn. Originally derived from a hunting horn. The horn can be soft and expressive or harsh and raspy.

M. r. Please name the percussion instruments.

Children. Drum, tambourine, maracas, triangle, metallophone, castanets, bells, rattles, bells.

M. r. That's right, guys. There are a lot of percussion instruments, but not all of them can serve symphony orchestra.

Name the tools you see on the slide.

Drums, cymbals, xylophone.

Slide 14,15.

And also, guys, orchestra single instruments are used. And you must find out and name

them correctly.

Children. Piano. Harp.

M. r. Right. This is a concert grand piano and ancient instrument– harp.

Do you guys want to feel like big musicians? orchestra? Then I suggest you take your instruments and play one very beautiful piece of music.

Performed "Rondo in Turkish style"- W. Mozart or

"Naughty Polka"- A. Filippenko.

M. r. Thanks guys. I liked it.

What do you guys think, instruments such as the balalaika or saxophone can play orchestra. Which one? The fact is that these tools are part of other orchestras.

Look carefully at these illustrations. Except symphony orchestra there are other types orchestras: brass, folk, pop, jazz. They differ in the composition of instruments and the number of musicians. IN symphony orchestra On average, about 60-70 people, but sometimes 100 or more. The musicians are arranged in a certain order. They are combined into groups of instruments similar in timbre.:

string, woodwind, brass and percussion. Musicians of the same group sit next to each other to hear each other better. And this creates a consistent sound.

And now, I want to invite you to play a game.

Find out the instrument.

Slide 17, 18, 19.

M. r. We had a wonderful time together. Did you like it? What is it called orchestra, whom we met today? Which instrument did you like? (Children answer one at a time as desired). I have prepared cards for you with a riddle that you can try to solve with your mom or dad and draw the answer. (silhouette on the back - dots).

Please come to me, I want to thank you and say goodbye (children close their eyes, the music director strokes their head)

, cellos, double basses. Collected together, in the hands of experienced musicians, subordinate to the will of the conductor, they form a musical instrument capable of expressing and conveying in sounds any musical content, any image, any thought. The many combinations of orchestral instruments provide an almost inexhaustible range of diverse sounds - from thunderous, deafening to barely audible, from sharply cutting the ear to caressingly soft. And multi-story chords of any complexity, and patterned and sinuous interweaving of heterogeneous melodic ornaments, and gossamer-thin fabric, small sound “splinters”, when, in the figurative expression of S. S. Prokofiev, “it’s as if they are wiping the dust from the orchestra,” and powerful unisons of many instruments playing the same sounds at the same time - all this is subject to the orchestra. Any of the orchestral groups - strings, winds, percussion, plucked strings, keyboards - is able to separate from the others and conduct its own musical narrative in the silence of the others; but all of them, in whole, in part or as individual representatives, merging with another group or part of it, form a complex timbre alloy. For over two centuries now, the most cherished thoughts of composers, the most striking milestones in the history of the art of sounds, are associated with music conceived, written, and sometimes arranged for a symphony orchestra.

Layout of musical instruments of a symphony orchestra.

Everyone who loves music knows and remembers the names of J. Haydn, W. A. ​​Mozart, F. Schubert, R. Schumann, J. Brahms, G. Berlioz, F. Liszt, S. Frank, J. Bizet, J. Verdi, P. I. Tchaikovsky, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. P. Borodin. M. P. Mussorgsky, S. V. Rachmaninov, A. K. Glazunov, I. F. Stravinsky, S. S. Prokofiev, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, D. D. Shostakovich, A. I. Khachaturian, K. Debussy, M. Ravel, B. Bartok and other masters, whose symphonies, suites, overtures, symphonic poems, paintings, fantasies, instrumental concerts accompanied by an orchestra, and finally, cantatas, oratorios, operas and ballets were written for a symphony orchestra or involve its participation . The ability to write for him represents the highest and most complex area of ​​art. musical composition, requiring deep specialized knowledge, extensive experience, practice, and most importantly, special musical abilities, talent, and talent.

The history of the emergence and development of a symphony orchestra - the history of the gradual restructuring of old and invention of new instruments, the increase in its composition, the history of improving the ways of using combinations of instruments, i.e. the history of that area music science, which is called orchestration or instrumentation, and, finally, the history of symphonic, operatic, oratorio music. All these four components, the four sides of the concept of “symphony orchestra,” are closely related to each other. Their influence on each other was and remains diverse.

The word “orchestra” in Ancient Greece meant a semicircular area in front of the theater stage where the choir was located - an indispensable participant in dramatic performances in the era of Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes. Around 1702, this word was first used to designate a small space intended for an ensemble of instrumentalists accompanying an opera. This is the name given to instrumental groups in chamber music. IN mid-18th century V. introduced a difference that was decisive for the history of the orchestra - a large orchestra was opposed to a small one chamber music- ensemble. Until this time, no clear line was drawn between chamber music and orchestral music.

The concept of “symphony orchestra” appeared in the era of classicism, when K. V. Gluck, L. Boccherini, Haydn, and Mozart lived and worked. It arose after composers began to accurately write down in the notes the names of each instrument playing this or that voice, this or that line of notes. Back at the beginning of the 17th century. in C. Monteverdi’s “Orpheus,” before each number, only the instruments that could perform it were listed. The question of who should play which line remained open. Therefore, in any of the 40 opera houses in his native Venice, one performance of Orpheus could be different from another. J. B. Lully, composer, violinist, conductor, was probably the first to write for a specific set of instruments, for the so-called “24 Violins of the King” - a string ensemble formed at the court of Louis XIV and led by Lully himself. His upper voice of the string group was also supported by oboes, and the lower voice by bassoons. Oboes and bassoons without strings, contrasting with full staff, participated in the middle sections of his compositions.

Throughout the 17th century. and first half of the XVIII V. The initial basis of the orchestra is formed - the string group. Representatives of the wind family are gradually added - flutes, oboes and bassoons, and then horns. The clarinet entered the orchestra much later due to its extreme imperfection at that time. M.I. Glinka in his “Notes on Instrumentation” calls the sound of the clarinet “goosey”. Nevertheless, a wind group consisting of flutes, oboes, clarinets and horns (two of each) appears in Mozart’s “Prague Symphony”, and before that in his French contemporary, F. Gossec. In Haydn's London Symphonies and L. Beethoven's early symphonies, two trumpets appear, as well as timpani. In the 19th century the brass section in the orchestra becomes even stronger. For the first time in the history of orchestral music, the finale of Beethoven’s 5th Symphony features a piccolo flute, a contrabassoon, and three trombones, previously used only in operas. R. Wagner adds another tuba and brings the number of pipes to four. Wagner is primarily an opera composer, but at the same time he is rightfully considered an outstanding symphonist and reformer of the symphony orchestra.

The desire of composers of the 19th–20th centuries. The enrichment of the sound palette led to the introduction into the orchestra of a number of instruments with special technical and timbre capabilities.

TO end of the 19th century V. the composition of the orchestra is brought to impressive and sometimes gigantic proportions. Thus, it is no coincidence that G. Mahler’s 8th symphony is called “a symphony of a thousand participants.” Numerous types of wind instruments appear in the symphonies and operas of R. Strauss: alto and bass flutes, baritone oboe (haeckelphone), small clarinet, double bass clarinet, alto and bass trumpets, etc.

In the 20th century The orchestra is replenished mainly with percussion instruments. Before this, the usual members of the orchestra were 2–3 timpani, cymbals, large and small drums, a triangle, less often a tambourine and tom-tom, bells, and a xylophone. Now composers use a set of orchestral bells that produces a chromatic scale, the celesta. They introduce into the orchestra such instruments as a flexatone, bells, Spanish castanets, a loudly clicking wooden box, a rattle, a cracker (its blow is like a shot), a siren, a wind and thunder machine, even the singing of a nightingale recorded on a special record (it is used V symphonic poem Italian composer O. Respighi “Pineas of Rome”).

In the second half of the 20th century. From jazz to the symphony orchestra, drums such as vibraphone, tomtoms, bongos, a combined drum set with a Charleston (hi-hat), and maracas come to the symphony orchestra.

As for the string and wind groups, their formation by 1920 was basically completed. The orchestra sometimes includes individual representatives of a group of saxophones (in the works of Wiese, Ravel, Prokofiev), a brass band (cornets in Tchaikovsky and Stravinsky), harpsichord, domras and balalaikas, guitar, mandolin, etc. Composers are increasingly creating works for partial compositions of a symphony orchestra: for strings alone, for strings and brass, for a wind group without strings and percussion, for strings with percussion.

Composers of the 20th century they write a lot of music for chamber orchestra. It consists of 15–20 strings, one woodwind, one or two horns, a percussion group with one performer, a harp (maybe a piano or harpsichord instead). Along with these, works for an ensemble of soloists appear, where there is one representative from each variety (or from some of them). These include chamber symphonies and plays by A. Schoenberg, A. Webern, Stravinsky’s suite “The History of a Soldier,” works by Soviet composers - our contemporaries M. S. Weinberg, R. K. Gabichvadze, E. V. Denisov and others. Increasingly, authors are turning to unusual compounds, or, as they say, emergency ones. They need unusual, rare sounds, since the role of timbre in modern music has increased more than ever.

And yet, in order to always have the opportunity to perform music, old, new, and the latest, the composition of the symphony orchestra remains stable. A modern symphony orchestra is divided into a large symphony orchestra (about 100 musicians), a medium one (70–75), and a small one (50–60). On the basis of a large symphony orchestra, for each work it is possible to select the composition necessary for its performance: one for the “Eight Russians” folk songs"A.K. Lyadov or "String Serenade" by Tchaikovsky, the other - for the grandiose canvases of Berlioz, Scriabin, Shostakovich, for "Petrushka" by Stravinsky or the fiery "Bolero" by Ravel.

How are the musicians positioned on the stage? In the XVIII–XIX centuries. the first violins sat to the left of the conductor, and the second to the right, violas sat behind the first violins, and cellos behind the second. Behind the string group they sat in rows: in front was a woodwind group, and behind that was a brass group. Double basses were located in the background on the right or left. The rest of the space was devoted to harps, celesta, piano and percussion. In our country, musicians are seated according to the scheme introduced in 1945 by the American conductor L. Stokowski. According to this scheme, instead of second violins, cellos are placed in the foreground to the right of the conductor; their former place is now occupied by second violins.

A symphony orchestra is led by a conductor. He unites the musicians of the orchestra and directs all their efforts to the implementation of their performance plans during rehearsals and at the concert. Conducting is based on a specially developed hand movement system. IN right hand the conductor usually holds the baton. The most important role is played by his face, gaze, facial expressions. The conductor must be a highly educated person. He needs knowledge of music different eras and styles, orchestral instruments and their capabilities, a keen ear, the ability to deeply penetrate the composer’s intention. The performer's talent must be combined with organizational and pedagogical abilities.