The captain's mind and feelings. What controls a person more: reason or feelings. Honor and dishonor

Dictionary gives two basic meanings of the word "mind". Firstly, reason is the highest level cognitive activity human, the ability to think, generalize the results of knowledge. As Immanuel Kant, a representative of the school of German classical philosophy, wrote, “all our knowledge begins with the senses, then passes to the understanding and ends in the mind.”

The second meaning of the word “mind” is mind, intellect. Antonyms for the word reason in its second meaning are, according to dictionaries: madness, stupidity, instinct, heart, feeling. To act wisely means to show sufficient prudence, to be guided by the requirements of common sense, judiciously, intelligently, intelligently.

In works of fiction, as in everyday life, the human mind often comes into conflict with feelings. Heroes of the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" and the story "The Captain's Daughter" by A.S. Pushkin make their choice: to act as they should, or to succumb to feeling, the dictates of the heart, instinct. Three types of behavior can be distinguished: 1) under the influence of feelings, neglecting common sense; 2) guided by reason, but in conflict with feelings; 3) rationally and consciously, in accordance with feelings and emotions.

Actions under the influence of prevailing emotions do not always deserve condemnation. On the contrary, we admire the depth of feeling, purity and frankness of the hero of the work. As a rule, in these cases we are talking about love or falling in love. The best example is a letter from Tatyana Larina to Eugene Onegin, written despite the fact that she was scared and ashamed to be the first to confess her love. Without hope for new meeting Alone, Tatyana felt that Evgeny had been sent to her by fate; she was waiting for him without even meeting him.

My mind is exhausted

And I must die in silence.

I'm waiting for you: with one glance

Revive the hope of your heart,

Or break the heavy dream,

Alas, a well-deserved reproach!

Where there is love, there is jealousy, and where there is jealousy, there are duels. No reasonable argument can justify killing a person out of jealousy. At the hands of Eugene Onegin, his friend, the young poet in love Vladimir Lensky, dies. Reasonably, the tragedy could have been prevented.

... Evgeniy,

Loving the young man with all my heart,

Had to prove myself

Not a ball of prejudice,

Not an ardent boy, a fighter,

But a husband with honor and intelligence.

Before the duel began, Lensky was convinced that his bride Olga Larina was not at all carried away by Onegin and always remained faithful to Vladimir. What made the former friends carry out their cruel intentions? Fear of people's rumors, the opinion of the world, ideas about honor.

But the whispers, the laughter of fools...

And here is public opinion!

Spring of honor, our idol!

And this is what the world revolves on!

The night before the fight, Lensky was busy reading Schiller, composing and reading romantic poems aloud, imagining how Olga would grieve for him, that is, he plunged into dreams and emotions, instead of, having become convinced of Olga’s innocence, making peace with Evgeniy.

Even more dangerous than jealousy is the feeling of fear, which leads to betrayal. The character in the story “The Captain's Daughter” Shvabrin violated his military oath during the siege of the fortress and began to serve Emelyan Pugachev to save his life, although the ideas of the rebel Pugachevites were alien to him. Shvabrin's base act was dictated not by the dictates of his heart, not by madness or stupidity, but by the instinct of survival.

Heroes of works of art evoke respect and sympathy who, in the name of duty, guided by moral standards, act according to their conscience, even if this requires overcoming their passions. And again we turn to Tatyana Larina, but an already matured married woman. First, she reproaches Eugene Onegin for the fact that he once rejected the “humble girl’s love”, and now, on a strange whim, he became infatuated with her.

How about your heart and mind

To be a petty slave to feelings?

Then, not knowing how to be a hypocrite, Tatyana admits that she does not appreciate her new position in the world, “all this rags of a masquerade” and still loves Evgeniy, but intends to remain faithful to her husband, take care of her honor, even while remaining forever unhappy.

I love you (why lie?),

But I was given to another;

I will be faithful to him forever.

Only those heroes of works who consciously act in accordance with their feelings are truly happy. They are not tormented by internal contradictions. They don't have to regret their actions. In fiction, they are always examples of courage, heroism, loyalty, dedication, and a strong personality.

Masha's parents accept their fate with honor in The Captain's Daughter. For commandant Ivan Kuzmich and his wife Vasilisa Yegorovna there is no other sovereign, and they did not swear allegiance and obey the impostor.

Masha, a worthy daughter of her parents, went to Tsarskoe Selo to ask the empress for her fiancé Grinev, accused of high treason. The story ends with the words that the descendants of Masha and Pyotr Grinev kept as a family heirloom, framed under glass, a handwritten letter from Catherine II containing Grinev’s justification and “praise for the mind and heart of Captain Mironov’s daughter.”

A.S. Pushkin created immortal images that are close and understandable to every person. Literature teaches us to be better, educates us morally. Pondering the fate of the heroes, the reader imagines how he would act in a given situation, what he would be guided by, reason or feelings. When there is a contradiction, making a choice is very difficult. And yet you need to try to let reason prevail. And if reasonable actions are supported by the appropriate inner attitude, the results can exceed expectations.

An essay on the topic “What controls a person to a greater extent: reason or feelings?”

What controls a person more: reason or feelings? In order to answer this question, it is necessary to define its main components. Reason is a person’s ability to think logically: analyze, establish cause-and-effect relationships, find meaning, draw conclusions, formulate principles. And feelings are the emotional experiences of a person that arise in the process of his relationships with the outside world. Feelings are formed and developed during the development and upbringing of a person.

Many people think that they need to live only by reason, and they are right in some ways. Reason is given to man so that he thinks everything over and makes the right decisions. But man is also given feelings. They always fight with the mind, showing that it is they who should pay more attention. Feelings are important for each of us: they help make our life more rich and interesting. Sometimes the heart tells us one thing, but the brain tells us completely the opposite. How can this be? I would like them to live in peace and not argue with each other, but this is unattainable. The soul desires freedom, holiday, fun... And the mind tells us that we need to work, work, take care of everyday little things so that they do not accumulate into insoluble everyday problems. Two opposing forces each pull the reins of power, so in different situations we are governed by different motives.

Many writers and poets raised the topic of the struggle between mind and feelings. So, for example, in W. Shakespeare’s tragedy “Romeo and Juliet” the main characters belong to the Montague and Capulet clans at war with each other. Everything is against the feelings of young people, and the voice of reason advises everyone not to give in to the outbreak of love. But emotions turn out to be stronger, and even in death Romeo and Juliet did not want to part. We never know for sure what will happen if feelings take over reason, but Shakespeare showed us the tragic development of events. And we willingly believe him, because a similar plot has been repeated more than once both in world culture and in life. The heroes are just teenagers who probably fell in love for the first time. If they had tried to at least calm down and try to come to an agreement with their parents, I doubt that the Montagues or Capulets would have preferred the death of their children. They would most likely compromise. However, teenagers in this situation did not have enough wisdom and worldly experience to achieve their goal in other, reasonable ways. Sometimes feelings act as our inner intuition, but it also happens that this is just a momentary impulse that is better to restrain. I think Romeo and Juliet succumbed to the impulse inherent in their age, rather than intuitively forming an unbreakable bond. Love would push them to solve the problem rather than commit suicide. Such a sacrifice is only the dictates of capricious passion.

In the story “The Captain's Daughter” we also observe a clash between reason and feeling. Pyotr Grinev, having learned that his beloved Masha Mironova is being forcibly held by Shvabrin, who wants to force the girl to marry him, contrary to the voice of reason, turns to Pugachev for help. The hero knows that this could threaten him with death, because communication with a state criminal was severely punished, but he does not give up on his plans and ultimately saves his own life and honor, and later receives Masha as his legal wife. This example is an illustration of the fact that the voice of feeling is necessary for a person to make a final decision. He helped save the girl from unjust oppression. If the young man had only thought and wondered, he would not have been able to love to the point of self-sacrifice. But Grinev did not neglect his mind: he made a mental plan on how to help his beloved as effectively as possible. He did not sign up as a traitor, but took advantage of Pugachev’s disposition, who appreciated the courageous and strong character of the officer.

Thus, I can conclude that both the mind and feelings must be strong in a person. You cannot give preference to extremes; you must always find a compromise solution. What choice to make in a given situation: obey your feelings or listen to the voice of reason? How to avoid internal conflict between these two “elements”? Everyone must answer these questions for themselves. And a person also makes a choice independently, a choice on which sometimes not only the future, but also life itself can depend.

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* “Experience is the best teacher, but the tuition is too high” T. Carlyle Download

The list of works is small in volume, most of them are programmatic works that can be quickly re-read and remembered. Download

List of literature for writing final essay 2016-17

Reason and feeling

• I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
• N.M. Karamzin " Poor Lisa"
• I.A. Bunin "Clean Monday"
• A.M. Bitter " Old woman Izergil»,
• F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", "Idiot"
• I. S. Turgenev "Asya"
• A. I. Kuprin "Olesya"
• I. A. Bunin " Dark alleys", "Natalie", " Sunstroke", "Easy Breathing"
• M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
• Shakespeare "Hamlet"
• M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin “The Wise Minnow”
• A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
• F.I. Tyutchev “Oh, how murderously we love...”
• L.N. Tolstoy "After the Ball"
• A.P. Chekhov "Ionych", "Man in a Case"
• M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
• J. Austin "Sense and Sensibility" (the mind of Elinor and the feelings of Marianne);
• A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" (Onegin's mind and Tatiana's feelings),
• A. de Saint-Exupery " The Little Prince"(everything in the Prince - both mind and feelings);
• V. Zakrutkin “Mother of Man” (feelings that conquered reason);
• A. and B. Strugatsky “Roadside Picnic” (work and relationships of Redrick Shewhart)
• F. Iskander "Dream about God and the Devil"
• L. Ulitskaya “Daughter of Bukhara” (Bukhara, mind and feelings together, feelings that move the mind)
• J. Moyes "Me Before You" (Will's mind and Louise's feelings)

Honor and dishonor

• A.S. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter”, “Eugene Onegin”, “The Station Agent”
• Jack London "White Fang"
• L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
• V.V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
• Anton Pavlovich Chekhov "Student"
• Valentin Grigorievich Rasputin "French Lessons", "Fire", "Women's Conversation", "Ivan's Daughter, Ivan's Mother"
• Viktor Petrovich Astafiev "Sad detective"
• Oleg Olegovich Pavlov "End of the Century"
• N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"
• A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

Victory and defeat

• E. Hemingway “The Old Man and the Sea”,
• B.L. Vasiliev “Not on the lists”
• EM. Remarque "All Quiet on the Western Front"
• V.P. Astafiev "Tsar Fish"
• Boris Lvovich Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet"
• Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov " White Guard"
• "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
• A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
• M.Yu. Lermontov "Borodino"
• M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”

Experience and mistakes

• Jack London "Martin Eden"
• A.P. Chekhov "Ionych"
• M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don"
• Henry Marsh "Do No Harm"
• Ivan Alekseevich Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco"
• Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov "Quiet Don"
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
• M. A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”, “ Heart of a Dog»
• I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

Friendship and enmity

• M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time"
• EM. Remarque "Three Comrades"
• Daniel Defoe "Robinson Crusoe"
• V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains"
• Nadezhda Borisovna Vasilyeva "Loon"
• Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov "Oblomov"
• Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy "War and Peace"
• Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev "Destruction"
• Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
• Daniel Pennac "Eye of the Wolf"
• Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov "Hero of Our Time"
• Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
• F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Arguments from short stories for essays

Direction "EXPERIENCE AND MISTAKES"

V. Oseeva. Grandma (abbreviated, read in 10 minutes).

N.D. Teleshov. White Heron (abbreviated, read in 7 minutes).

V. Oseeva. Why? (reads in 6 minutes)

B. Ekimov. Speak, mom, speak. (abbreviated, read in 5 minutes).

R. Bradbury. Vacations on Mars. October 2026 (abbreviated, read in 3 minutes).

I.Dick. Red Apples (read in 5 minutes).

K. Simonov. The major brought the boy on a gun carriage...(read in 3 minutes).

M.A. Sholokhov. Mole (abbreviated, read in 4 minutes).

V. Oseeva. The Red Cat (abbreviated, read in 10 minutes).

K.G. Paustovsky. Telegram (abbreviated, read in 8 minutes).

R. Bradbury. Veld. (abbreviated, read in 10 minutes).

V. Oseeva. Magic word. (reads in 3 minutes).

Yu. Drunina. Zinka (reads in 3 minutes).

A. Aleksin. Meanwhile, somewhere (abbreviated, read in 10 m

A.Mass. The Trap (abbreviated, read in 8 minutes).

B. Ekimov. Night of Healing (abridged, read in 4 minutes).

A.Mass. Difficult exam (abbreviated, read in 3 minutes).

V. Rasputin. French lessons (abbreviated, read in 8 minutes).

V.P. Aksenov. Breakfasts of the forty-third year (abbreviated, read in 6 minutes).

M.A. Sholokhov. The fate of a person (abbreviated, read in 5 minutes).

Direction "MIND AND FEELING"

A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin (fragment, read in 3 minutes).

A. Aleksin. Meanwhile, somewhere (fragment, read in 10 minutes).

A.Mass. Trap (fragment, read in 8 minutes).

B. Ekimov. Night of Healing (fragment, read in 4 minutes).

A.Mass. Difficult exam (fragment, read in 3 minutes).

N.V.Gogol. Taras Bulba (fragment, read in 8 minutes).

A. Likhanov. Labyrinth (fragment, read in 5 minutes).

V. Rasputin. French lessons (fragment, read in 8 minutes).

A.P. Chekhov. In the pharmacy (fragment, read in 4 minutes).

Direction "HONOR AND DISHONOR"

V.P. Aksenov. Breakfasts of the forty-third year (fragment, read in 6 minutes).

A.S. Pushkin. The Captain's Daughter (fragments, read in 12 minutes).

V. Bykov. Sotnikov (fragment, read in 7 minutes).

M.Yu. Lermontov. A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young oprichnik and the daring merchant Kalashnikov (fragment, read in 5 minutes).

M.A. Sholokhov. The fate of a person (fragment, read in 5 minutes).

A. Likhanov. Clean Pebbles (fragment, read in 10 minutes).

Direction "Friendship and Enmity"

V.G. Korolenko "Children of the Dungeon"

The story of Valentin Petrovich Rasputin “I forgot to ask Lyoshka...”

EXAMPLES OF ARGUMENTS BY DIRECTIONS 2016

"Reason and Feeling"

N.S. Leskov "Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk"

Katerina Izmailova, the wife of a wealthy merchant, fell in love with an employee Sergei and was expecting a child from him. Fearing exposure and separation from her beloved, she uses it to kill her father-in-law and husband, and then little Fedya, her husband’s relative.

B. Ekimov “Night of Healing” Teenager Grisha, the hero of the story, came on vacation to his grandmother, who at night often screams, cries, and begs for help: every night she dreams that she has lost her cards and her children will remain hungry. Grisha does not shout to his grandmother: “Be silent!”, as his mother advised him to do, he acts with his mind: with compassion and love he cured her of terrible memories.

A. Kuprin " Garnet bracelet» For the little official Zheltkov, love for Princess Vera Sheina became the meaning of life, and his beloved woman became the one in whom “all the beauty of the earth was embodied.” This feeling helped him become morally superior to Bulat-Tuganovsky, Vera’s brother, who decided that with the help of the authorities it was possible to prohibit love.

Heroes: Rodion Raskolnikov

Literary example: Either an action is performed by a person driven by a feeling, or an action is performed under the influence of the character’s mind. The actions committed by Raskolnikov are usually generous and noble, while under the influence of reason the hero commits a crime (Raskolnikov was influenced by a rational idea and wanted to test it in practice). Raskolnikov instinctively left the money on the Marmeladovs’ windowsill, but then regretted it. The contrast between feelings and rational spheres is very important for the author, who understood personality as a combination of good and evil.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

On the pages of world fiction, the problem of the influence of human feelings and reason is raised very often. So, for example, in Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy’s epic novel “War and Peace” two types of heroes appear: on the one hand, the impetuous Natasha Rostova, the sensitive Pierre Bezukhov, the fearless Nikolai Rostov, on the other, the arrogant and calculating Helen Kuragina and her callous brother Anatol. Many conflicts in the novel arise precisely from the excess of feelings of the characters, the ups and downs of which are very interesting to watch. A striking example of how an outburst of feelings, thoughtlessness, ardor of character, and impatient youth influenced the fate of the heroes is the case of Natasha, because for her, funny and young, it was an incredibly long time to wait for her wedding with Andrei Bolkonsky, could she subdue her unexpectedly flared up emotions? feelings for Anatole the voice of reason? Here a real drama of the mind and feelings in the soul of the heroine unfolds before us; she faces a difficult choice: leave her fiancé and leave with Anatole or not give in to a momentary impulse and wait for Andrei. It was in favor of feelings that this difficult choice was made; only an accident prevented Natasha. We cannot blame the girl, knowing her impatient nature and thirst for love. It was Natasha’s impulse that was dictated by her feelings, after which she regretted her action when she analyzed it.

Heroes: Master, Margarita

Literary example: Love broke out between the Master and Margarita as soon as they saw each other: “So lightning strikes! This is how amazing a Finnish knife is!” The heroine loves the master with all her heart and breathes life into his apartment. She gives her inner strength and energy to her lover’s romance. The characters are very different. The master is calm and thoughtful. Margarita is strong and sharp. The master embodies reflection, thought, Margarita – action. They are so close spiritually that they simply cannot exist separately. Being insanely lonely before they met, the characters gain understanding, support, sincerity and warmth.

For example, in drama Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm” The main character has a struggle between her soul and mind inside. Katerina loves Boris Diky madly and looks forward to meeting him. This tells us about the manifestation of feelings, but her mind screams at her that they cannot be together, because she has a husband. When Boris leaves, Katerina realizes that their relationship is hopeless and jumps off a cliff into the water. The heroine commits an act provoked by a high feeling - love. The thoughtlessness of her absurd desire (it is not clear what?) led her to the creation of irreparable stupidity.

"Honor and Dishonor"

Honor is that high spiritual power that keeps a person from meanness, betrayal, lies and cowardice. This is the core that strengthens the choice of action when conscience is the judge. Life often tests people, presenting them with a choice - to act honorably and take the blow, or to be cowardly and go against their conscience in order to gain benefit and avoid troubles or even death. A person always has a choice and how he will act depends on his moral principles. The path of honor is difficult, but retreat from it, the loss of honor is even more painful. Dishonor is always punished. This is apparently the order of the higher powers.

Moral decay, the decline of moral principles leads to collapse as individual, and the whole people. That is why the importance of the great Russian classical literature, which is a moral foundation and assistant for many generations of people. Vivid images created by writers with love and vitality as if they acquire materiality. They live among us and set an example of morality and honor.

The concept of honor is brought up in a person from childhood. Thus, in the story by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter” we see how this happens and what results it leads to.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and received a refusal, he takes revenge by speaking ill of her; During a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor also predetermines social betrayal: as soon as Belogorsk fortress goes to Pugachev, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

In Russian literature there are many great works that can educate a person, make him better, cleaner. Reading the lines of Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter,” we, together with Pyotr Grinev, go through the path of trials, mistakes, the path of learning the truth, comprehending wisdom, love and mercy. It is no coincidence that the author introduces the story with an epigraph: “Take care of your honor from a young age.” When reading great lines, you want to follow this rule.

“The Death of a Poet” by M.Yu. Lermontov. Another brilliant poet M.Yu. Lermontov talks about Pushkin, who fell victim to dishonest and evil envious people. Defending the honor of his wife and his own, Pushkin challenged Dantes to a duel, whose dubious behavior could discredit the good name of the Pushkin couple. Alexander Sergeevich could not live “slandered by rumor” and put an end to dishonor at the cost of his own life.

The Poet's soul could not bear it

The shame of petty grievances,

He rebelled against the opinions of the world

Alone, as before... and killed!

But Pushkin’s “wonderful genius” illuminates with its radiant light the lives of many, many generations of descendants, and Dantes’ “empty heart” did not find happiness on earth and good memory after death. And as Lermontov said, “The executioners of Freedom, Genius and Glory” will not be able to wash away the righteous blood with their “black blood of the Poet!”

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Literary example: Raskolnikov decides to commit a crime for the sake of his loved ones, driven by a thirst for revenge for all the disadvantaged and poor people of that time. He is led by great idea-help all the humiliated, disadvantaged and abused modern society. However, this desire is not realized in an entirely noble way. No solution was found to the problem of immorality and lawlessness. Raskolnikov became part of this world with its violations and dirt. HONOR: Sonya saved Raskolnikov from spiritual decline. This is the most important thing for the author. You can get lost and confused. But getting on the right path is a matter of honor.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" The duel between Pierre Bezukhov and Dolokhov, described by L.N. Tolstoy in the epic novel “War and Peace,” also deserves attention.

Pierre Bezukhov is a purely civilian man, prone to philosophical reflection, far from the bustle and strife of life. He didn't know how to use a weapon at all. But he wounds Dolokhov, a fearless warrior, in a duel. Here Tolstoy seems to confirm the idea that justice is being done and vice must be punished. At first, Pierre sincerely trusted Dolokhov, because, being an honest man, he could not assume dishonor in others. He brought him into his house, helped him with money in memory of an old friendship, and Dolokhov disgraced Bezukhov by seducing his wife. Pierre Bezukhov stood up for his honor, but, realizing that the stupid and cruel Helene does not deserve to be killed because of her, he repents of what happened. He thanks God for not killing the man. He is ready to repent before the duel, but not out of fear, but because he is confident in Helen’s guilt.

Tolstoy shows honor and dishonor by drawing images of two commanders, Kutuzov and Napoleon - the defender of the Fatherland and the invader. An invading enemy cannot be honest. The essence of his act is the seizure of someone else’s property that does not belong to him, as well as murder. Napoleon is depicted in the novel as selfish and narcissistic, arrogant and arrogant. He wanted to enslave the Russian people and laid claim to world domination. The figure of Kutuzov is opposite to Napoleon. He is depicted as the leader of a just people's war, connected with the people by close spiritual ties. This was his strength as a commander. Kutuzov's deep patriotic feelings, his love for the Russian people and hatred for the enemy, his closeness to the soldier distinguished him as a man of honor and high morality.

Tolstoy sees in the people the source of spirituality and morality necessary for the whole society. According to Tolstoy, those nobles who are closer to the people are moral and honest. They have a stronger sense of patriotism. And vice versa, those nobles who distance themselves from their people and abhor them are callous and soulless.

Honor: Natasha Rostova, Petya Rostov, Pierre Bezukhoe, Captain Timokhin, Vasily Denisov, Marya Bolkonskaya, Andrei Bolkonsky, Nikolai Rostov

Dishonor: Vasil Kuragin and his children: Helen, Ippolit and Anatole

Argument: Patriots are ready to fight the French. They want to liberate Russian lands. Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, Vasily Denisov and captain Timokhin strived for this goal. For her sake, young Petya Rostov gives his life. Natasha Rostova and Marya Bolkonskaya wish for victory over the enemy with all their hearts. There is no reason to doubt the truth of the patriotic feelings that possessed both the old Prince Bolkonsky and Nikolai Rostov. At the same time, the writer convinces us of the complete lack of patriotism among people like Prince Vasily Kuragin and his children: Hippolyte, Anatole and Helen. It is not love for the Motherland (they do not have this love) that guide Boris Drubetskoy and Dolokhov when they join the active army. The first one studies the “unwritten chain of command” to make a career. The second tries to distinguish himself in order to quickly regain his officer rank, and then receive awards and ranks. A military official, Berg, in Moscow, abandoned by residents, buys things cheap...

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Woland, Master, Margarita

Literary example. Lies, fear and dishonor permeate the novel through and through. Everyone lies, is afraid and is disingenuous. Woland and his retinue bring out the lies of the townspeople, but immediately deceive everyone gathered at the variety show, skillfully playing on their passions. He deceives both the Master and Margarita, not allowing them to live even a day of the promised happy life in the basement. A deal with the devil is a grand deception, crowned with death. Both heroes, having served the evil one and having received from him a promise of fulfillment of desires, were poisoned on his instructions on the same day; they never had time to enjoy freedom.

A. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter”(As you know, A. S. Pushkin died in a duel, fighting for the honor of his wife. M. Lermontov in his poem called the poet a “slave of honor.” The quarrel, the cause of which was the insulted honor of A. Pushkin, led to the death greatest writer. However, Alexander Sergeevich retained his honor and good name in the memory of people. In his story "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin portrays Petrusha Grinev with high moral qualities. Peter did not sully his honor even in those cases when he could have paid for it with his head. He was a highly moral person worthy of respect and pride. He could not leave Shvabrin’s slander against Masha unpunished, so he challenged him to a duel. Grinev retained his honor even under pain of death).

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”(IN a short story Sholokhov touched on the topic of honor. Andrei Sokolov is a simple Russian man, he had a family, a loving wife, children, and his own home. Everything collapsed in an instant, and the war was to blame. But nothing could break the true Russian spirit. Sokolov managed to endure all the hardships of the war with his head held high. One of the main episodes that reveals the strength and persistent character of a person is the scene of the interrogation of Andrei by Muller. A weak, hungry soldier surpassed the fascist in fortitude. The refusal of the offer to drink German weapons for the victory came as a surprise to the Germans: “Why should I, a Russian soldier, drink German weapons for the victory?” The Nazis appreciated the courage of the Russian soldier, saying: “You are a brave soldier. I am also a soldier and I respect worthy opponents.” Sokolov’s strength of character aroused the respect of the Germans and they decided that this man deserved to live. Andrey Sokolov personifies honor and dignity. He is ready to give even his life for them.))

M. Lermontov. Novel "Hero of Our Time"(Pechorin knew about Grushnitsky’s intentions, but nevertheless did not wish him harm. An act worthy of respect. Grushnitsky, on the contrary, committed a dishonorable act by offering Pechorin an unloaded weapon in a duel).

M. Lermontov “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich...”. (Lermontov talks about the permissiveness of people in power. This is Kiribeevich, who encroached on his married wife. Laws are not written for him, he is not afraid of anything, even Tsar Ivan the Terrible supports him, so he agrees to fight with the merchant Kalashnikov. Merchant Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov is a man of truth, a faithful husband and a loving father. And even despite the risk of losing to Kiribeevich, he challenged him to a fist fight for the honor of his wife Alena. By killing the guardsman, Merchant Kalashnikov aroused the wrath of the tsar, who ordered him to be hanged. Of course, Stepan. Paramonovich could have yielded to the tsar and avoided his death, but for him the honor of his family was more valuable. Using the example of this hero, Lermontov showed true Russian character. common man honor - strong in spirit, unshakable, honest and noble.)

N. Gogol “Taras Bulba”. (Ostap accepted his death with dignity).

6. V. Rasputin “French Lessons”. (The boy Vova passes all tests with honor in order to get an education and become a man)

A. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter”.(Shvabrin is a vivid example of a person who has lost his dignity. He is the complete opposite of Grinev. This is a person for whom the concept of honor and nobility does not exist at all. He walked over the heads of others, overstepping himself in favor of his momentary desires. Popular rumor says: “Take care dress again, but honor from a young age." Once your honor has been tarnished, you are unlikely to ever be able to restore your good name.)

"Experience and mistakes"

A.P. Chekhov “Ionych” Doctor Startsev, a talented doctor in his youth,

Gradually getting rich, he becomes important and rude, he has only one passion in life - money.

B. Ekimov “Speak, mother, speak...” Old lady Katerina’s daughter lives in the city.

It’s hard for a mother alone on a farm, but her daughter bought her mobile phone. Katerina wanted to tell her daughter a lot, but she, saving money, got away with only a request to talk specifically about health. But the little things in the life of the mother, the closest person, are also important. Fortunately, her daughter realized her mistake in time, and Katerina immediately felt how much she loved her daughter, how much she needed to communicate with her.

V. Tendryakov “Nakhodka”

The gloomy, stern fisheries inspector Trofim Rusanov found an abandoned newborn child in a remote forest hut. The inspector was unable to save the baby, but this incident and subsequent events forced him to reconsider his attitude towards people and sympathize with them.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Heroes: Rodion Raskolnikov

Literary example: Raskolnikov’s theory is anti-human in its essence. The hero reflects not so much on the possibility of murder as such, but on the relativity of moral laws; but does not take into account the fact that the “ordinary” is not capable of becoming a “superman”. Thus, Rodion Raskolnikov becomes a victim own theory. The idea of ​​permissiveness leads to the destruction of the human personality or the creation of monsters. The fallacy of the theory is exposed, which is the essence of the conflict in Dostoevsky’s novel.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Argument: While living in France, Pierre became imbued with the ideas of Freemasonry; it seemed to Pierre that he had found like-minded people, that with their help he could change the world for the better. But soon he became disillusioned with Freemasonry.

Pierre Bezukhov is still very young and inexperienced, he is looking for the purpose of his life, but comes to the conclusion that nothing can be changed in this world and falls under the bad influence of Kuragin and Dolokhov. Pierre begins to “waste his life”, spending his time on balls and social evenings. Kuragin marries him to Helen. Bezukhov was inspired by passion for Helen Kuragina, he rejoiced at the happiness of marrying her. But after some time, Pierre noticed that Helen was just a beautiful doll with an icy heart. Marriage to Helen Kuragina brought Pierre Bezukhov only pain and disappointment in female field. Tired of a wild life, Pierre is eager to get to work. He begins to carry out reforms in his lands.

Pierre found his happiness in marriage with Natasha Rostova. A long path of wandering, sometimes erroneous, sometimes funny and absurd, nevertheless led Pierre Bezukhov to the truth. We can say that the end of Pierre’s life quest is good, because he achieved the goal that he initially pursued. He tried to change this world for the better.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Pontius Pilate

Literary example: Pilate does not dare to go against the will of the Sanhedrin; with the feeling of committing an irreparable mistake, he announces his decision to the crowd. After this fatal act, terrible thoughts flash through the hegemon’s head: “Immortality... Immortality has come... Whose immortality has come?” The hero was doomed to eternal suffering. After the execution of the innocent Yeshua, Pilate is tormented by terrible remorse. He clearly feels his mistake, but is no longer able to correct anything: “It was clear to him that this afternoon he had irrevocably missed something, and now he wants to correct what he missed with some small and insignificant, and most importantly, belated actions.” .

"Victory and Defeat"

V.G. Korolenko “Paradox” (victory over oneself)

Jan Załuski is crippled, but he believes that “man is created for happiness, like a bird is created for flight.” The hero's innate misfortune forced him to learn to masterfully, paradoxically control his body, surprising those around him and making them believe that every person is the creator of his own happiness.

A.P. Chekhov "The Jumper"(victory over the disease) Doctor Dymov, saving a boy suffering from diphtheria, sucks out diphtheria films from him through a tube, becomes infected himself, and then dies.

B. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet”(victory in the battle with the Germans, at the cost of the lives of female anti-aircraft gunners who were not afraid of the numerical superiority of the enemy. The Great Patriotic War is a glorious and at the same time tragic page in the history of Russia. How many millions of lives it claimed! How many people became heroes defending their Motherland!

The war has no woman's face- this is the leitmotif of B. Vasiliev’s story “And Here They Are Quiet.” A woman, whose natural destiny is to give life, to be the keeper of the family hearth, to personify tenderness and love, puts on soldier’s boots, a uniform, takes up a weapon and goes to kill. What could be worse?

Five girls - Zhenya Komelkova, Rita Osyanina, Galina Chetvertak, Sonya Gurvich, Lisa Brichkina - died in the war with the Nazis. Everyone had their own dreams, each wanted love, and just life. (“...I lived all nineteen years in the feeling of tomorrow.”)

But the war took all this away from them. (“After all, it was so stupid, so absurd and implausible to die at nineteen.”)

Heroines die in different ways. So, Zhenya Komelkova accomplishes a true feat, leading the Germans away from her comrades, and Galya Chetvertak, simply frightened of the Germans, screams in horror and runs away from them. But we understand each of them. War is a terrible thing, and the fact that they went to the front voluntarily, knowing that death could await them, is already a feat of these young, fragile, gentle girls.

Yes, the girls died, the lives of five people were cut short - this, of course, is a defeat. It is no coincidence that Vaskov, this battle-hardened man, is crying; it is no coincidence that his terrible face, filled with hatred, causes horror among the fascists. He, alone, captured several people! But this is still a victory - a victory of the moral spirit Soviet people, their unshakable faith, their perseverance and heroism. And Rita Osyanina’s son, who became an officer, is a continuation of life. And if life continues, this is already a victory - a victory over death!

B. Polevoy “The Tale of a Real Man” Pilot Alexey Maresyev, hero of the story,

It was only thanks to his will and courage that he survived even after his frostbitten legs were amputated when he crawled towards ours behind enemy lines. The hero subsequently returned to his squadron, proving to everyone that he had control over his destiny.

E. Hemingway "Undefeated" The old matador, for the sake of a piece of bread and out of professional feeling, does not want to admit that he is disabled. He enters the arena and even seriously wounded by the bull remains undefeated to the end.

E. Hemingway “The Old Man and the Sea” The old fisherman Santiago is one of the indomitable breed of people. “Man was not created to fail,” he says. His fight with big fish- This is an example of unbending courage, perseverance, and invincibility.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Heroes: Rodion Raskolnikov, Sonya Marmeladova

Literary example: In the novel, Dostoevsky leaves victory not for the strong and proud Raskolnikov, but for Sonya, seeing in her the highest truth: suffering purifies. Sonya professes moral ideals that, from the writer’s point of view, are closest to the broad the masses: ideals of humility, forgiveness, submission. “Crime and Punishment” contains the deep truth about the unbearability of life in a capitalist society, where the Luzhins and Svidrigailovs win with their hypocrisy, meanness, selfishness, as well as a truth that evokes not a feeling of hopelessness, but an irreconcilable hatred of the world of hypocrisy.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Victory: Battle of Shengraben. The French army outnumbered the Russian one. One hundred thousand versus thirty-five. The Russian army led by Kutuzov won a small victory at Krems and had to move to Znaim to escape. Kutuzov no longer trusted his allies. The Austrian army, without waiting for reinforcements from Russian troops, launched an attack on the French, but seeing their superiority, capitulated. Kutuzov had to retreat, because the inequality of forces did not bode well. The only salvation was to get to Znaim before the French. But the Russian road was longer and more difficult. Then Kutuzov decides to send Bagration’s vanguard to cross the enemy, so that he can detain the enemy as best he can. And here chance saved the Russians. The French envoy Murat, seeing Bagration's detachment, decided that this was the entire Russian army, and proposed a truce for three days. Kutuzov took advantage of this “rest”. Of course, Napoleon immediately realized the deception, but while his messenger was traveling to the army, Kutuzov had already managed to get to Znaim. When Bagration's vanguard went into retreat, Tushin's small battery, stationed near the village of Shengraben, was forgotten and abandoned by the Russians.

Defeat: Battle of Austerlitz. The Austrian military leaders took on the main role in waging this war, especially since the battles took place on Austrian territory. And the battle near the town of Austerlitz in the novel “War and Peace” was also thought out and planned by the Austrian General Weyrother. Weyrother did not consider it necessary to take into account the opinion of Kutuzov or anyone else.

The military council before the Battle of Austerlitz resembles not a council, but an exhibition of vanities; all disputes were conducted not with the goal of achieving a better and correct solution, but, as Tolstoy writes: “... it was obvious that the purpose... of the objections was mainly the desire to make people feel to General Weyrother, as self-confidently as to schoolchildren reading his disposition, that he was dealing not only with fools, but with people who could teach him in military affairs.” Having made several useless attempts to change the situation, Kutuzov slept the entire time the council lasted. Tolstoy clearly makes it clear how much Kutuzov is disgusted by all this pomposity and complacency; the old general understands perfectly well that the battle will be lost.

Conclusion: The history of mankind consists of victories and defeats in wars. In the novel War and Peace, Tolstoy describes the participation of Russia and Austria in the war against Napoleon. Thanks to Russian troops, the Battle of Schöngraben was won, and this gave strength and inspiration to the sovereigns of Russia and Austria. Blinded by victories, occupied mainly with narcissism, holding military parades and balls, these two men led their armies to defeat at Austerlitz. The Battle of Austerlitz in Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” became decisive in the war of the “three emperors”. Tolstoy shows the two emperors at first as pompous and self-righteous, and after their defeat as confused and unhappy people. Napoleon managed to outwit and defeat the Russian-Austrian army. The emperors fled the battlefield, and after the battle ended, Emperor Franz decided to submit to Napoleon on his terms.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Pontius Pilate

Literary example: In a dream, the procurator gives the impression of a completely different person. Pilate agrees with Yeshua’s thought that they will now always be together. The procurator ceases to feel the disgust that arose in him in relation to everything that was connected with the teaching of Jesus.

Once a person gains wealth, he immediately begins to fear losing it.

The dream allows Pilate to do something that he could not decide to do in life. Literary critics often evaluate Pilate’s dream, his walk along the “moon road” as the highest victory of man over himself.

"Friendship and Enmity"

Friends are always ready to help and save. (Example: friendship of A. S. Pushkin with lyceum students. The poet in the poem “October 19” wrote:

My friends, our union is wonderful!

He, like the soul, is indivisible and eternal...)

Friendship between Pushkin and Pushchin /Analysis of Pushkin’s poem “I. I. Pushchin"

Among his lyceum friends, Alexander Pushkin especially singled out Ivan Pushchin, with whom the poet had a very warm and trusting relationship. The last time the friends met was just before these tragic events, in the winter of 1825. Ivan Pushchin came to him in Mikhailovskoye to brighten up his loneliness and distract the author from gloomy thoughts about his own fate. At this moment best friend morally supported Pushkin, who was on the verge of despair, believing that his career was ruined and his life was hopeless. Therefore, when Pushchin found himself in a similar situation, the author considered it his duty to send him an encouraging poetic message, in which he admitted: “I pray to holy providence.” By this, the poet wanted to emphasize that he was not only worried about the fate of his friend, but also believed that his sacrifice was not made to society in vain, and future generations will be able to appreciate this selfless act.

Pushkin took the separation from his friend very hard, and subsequently addressed him several more poems. H

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"» central character story, believed that partnership is higher than family, higher than kinship by blood, higher than everything earthly.

D. London “In a distant land”, “Love of life”. Comradely support is, according to the writer, the decisive condition for victory over nature. The morality of the North is based on trust and mutual honesty. Harsh conditions reveal the true value of a person. A coward, an insignificant person, according to the author, is more likely to die than a brave one. This is how the gold miners who lost their composure die in the short story “In a Distant Land” and Bill, who abandoned his comrade, in the story “Love of Life”

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Heroes: Rodion Raskolnikov, Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin

Literary example: FRIENDSHIP: Dostoevsky introduces the character of Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin into the novel. This is Rodion's faithful friend at the university who supports him. The friendship of Raskolnikov and Razumikhin is contrasted in the novel with showing the disunity of people in general. Razumikhin and Raskolnikov are contrasted using their speaking surnames (“reason” - “schism”) according to the principle of attitude to life. These friends also have something in common, which brought them together: they are smart, educated, deep, noble young people capable of sincere feelings.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

One of the central lines of the novel, one of the greatest values, according to Tolstoy, is, of course, the friendship of Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov. They are both alien to the society in which they find themselves. Both of them are superior to him in their thoughts and moral values, only Pierre takes time to understand this. Andrei is confident in his own, special destiny, and an empty, unchanging life is not for him. He is trying to convince Pierre, who is the only one he respects in that environment due to the contrast with the empty elite, to stay away from this life. But Pierre is still convinced of this on his own, from his own experience. It is difficult for him, so simple and unpretentious, to resist temptation. The friendship of Andrei and Pierre can be considered true, beautiful and immortal, because the soil on which it stood was the most worthy and noble. There was not an ounce of self-seeking in this friendship, and neither money nor influence were a guideline for any of them, either in their relationships or in the lives of each individual. This is what should unite people if they live in a society where all feelings can be bought and sold so cold-bloodedly.

Fortunately, in Tolstoy’s novel these heroes found each other, thereby finding salvation from moral loneliness and finding worthy soil for the development of morality and real ideas that should not be lost at least by a minority of people.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Master, members of MASSOLIT

Literary example. Due to the fault of MASSOLIT members - representatives of the literary elite - the Master's novel was not published. Because of them, he burned the work he had been creating for so long. And it is they who are to blame for the fact that the Master is in a mental hospital. After futile attempts, he had nothing left. Ivan Bezdomny is typical representative elite literary world. And this world is hated not only by the hero of the novel, but also by the author himself. The master is overcome by apathy, and, hating manifest enemies, he does not strive to confront the essential enemies, he is completely obsessed.

In the novel Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin “Dubrovsky”“We see two old friends - Kirila Petrovich Troekurov and Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. They were once service comrades. Dubrovsky was distinguished by his pride and decisiveness of character, for which Troekurov valued and respected him. Andrei Gavrilovich was an interesting conversationalist, and Kirila Petrovich was bored when his colleague was not around. The author explained their friendship by the fact that they were both the same age, had the same upbringing, were widowed early and raised one child each. All this brought them closer. All the neighboring landowners were jealous of their harmony and friendship.

But one day in their friendly relations there came a time of discord and terrible, cruel enmity. This happened when Paramoshka, the landowner’s servant, insulted Troekurov during an inspection of Troyekurov’s favorite kennel.

Dubrovsky, humiliated his dignity. “An unexpected incident upset and changed everything.” After leaving Pokrovskoye, Andrei Gavrilovich demanded that the servant appear at trial. But the wayward rich man did not want to seriously look into this, but began to mercilessly take revenge on Dubrovsky, humiliating him even more. Why did this friendship turn out to be fragile? Why between former friends Is there such a gap? Troyekurov's wealth and nobility, his arrogance and arrogance did not allow him to stop and think about

everything that happened. And the landowner’s temper and ardor added fuel to the fire. And the murderous revenge began... Satisfied with the thirst for revenge, Troekurov understands what he has done. Having come to his senses, Troekurov wanted to correct this situation. But it was too late. He drove his friend to madness and death. Reading the novel by A. S. Pushkin, we are once again convinced that any enmity does not do good.

In the novel M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time"“We also see an example of friendship and enmity in the relationship between Pechorin and Grushnitsky. They are peers, colleagues. Pechorin states: “In friendship, one is the slave of another.” Slave relationships cannot support friendship, it is humiliating. In their hearts, the heroes do not have warm relations towards each other. Pechorin is merciless towards Grushnitsky, he does not know how to

forgive weaknesses, confident, reasonable, selfish, sarcastic. He sees right through Grushnitsky and laughs at him. Is this a friendly relationship? “I understood him, and he doesn’t love me for it, although

outwardly we are on friendly terms.” And we are once again convinced that friendship really needs the manifestation of good human feelings and qualities, and sincerity. And Grushnitsky? A completely different person:

enthusiastic, soft-bodied, does not have bright features, envious, vain, malicious, verbose. “He speaks quickly and pretentiously.” Grushnitsky is a cadet, he is twenty-one years old. How can we call the relationship of these characters?

Their confrontation with M.Yu. Lermontov shows in the chapter “Princess Mary”. The gap in the relationship between the young people becomes wider, hostility increases when Princess Mary becomes interested in Pechorin. The duel is

decoupling in relationships. Pechorin kills his former friend. What's the matter? What is the reason for such a sad outcome? There can be no slavish relations in friendship. We understand that a person must first of all be a friend. But Pechorin did not have this understanding, so he had no real friends. Only warm human relationships strengthen friendship, and do not turn it into enmity.

A.I. Pristavkin “The golden cloud spent the night”

War. This is the most difficult test for people, especially for children. It is children who are the main characters of A. Pristavkin’s work “The Golden Cloud Spent the Night”

The cause of any war is enmity. It is precisely this that makes people cruel and soulless, and it is in war that many of a person’s moral qualities and the beauty of his soul are often revealed.

The main characters of the story are Kuzmina Kolka and Sashka, brothers, students orphanage. Their orphanage is being relocated to the North Caucasus, which had just been liberated from the Germans. The mass resettlement of peoples was carried out during the war, in 1943-1944.

The reader sees what is happening through children's eyes. Children value people based on whether their food was taken away from them or not; They don’t understand why children from the carriage passing by are stretching out their hands and asking for something, and there are tears in their eyes. They cannot understand why people are so cruel. Let us remember the terrible picture when Kolka saw his executed brother.

There is no division of people by nationality for children. Good means your own, evil, cruel means your enemy. It is no coincidence that Kolka and the eleven-year-old Chechen boy Alkhuzor become friends. Both of them are lonely and unhappy, they found spiritual closeness and support from each other. And what does it matter that one is Russian and the other is Chechen? They became friends. Grief brought them closer. In the orphanage where the children ended up, there was the Crimean Tatar Musa, and the German Lida Gross “from the big river,” and the Nogai Balbek. All of them were united by a common terrible fate. They were drawn into the whirlpool of the problems of adults, witnesses to the extermination of peoples, enmity between them, it was they who experienced all the horrors of this struggle of adults.

The world of hostility is scary. He destroys people's destinies. It is necessary to stop hostility, be tolerant towards people, and not allow the destruction of one’s own people - the author calls for this. “There are no bad peoples, there are only bad people“, - the teacher Regina Petrovna will say.

Children's souls are so pure and innocent, like “golden clouds”, they are able to understand each other. It’s scary if these “clouds” break on the top of the cliff - on the indifference and cruelty of people.

Adults could adopt from children the desire to live in friendship and understand how terrible enmity is. “I think that all people are brothers,” Sashka will say, and they will sail far, far away, to where the mountains descend into the sea and people have never heard of a war, where brother kills brother.

A.M. Gorky “Childhood”

Alexey Peshkov, the main character of A.M. Gorky’s story “Childhood,” was left without parents early on. Life in the house of his grandfather Kashirin was difficult. " Strange life” here began to remind him of a “harsh tale”, “well told by a kind, but painfully truthful genius.” Constant hostility surrounded the boy in the house. “Grandfather’s house is filled with the hot fog of mutual enmity of everyone with everyone.” Relations between the adults - Alyosha’s uncles - and between their children were far from family and friendly. The uncles were waiting for their share of the inheritance, they were always quarreling, and the children were not far behind them. Constant complaints, denunciations, the desire to hurt someone else, the pleasure felt from the fact that someone feels bad - this is the environment in which the hero lived. There was no talk of any friendship with cousins.

However, here too there were people to whom Alyosha was drawn. This is the blind master Grigory, whom the boy sincerely pities, and the apprentice Tsyganok, for whom his grandfather prophesied a great future (Tsyganok died while carrying an unbearable cross to the grave of the boy’s grandfather’s wife), and Good Deed, who taught him to read.

His grandmother, Akulina Ivanovna, a kind, intelligent, cheerful woman, became a true friend for Alyosha, despite her hard life, despite the fact that she was always beaten by her husband. Her eyes shone with an “unquenchable, cheerful and warm light.” It was as if he had been sleeping before her, “hidden in the dark,” and she woke her up, brought her into the light, and immediately became a lifelong friend, the closest, most understandable and dear person.

There was a lot of enmity around the boy. But there is also a lot of kindness and understanding. It was precisely his friendly relations with people that prevented his soul from hardening. Alyosha became a kind, sensitive, compassionate person. Friendship can help a person in difficult times to preserve the best moral human qualities.

It all starts from childhood. It is so important during this period that children are surrounded by kind, decent people, because it largely depends on them how the child will grow up. The author leads readers to this conclusion.

DIRECTIONS OF THE FINAL ESSAY - 2016-2017

1. "Reason and Feeling"
2. "Honor and Dishonor"
3. "Victory and defeat"
4. "Experience and mistakes"
5. "Friendship and enmity."

1. "Reason and Feeling". The direction involves thinking about reason and feeling as two important components inner world a person that influences his aspirations and actions. Reason and feeling can be considered both in harmonious unity and in complex confrontation that constitutes the internal conflict of the individual.
The topic of reason and feeling is interesting for writers of different cultures and eras: heroes of literary works often find themselves faced with a choice between the dictates of feeling and the prompting of reason.

2. "Honor and dishonor." The direction is based on polar concepts associated with a person’s choice: to be faithful to the voice of conscience, to follow moral principles, or to follow the path of betrayal, lies and hypocrisy.
Many writers focused their attention on depicting various manifestations of man: from loyalty to moral rules to various forms of compromise with conscience, right up to the deep moral decline of the individual.

3. "Victory and defeat". Direction allows you to reflect on victory and defeat in different aspects: socio-historical, moral-philosophical, psychological. Reasoning can be associated both with external conflict events in the life of a person, country, world, and with a person’s internal struggle with himself, its causes and results.
Literary works often show the ambiguity and relativity of the concepts of “victory” and “defeat” in different historical conditions and life situations.

4. “Experience and mistakes.” Within the framework of the direction, discussions are possible about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, a people, humanity as a whole, about the cost of mistakes on the path to understanding the world, gaining life experience.
Literature often makes you think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes, without which it is impossible to move forward. life path, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

5. "Friendship and enmity." The direction focuses on reasoning about the value of human friendship, about ways to achieve mutual understanding between individuals, their communities and even entire nations, as well as about the origins and consequences of hostility between them.
The content of many literary works is associated with the warmth of human relationships or the hostility of people, with the development of friendship into enmity or vice versa, with the image of a person who is capable or incapable of valuing friendship, who knows how to overcome conflicts or who sows enmity.

When compiling topics for the final essay, the following requirements are met:

• matching open thematic areas;
• ensuring the supra-subject nature of the final essay (topics should not be aimed at literary analysis of a particular work);
• ensuring the literary-centric nature of the final essay (topics should provide an opportunity for a wide selection of literary material for argumentation);
• focus on reasoning (presence of a problem in the formulation);
• correspondence age characteristics graduates, time allotted for writing an essay (3 hours 55 minutes);
• clarity, literacy and variety of wording of essay topics.

"Reason and Feeling"

Official comment:

The direction involves thinking about reason and feeling as two of the most important components of a person’s inner world, which influence his aspirations and actions. Reason and feeling can be considered both in harmonious unity and in complex confrontation that constitutes the internal conflict of the individual. The topic of reason and feeling is interesting for writers of different cultures and eras: heroes of literary works often find themselves faced with a choice between the dictates of feeling and the prompting of reason.

Aphorisms and sayings of famous people:

There are feelings that replenish and darken the mind, and there is a mind that cools the movement of the feelings. MM. Prishvin

If the feelings are not true, then our whole mind will turn out to be false. Lucretius

A feeling held captive by crude practical needs has only a limited meaning. Karl Marx

No imagination can come up with such a multitude of contradictory feelings that usually coexist in one human heart. F. La Rochefoucauld

Seeing and feeling is being, thinking is living. W. Shakespeare

The dialectical unity of reason and feeling is the central problem of many works of art in world and Russian literature. Writers, depicting the world of human intentions, passions, actions, judgments, one way or another touch on these two categories. Human nature is structured in such a way that the struggle between reason and feeling inevitably gives rise to an internal conflict of personality, and therefore provides fertile ground for the work of writers - artists of human souls.

List of literature in the direction of “Reason and Feeling”

A.I. Kuprin “Garnet Bracelet”

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

A.M. Gorky "At the Bottom"

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

Guy de Maupassant "The Necklace"

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"

N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza"

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

MATERIALS for literary arguments.

( Introduction )

What is love? Each person will answer this question differently. For me, love is the desire to always be close, despite quarrels, problems, grievances and misunderstandings, the desire to find a compromise, the ability to forgive and support in a difficult situation. Great happiness if love is mutual. But there are situations in life when an unrequited feeling arises. Unrequited love brings great suffering to a person. But the worst thing is when an unrequited feeling becomes beyond the control of reason and leads to an irreparable tragedy.(69 words)

(Argument)

Love - eternal theme world fiction. Many authors describe this great feeling in their works. And I would like to remember Kuprin’s wonderful story “The Garnet Bracelet”. On the first pages of the work, the life of the Shein family is revealed to us. There is no longer love in the married couple, and Vera Nikolaevna is disappointed in her marriage. She feels despondent in her soul. We can only guess that she, like any woman, wants attention, affection, care. Unfortunately, main character doesn’t understand that it’s all very close. A minor official, Georgy Zheltkov, has been in love with Vera Nikolaevna for eight years with an unusually strong and sincere love. He fell in love with her at first sight and was happy because God rewarded him with this feeling. But the main character did not pay attention to the man of humble origin. Vera Nikolaevna is getting married and asks Zheltkov not to write to her anymore. We can only guess what difficulties this brought to our hero and marvel at his fortitude. Georgy did not have the opportunity to be close to Vera, to be loved by her, but he is happy because she simply exists, because Vera lives in this world. Zheltkov gives Vera Nikolaevna a garnet bracelet for her birthday. He does not expect Mrs. Sheina to carry the gift. But George is warmed by the thought that his beloved will simply touch this decoration. For Vera, this bracelet evokes a feeling of anxiety; the shimmer of the stones reminds her of drops of blood. Thus, the author makes it clear to us that a reciprocal feeling for Zheltkov begins to arise in the main character. She worries about him, feels trouble is approaching. Vera raises the topic of love in a conversation with a friend of her parents, whom she considers a grandfather, and she begins to understand that Zheltkov’s love is that very real and rare sincere love. But Vera’s brother, Nikolai Nikolaevich, outraged by George’s gift, intervenes and decides to talk to Zheltkov. Main character works understands that he cannot escape his love. Neither leaving nor prison will help him. But he feels that he is interfering with his beloved, Georgy idolizes Vera, he is ready to do everything for her well-being, but he cannot overcome his feelings, and Zheltkov decides to commit suicide. This is how strong unrequited love led to tragedy. And Vera, unfortunately, realized too late that a very rare and sincere love had passed her by. No one and nothing can correct the situation if the person is gone.(362 words)

(Conclusion)

Love is a great feeling, but it is very scary when it leads to tragedy. No matter how strong your feelings are, you cannot lose your mind. Life is the best thing that is given to a person. The same can be said about love. And no matter what trials come our way, we must keep our feelings and mind in harmony.(51 words)

A. I. Kuprin story “Garnet Bracelet” “Reason and Feeling”

(Argument 132)

The hero of Kuprin's story “The Garnet Bracelet,” Georgy Zheltkov, could not cope with his feelings. This man, having seen Vera Nikolaevna once, fell in love with her for the rest of his life. George did not expect reciprocity from the married princess. He understood everything, but he couldn’t help himself. Faith was the small meaning of Zheltkov’s life, and he believed that God rewarded him with such love. The hero showed his feelings only in letters, without showing himself to the princess. On the day of the Angel of Faith, a fan gave his beloved a garnet bracelet and attached a note in which he asked for forgiveness for the trouble he had once caused. When the princess’s husband and her brother found Zheltkov, he admitted the indecentness of his behavior and explained that he sincerely loved Vera and that only death could extinguish this feeling. Finally, the hero asked Vera’s husband for permission to write her a last letter, and after the conversation he said goodbye to life.

A. I. Kuprin story “Garnet Bracelet” Love or madness? "Reason and Feeling"

(Introduction 72) Love is one of the warmest feelings a person can experience. It can fill the heart with joy, inspire and give vitality to a lover. But, unfortunately, this feeling does not always make a person happy. The lack of reciprocity breaks people's hearts, dooms them to suffering, and then a person can lose his mind, turning the object of adoration into a kind of deity that he is ready to worship forever. We often hear that lovers are called crazy. But where is this fine line between conscious feeling and addiction?

(Argument 160) The work of A. I. Kuprin “Garnet Bracelet” makes readers think about this question. The main character pursued his beloved for many years, and then committed suicide. What pushed him to these actions: love or madness? I believe that it was still a conscious feeling. Zheltkov fell in love with Vera. Having seen her only once. Being a minor official, he was aware of the social inequality with his beloved, and therefore did not even try to win her favor. It was enough for him to admire the princess from the outside without intruding into her life. Zheltkov shared his feelings with Vera in letters. The hero wrote to his beloved even after her marriage, although he admitted the indecency of his behavior. The princess's husband treated Grigory Stepanovich with understanding. Shein told his wife that Zheltkov loved her and was not crazy at all. Of course, the hero showed weakness by deciding to commit suicide, but he came to this consciously, concluding that only death could end his love. He knew that without Vera he could not be happy and, at the same time, he did not want to disturb her.

(Argument 184) N In the pages of world fiction, the problem of the influence of feelings and reason is raised very often. So, for example, in the epic novel by Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy “War and Peace” two types of heroes appear: on the one hand, the impetuous Natasha Rostova, the sensitive Pierre Bezukhov, the fearless Nikolai Rostov, on the other, the arrogant and calculating Helen Kuragina and her callous brother Anatol. Many conflicts in the novel occur precisely because of the excess feelings of the characters, the ups and downs of which are very interesting to watch. A striking example of how an outburst of feelings, thoughtlessness, ardor of character, impatient youth influenced the fate of the heroes is the case of Natasha, because for her, funny and young, it was an incredibly long time to wait for her wedding with Andrei Bolkonsky, could she subdue her unexpectedly flared up feelings? feelings for Anatole the voice of reason? Here a real drama of the mind and feelings in the soul of the heroine unfolds before us; she faces a difficult choice: leave her fiancé and leave with Anatole or not give in to a momentary impulse and wait for Andrei. It was in favor of feelings that this difficult choice was made; only an accident prevented Natasha. We cannot blame the girl, knowing her impatient character and thirst for love. It was Natasha’s impulse that was dictated by her feelings, after which she regretted her action when she analyzed it.

L. N. Tolstoy novel “War and Peace” “Reason and Feeling”

(Argument 93) The main character of the novel - L. N. Tolstoy's epic "War and Peace", young Natasha Rostova, needed love. Being separated from her fiancé, Andrei Bolkonsky, the naive girl, in search of this feeling, trusted the insidious Anatoly Kuragin, who did not even think of connecting his life with Natasha. Attempted escape with a man notoriety- a risky act that Natasha Rostova decided on, relying primarily on feelings. The sad outcome of this adventure is known to everyone: the engagement of Natasha and Andrei is broken, the former lovers suffer, the reputation of the Rostov family is shaken. If Natasha had thought about the possible consequences, she would not have found herself in this position.

L. N. Tolstoy novel “War and Peace” “Reason and Feeling”

(Argument 407) In the epic novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" categories of reason and feeling are brought to the fore. They are expressed in two main characters: Andrei Bolkonsky and Natasha Rostova. A girl lives by feelings, a man lives by reason. Andrei is driven by patriotism, he feels responsible for the fate of the Fatherland, for the fate of the Russian army, and considers it necessary to be where it is especially difficult, where the fate of what is dear to him is being decided. Bolkonsky begins his military service from the lower ranks among the adjutants at Kutuzov’s headquarters; Andrei is not looking for an easy career or awards. In Natasha's life everything is based on feelings. The girl has a very easy character, Natasha enjoys life. She illuminates and warms her loved ones like the sun. When we meet Andrey, we see in him a restless person, dissatisfied with his real life. The birth of a child and at the same time the death of his wife, before whom he felt guilty, in my opinion, aggravated, so to speak, Bolkonsky’s spiritual crisis. Natasha was the reason spiritual rebirth Bolkonsky. Love for the cheerful, poetic Natasha gives birth in Andrei’s soul to dreams of family happiness. Natasha became the second for him, new life. She had something that the prince did not have, and she harmoniously complemented him. Next to Natasha, Andrei felt revived and rejuvenated. All her living emotions gave him strength and inspired him to new things and events. After Natasha’s confession, Andrei’s ardor subsides. Now he feels responsible for Natasha. Andrei proposes to Natasha, but at the request of his father, he postpones the wedding for a year. Natasha and Andrey - very different people. She is young, inexperienced, trusting and spontaneous. He already has a whole life behind him, the death of his wife, his son, the trials of difficult wartime, a meeting with death. Therefore, Andrei cannot fully understand what Natasha feels, that waiting is very painful for her, she cannot restrain her feelings, her desire to love and be loved. This led to Natasha cheating on Andrey and they break up. Bolkonsky goes to war and is mortally wounded. Experiencing severe suffering, realizing that he is dying, before the threshold of death he experiences a feeling of universal love and forgiveness. At this tragic moment, another meeting of Prince Andrei and Natasha takes place. War and suffering made Natasha an adult, now she understands how cruelly she treated Bolkonsky, betrayed such a wonderful person because of her childhood passion. Natasha is on her knees asking the prince for forgiveness. And he forgives her, he loves her again. He already loves with unearthly love, and this love brightens him up last days in this world. Only at this moment Andrei and Natasha were able to understand each other and acquired what they had been missing. But it was already too late.

(Argument 174) Talking about real and sincere feelings, I would like to turn to the play “The Thunderstorm”. In this work, A. N. Ostrovsky was able to convey with all the vividness of emotions the emotional torment of the main character. In the 19th century huge amount marriages were not made for love; parents tried to marry someone who was richer. The girls were forced to live with an unloved person all their lives. Katerina found herself in a similar situation, who was married to Tikhon Kabanov from a wealthy merchant family. Katya's husband was a pitiful sight. Irresponsible and childish, he was incapable of anything other than drunkenness. Tikhon’s mother, Marfa Kabanova, embodied the ideas of tyranny and hypocrisy inherent in everything “ dark kingdom“, so Katerina was constantly under pressure. The heroine strives for freedom; it was difficult for her in the conditions of slavish worship of false idols. The girl found solace in communicating with Boris. His care, affection and sincerity helped the unfortunate heroine forget about the oppression from Kabanikha. Katerina realized that she was doing wrong and could not live with it, but her feelings turned out to be stronger, and she cheated on her husband. Tormented by remorse, the heroine repented to her husband, after which she threw herself into the river.

A. N. Ostrovsky play “The Thunderstorm” “Reason and Feeling”

(Argument 246) Talking about real and sincere feelings, I would like to turn to the work of A. N. Ostrovsky “The Thunderstorm”. The play takes place in the fictional city of Kalinov on the banks of the Volga. Main actors The plays are Katerina and Kabanikha. In the nineteenth century, girls were not given in marriage for love; everyone wanted to give their daughter to a richer family. Katerina found herself in such a situation. She finds herself in the world of Kabanikha, where outdated patriarchal morality reigns. Katerina strives to free herself from the shackles of coercion and admiration. She is attracted by dreams, spirituality, and sincerity.Katerina’s character is a place of collision between fear of God and sinful, illegal passions. With her mind, the main character understands that she is a “husband’s wife,” but Katerina’s soul requires love. Main characterfalls in love with another man, although he tries to resist it.The heroine is given a tantalizing opportunity to commit this sin by meeting her lover, to go beyond what is permitted, but only on the condition that outsiders do not find out about it. Katerina takes the key to the gate at the Kabanov estate, which Varvara gives her, she accepts her sin, she takes up the protest, but dooms herself to death from the very beginning.For Katerina, the commandments of the church and the patriarchal world are of the greatest importance. She wants to be pure and flawless. After her fall, Katerina was unable to hide her guilt in front of her husband and people. She is aware of the sin she has committed and at the same time wants to know happiness. true love. She does not see forgiveness for herself and the end of the torments of her conscience; she considers her soul ruined. Feelings overcame Katerina’s reason, she cheated on her husband, but the main character could not live with this, so she decided to commit an even more terrible sin from a religious point of view - suicide.

(Argument232) The plot of the play was the life of the inhabitants of the flophouse, people who have nothing: no money, no status, no social status, no simple bread. They don't see the meaning of their existence. But even in seemingly unbearable conditionstopics such as the question of truth and lies are raised . Reflecting on thistopic , the author compares the central characters of the play. Satin and the wanderer Luke are heroes - antipodes. When Elder Luke appears at the shelter, he tries to inspire each of the residents. With all the sincerity of his feelings, he tries to inspire the unfortunate, not to let them wither away. According to Luke, they could not be helped by telling the truth that nothing would change in their lives. So he lied to them, thinking that this would bring salvation for them. It will change their attitude to what is happening and instill hope in them. The hero wanted with all his heart to help the unfortunate, to instill hope in them. The hero wanted with all his heart to help the unfortunate, to make their lives at least a little brighter. He didn’t think about the fact that sweet lies can be worse than the bitter truth. Satin was harsh. He relied only on his thoughts and looked at the situation soberly. “Luke’s fairy tales made him angry, because he is a realist and is not used to “fictional happiness.” This hero called people not to blind hope, but to fight for their rights. Gorky posed the question to his readers: which of them is more right? I think that it is impossible to give an exact answer to this question, because it is not for nothing that the author leaves it open. Everyone must decide for themselves.

M. Gorky play “At the Bottom” “Reason and Feeling”

(Introduction 62) What is better - truth or compassion? It is impossible to answer this question unequivocally. If the question asked what is better - truth or lie, my answer would be unequivocal. But the concepts of truth and compassion cannot be opposed to each other. You need to look for a fine line between them. There are situations when telling the bitter truth is the only right decision. But sometimes people need a sweet lie, compassion for support, to lift their spirits.

(Argument 266) Fiction convinces me of the correctness of this point of view. Let us turn to M. Gorky’s play “At the Bottom”. The action takes place in the Kostylevs' rooming house, in which completely different people have gathered. Their difficult fate brought them together. And then Elder Luke appears in the lives of people who have lost everything. He tells them what a wonderful life awaits them, how everything will change if they just want it. The inhabitants of this shelter no longer hope to get back into the people. They have come to terms with the fact that their lives are doomed; they will not get out of poverty. But Luka is a kind person by nature, he takes pity on them and instills hope. His consoling speeches affected each person differently. The two most striking examples are Anna and Actor. Anna was seriously ill and was dying. Luka calms her down and says that only good things await her in the afterlife. The elder became the last relative in her life, she asked to sit next to her and talk to her. Luke helped Anna with his compassion, he made her last days of life easier, brought joy and hope into them. And Anna went to the next world with a calm soul. But compassion played a role with the Actor cruel joke. Luka told him about a hospital where the body is rid of the effects of alcohol. The actor was very worried about the fact that his body was poisoned and was glad to hear Luke’s stories, which gave him hope for better life. But when the Actor found out that such a hospital did not exist, he broke down. A man believed in a better future, and then found out that his hopes were doomed. The actor could not cope with such a blow of fate and committed suicide. A man is a friend to man. We must help each other, show sympathy, compassion, but we must not harm each other. A sweet lie can bring more trouble than the bitter truth.

(Argument 86) The hero opposite to Luke is Satin. The elder’s stories irritated him, because he is a realist. He is used to the harsh reality. Satin is very harsh, he thinks. That you should not hope blindly, but fight for your happiness. Did Satin somehow help his cohabitants with the truth? Did the shelter's inhabitants need another reminder that their lives were at rock bottom? I think not. Gorky posed a question to the readers: who is right, Luka or Satin? I think that it is impossible to give an exact answer to this question, because it is not for nothing that the author left it open in his work.

(Pin 70) Each person must choose his own path. But we must help each other. Telling the truth or showing compassion is everyone's choice. You need to act depending on the situation. The main thing is not to cause harm with your intervention. After all, not only our life, but also the life of our environment depends on us. With our words and actions we influence our loved ones and acquaintances, so in every situation we must think about what is better - truth or compassion?

(Argument205) The crowning achievement of the famous Russian writer A. S. Griboyedov is the play “Woe from Wit.” It was in this work The author touches on such important topics. Like the harm of rank and bureaucracy, the inhumanity of serfdom, issues of education and enlightenment, the honesty of serving the fatherland and duty, the identity, the nationality of Russian culture. The writer also exposes the vices of people, which to this day exist in each of us. Using the example of the central characters of the play, Griboedov makes us think: is it always worth acting according to the will of the heart, or is cold calculation still better? The personification of commercialism, sycophancy, and lies is Alexey Stepanovich Molchalin. This character is not at all harmless. With his obsequiousness he successfully makes his way into high society. His “talents” - “moderation and accuracy” - provide him with a pass to “high society.” Molchalin is a staunch conservative, dependent on the opinions of others and pandering to “all people without exception.” It would seem that this is the right choice, a cold mind and tough calculation are better than the vague feelings of the heart, but the author ridicules Alexei Stepanovich, showing the reader the insignificance of his existence. Mired in the world of hypocrisy and lies, Molchalin lost all his bright and sincere feelings, which led to the complete collapse of his sinister plans. Therefore, we can say with confidence that the great Russian writer wanted to convey to the hearts of readers that the most important thing is to remain yourself, act according to your conscience and listen to your heart.

A. S. Griboyedov play “Woe from Wit” “Reason and Feeling”

(Argument345) Let us turn to A. S. Griboyedov’s play “Woe from Wit.” Young Alexander Andreevich Chatsky, brilliant with intelligence and wit, arrives at the mansion of the Moscow landowner-nobleman Famusov. His heart burns with love for Sofya Famusova, it is for her sake that he returns to Moscow. In the recent past, Chatsky managed to recognize in Sophia an intelligent, extraordinary, determined girl and fell in love with her for these qualities. When he, matured and wiser, returns to his homeland, we understand that his feelings have not cooled. He is happy to see Sophia, who has gotten better during the separation, and is sincerely happy to meet. When the hero finds out that Sophia’s chosen one is Molchalin, her father’s secretary, he is unable to believe it. The hero sees perfectly well what Molchalin really is like; he does not love Sophia. Molchalin wants to move up the career ladder using a girl. For this reason, he does not disdain either hypocrisy or meanness. Chatsky’s mind refuses to believe in Sophia’s love for Molchalin, because he remembers her as a teenager, when love broke out between them, he thinks that Sophia could not change over the years. Chatsky cannot understand that in the three years while he was gone, Famus society left its ugly mark on the girl. Sophia really went through a good school in her father’s house, she learned to pretend, lie, dodge, but she does this not out of selfish interests, but trying to protect her love. We see that Sophia rejects Chatsky not only out of female pride, but also for the same reasons for which Famusov’s Moscow does not accept him: his independent and mocking mind frightens Sophia, he is from a different circle. Sophia is even ready to take treacherous revenge on an old close friend who loves her madly: she starts a rumor about Chatsky’s madness. The hero breaks not only the threads connecting him with Famus society, he breaks off his relationship with Sophia, offended and humiliated by her choice to the depths of his soul. Sophia blames herself for everything that happened. Her situation seems hopeless, since, having rejected Molchalin, having lost her devoted friend Chatsky and being left with an angry father, she is alone again. Sophia tried to live with a mind perverted in the concept Famusov society, but she was never able to give up her feelings, this led to the heroine getting confused, Sophia missed her love, but not only the heroine suffered from this, Chatsky’s heart was broken.

N. V. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba"

After graduating from the Kyiv Academy, his two sons, Ostap and Andriy, come to the old Cossack colonel Taras Bulba. Two hefty ones

After long journey The Sich greets Taras and his sons with his wild life - a sign of the Zaporozhye will. Cossacks do not like to waste time on military exercises, collecting military experience only in the heat of battle. Ostap and Andriy rush with all the ardor of young men into this riotous sea. But old Taras does not like an idle life - this is not the kind of activity he wants to prepare his sons for. Having met all his comrades, he is still figuring out how to rouse the Cossacks on a campaign, so as not to waste the Cossack prowess on a continuous feast and drunken fun. He persuades the Cossacks to re-elect the Koschevoy, who keeps peace with the enemies of the Cossacks. The new Koshevoy, under the pressure of the most warlike Cossacks, and above all Taras, decides to go to Poland to celebrate all the evil and disgrace of faith and Cossack glory.

Andriy realized that he was betraying his father and followed his feelings. Feelings are stronger than reason

And soon the entire Polish southwest becomes the prey of fear, the rumor running ahead: “Cossacks! The Cossacks have appeared! In one month, the young Cossacks matured in battle, and old Taras loves to see that both of his sons are among the first. The Cossack army is trying to take the city of Dubna, where there is a lot of treasury and wealthy inhabitants, but they encounter desperate resistance from the garrison and residents. The Cossacks besiege the city and wait for famine to begin in it. Having nothing to do, the Cossacks devastate the surrounding area, burning defenseless villages and unharvested grain. The young, especially the sons of Taras, do not like this life. Old Bulba calms them down, promising hot fights soon. One dark night, Andria is awakened from sleep by a strange creature that looks like a ghost. This is a Tatar, a servant of the same Polish woman with whom Andriy is in love. The Tatar woman whispers that the lady is in the city, she saw Andriy from the city rampart and asks him to come to her or at least give him a piece of bread for his dying mother. Andriy loads the bags with bread, as much as he can carry, and the Tatar woman leads him along the underground passage to the city. Having met his beloved, he renounces his father and brother, comrades and homeland: “The homeland is what our soul seeks, what is dearer to it than anything else. My homeland is you.” Andriy remains with the lady to protect her until his last breath from his former comrades.