With the concept "merchant" The centuries-old history of Russia is connected. The chronicle of the Russian trading class preserves the most important pages of our Fatherland. It is reflected in many government documents, rich materials regional level, concerns the fate of the dynasties of the most eminent people of our country, thousands of representatives of the Russian people. How did the formation of the Russian merchant class take place, and how did its practical activities unfold?

IN Ancient Rus' merchants were townspeople who were mainly engaged in trade, carrying out on their own behalf entrepreneurial activity for the purpose of making a profit. The first mentions of merchants date back to the 10th century. However, the concept of “merchants” finally crystallized in the first quarter of the 18th century. It began to be used in relation to the townspeople engaged in trade. Moreover, belonging to this class was achieved by taking a merchant certificate from one of the three guilds and was lost if it was not renewed within the prescribed period.

Along with this, the concept has long been used in Rus' "guest" . It was originally used in relation to people who had trade relations with foreign markets, i.e. those who went to “stay” in overseas countries, as well as in relation to persons who came to sell and buy goods from other countries. This term is already known in the monuments of the 10th century. (Oleg and Igor’s agreements with the Greeks).

Since the 13th century, a more generalized term also existed in Rus' "dealer" . The word “gostinodvorets” was also in use; it was the name given to a merchant or his housekeeper, a salesman who traded in the rows. All these words are now outdated, the concept of “entrepreneur” or “businessman” (from English word business), meaning the business, occupation of a person.

Trading people in Rus', starting from the 11th-12th centuries, gradually united into special groups population who were distinguished by their property status and enjoyed the support of the princely authorities. The first Russian merchant corporation arose in Novgorod in the 12th century. It absorbed large wholesale wax traders and was called the Ivanovo community. There were similar corporations of trading people in other cities of Ancient Rus' (“Moscow hundred”, “Surozhane”). It was during this period that trade in Veliky Novgorod flourished, oriented mainly towards the foreign market. The main partners of the Novgorod guests were representatives of the North German Hanse, which established a trade monopoly in the Baltic. Already in the XII-XV centuries. the intention of foreigners to not allow Russian merchants into their domestic markets was revealed. The Hanseatic people, using their accumulated maritime experience, the power of capital and forms of organization, sought to buy goods on the territory of Rus' and concentrated the profits from their sale in Europe in their own hands. At best, the Novgorodians limited themselves to trade in the nearest foreign cities: Narva, Riga, Reval, only occasionally breaking through on small ships to Sweden and other countries. This feature of trade relations between foreign merchants and Russia was clearly evident until the second half of the 19th century.

The natural growth of the merchant class in Rus' was interrupted by the Tatar-Mongol invasion, which dealt a heavy blow to the entire way of economic life of the country. It resumed in full only in the 14th century. Gradually, rich and influential groups of merchants appeared in Moscow, Novgorod, Vologda, Nizhny Novgorod, Tver and other commercial and industrial centers of ancient Rus'.

The oprichnina caused noticeable damage to the development of the merchant class.

Meanwhile, at the end of the 16th century. Russian merchants united, depending on the size of their capital, into privileged corporations of guests and merchants of the living room and cloth hundreds. The most honorable place belonged to guests . This term became the name highest category privileged merchants. The largest merchants with a turnover of 20 to 100 thousand rubles per year (a very large amount for that time) received a similar title from the tsar. As a rule, upper layer The merchant class consisted mainly of Moscow residents. The guests were followed by a merchant class living room hundred . This corporation was born in the 60s of the 16th century. Initially, it was also formed from Muscovites. According to Russian traditions Divide the townspeople's tax people into three categories, the living hundred were divided into “best”, “average” and “junior”. She differed from the guests in the size of her capital. In accordance with this, less difficult government services fell on it: members of the hundred were elected to the positions of kissers or heads in the circle and customs yards in the cities.

According to the apt expression of the famous historian V.O. Klyuchevsky, these categories of merchants were the “financial headquarters of the Moscow sovereign,” a kind of “government instrument in managing the provincial commercial and industrial population.”

Many hundreds of trading people in the living room carried out important government assignments. So, for example, Bogdan Shchepotkin (who had the middle name Elisha) was the head of customs in Kholmogory, similar duties were performed in Arkhangelsk by Yuri Konkin and others. This elite of the townspeople lost their status in early XVIII V. In general, the merchant corporation of the living room of the hundred, which existed in Rus' from the reign of Ivan the Terrible to Peter I, consisted, according to the latest data, of 2,781 people, and together with the guests, 3,036 people passed through the main corporations of the privileged Russian merchants.

However, until the 17th century. In Russia, an independent “merchant class” did not take shape. Concept "merchants" at that time it meant only an occupation, and not a special class category of the population. At the same time, it can be said that the merchant ranks that arose in the distant past were a kind of predecessors of the division of the trading class into guilds.

The most noticeable changes in the fate of Russian entrepreneurship occurred in the 18th century. Peter I, having begun major reforms in the country, was constantly looking for means to implement them and, in particular, to carry out active foreign policy, as well as for the construction of the fleet, maintenance and armament of the army, and the creation of domestic industry. The measures taken by the reformer regarding the merchants were to strengthen their position, or, as stated in a number of Peter’s decrees, to bring together “the all-Russian merchants, like a scattered temple.”

The transformations that began after 1861 led to the fact that by the end of the 19th century the class isolation of the merchants lost its meaning and turned into an anachronism. This was greatly facilitated by the decision adopted on June 8, 1898 on the initiative of the Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte new law about trade tax. Instead of guild and non-guild enterprises, three groups of enterprises and trades were legalized: commercial enterprises, industrial enterprises and personal trade occupations. In turn, each of these groups was divided into parts in accordance with characteristics indicating the size and profitability of factories and factories.

From now on, the mandatory acquisition of merchant certificates was abolished for those wishing to engage in commercial activities, and merchants ceased to be synonymous with Russian entrepreneurs. Persons of non-merchant rank - peasants, nobles, etc. - could freely enter the world of business. These laws reduced the merchant class to nothing. They began to register as merchants on the basis of considerations extraneous to trading activities. Jews, for example, were enrolled in the merchant class because in this way they received the right to live everywhere, regardless of the so-called Pale of Settlement. For the Russian merchant, it was important to receive the title of hereditary or honorary personal citizen, which gave some traditional privileges. A number of government measures led to the fact that the subject of trade and industrial activity was not a “merchant” from a class point of view, but a merchant or industrialist. The growth of the merchant class in the second half of the 19th century ceased. Representatives of the large trading and industrial bourgeoisie moved into the category of honorary citizens, into the nobility. On the other hand, a significant part of the noble “noble class” had become bourgeois by this time, taking the path of industrial and financial entrepreneurship.

Although until 1917 all classes in Russia formally retained their names and some rights, by the beginning of the twentieth century a kind of class blurriness was fully manifested in the country. The merchant class turned into component Russian bourgeoisie.

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Russian merchants have always been special. Merchants and industrialists were recognized as the most wealthy class of the Russian Empire. These were brave, talented, generous and inventive people, patrons of art and connoisseurs of art.

Bakhrushins

They come from the merchants of the city of Zaraysk, Ryazan province, where their family can be traced through scribe books until 1722. By profession, the Bakhrushins were “prasols”: they drove cattle in droves from the Volga region to big cities. The cattle sometimes died on the road, the skins were torn off, taken to the city and sold to tanneries - this is how the history of their own business began.

Alexey Fedorovich Bakhrushin moved to Moscow from Zaraysk in the thirties of the last century. The family moved on carts, with all their belongings and youngest son Alexander, the future honorary citizen of the city of Moscow, was carried in a laundry basket. Alexey Fedorovich - became the first Moscow merchant Bakhrushin (he has been included in the Moscow merchant class since 1835).

Alexander Alekseevich Bakhrushin, the same honorary citizen of Moscow, was the father of the famous city figure Vladimir Alexandrovich, collectors Sergei and Alexei Alexandrovich, and the grandfather of Professor Sergei Vladimirovich.

Speaking of collectors, this well-known passion for “gathering” was distinctive feature Bakhrushin family. The collections of Alexey Petrovich and Alexey Alexandrovich are especially worth noting. The first collected Russian antiquities and, mainly, books. According to his spiritual will, he left the library Rumyantsev Museum, and porcelain and antiques - to the Historical, where there were two halls named after him. They said about him that he was terribly stingy, since “every Sunday he goes to Sukharevka and bargains like a Jew.” But he can hardly be judged for this, because every collector knows: the most pleasant thing is to find for yourself a truly valuable thing, the merits of which others were not aware of.

The second, Alexey Alexandrovich, was a big theater lover, for a long time presided over the Theater Society and was very popular in theatrical circles. That's why Theater Museum became the world's only richest collection of everything that had anything to do with the theater.

Both in Moscow and in Zaraysk they were honorary citizens of the city - a very rare honor. During my stay in the City Duma there were only two honorary citizens of the city of Moscow: D. A. Bakhrushin and Prince V. M. Golitsyn, the former mayor.

Quote: “One of the largest and richest companies in Moscow is considered Trading house Bakhrushin brothers. They have tanning and cloth making. The owners are still young people, with higher education, renowned philanthropists who donate hundreds of thousands. They conduct their business, albeit on a new basis - that is, using last words science, but according to ancient Moscow customs. Their offices and reception areas, for example, make them want a lot.” "New time".

Mamontovs

The Mamontov family originates from the Zvenigorod merchant Ivan Mamontov, about whom practically nothing is known, except that the year of birth was 1730, and that he had a son, Fyodor Ivanovich (1760). Most likely, Ivan Mamontov was engaged in farming and made a good fortune for himself, so his sons were already rich people. One can guess about his charitable activities: the monument on his grave in Zvenigorod was erected by grateful residents for the services provided to them in 1812.

Fyodor Ivanovich had three sons - Ivan, Mikhail and Nikolai. Mikhail, apparently, was not married, in any case, he did not leave any offspring. The other two brothers were the founders of two branches of the venerable and numerous Mammoth family.

Quote: “Brothers Ivan and Nikolai Fedorovich Mamontov came to Moscow rich people. Nikolai Fedorovich bought a large and beautiful house with an extensive garden on Razgulay. By this time he had a large family.” ("P. M. Tretyakov". A. Botkin).

The Mamontov youth, the children of Ivan Fedorovich and Nikolai Fedorovich, were well educated and diversely gifted. Savva Mamontov's natural musicality especially stood out, which played a big role in his adult life.

Savva Ivanovich will nominate Chaliapin; will make Mussorgsky, rejected by many experts, popular; will create a huge success in his theater with Rimsky-Korsakov’s opera “Sadko”. He would be not only a patron of the arts, but also an advisor: the artists received valuable instructions from him on issues of makeup, gesture, costume and even singing.

One of the remarkable undertakings in the field of Russian is closely connected with the name of Savva Ivanovich. folk art: famous Abramtsevo. In new hands it was revived and soon became one of the most cultural corners of Russia.

Quote: “The Mamontovs became famous in a wide variety of fields: both in the industrial field and, perhaps, especially in the field of art. The Mammoth family was very large, and the representatives of the second generation were no longer as rich as their parents, and in the third the fragmentation of funds went even further. The origin of their wealth was the tax farming industry, which brought them closer to the well-known Kokorev. Therefore, when they appeared in Moscow, they immediately entered the rich merchant environment.” (" Dark Kingdom", N. Ostrovsky).

The founder of this one of the oldest trading companies in Moscow was Vasily Petrovich Shchukin, a native of the city of Borovsk, Kaluga province. At the end of the seventies of the 18th century, Vasily Petrovich established trade in manufactured goods in Moscow and continued it for fifty years. His son, Ivan Vasilyevich, founded the Trading House “I. V. Shchukin with his sons” The sons are Nikolai, Peter, Sergei and Dmitry Ivanovich.

The trading house conducted extensive trade: goods were sent to all corners of Central Russia, as well as to Siberia, the Caucasus, the Urals, Central Asia and Persia. IN recent years The trading house began to sell not only calicoes, scarves, linen, clothing and paper fabrics, but also wool, silk and linen products.

The Shchukin brothers are known as great connoisseurs of art. Nikolai Ivanovich was a lover of antiquities: his collection contained many ancient manuscripts, lace, and various fabrics. He built a beautiful building in the Russian style for the collected items on Malaya Gruzinskaya. According to his will, his entire collection, along with the house, became the property of the Historical Museum.

Both brothers continued their father's business, first trading, then industrial. They were linen workers, and flax in Russia has always been revered as an indigenous Russian product. Slavophile economists (like Kokorev) always praised flax and contrasted it with foreign American cotton.

This family was never considered one of the richest, although their commercial and industrial affairs were always successful. Pavel Mikhailovich spent huge amounts of money on creating his famous gallery and collecting his collection, sometimes to the detriment of the well-being of his own family.

Quote: “With a guide and a map in his hands, zealously and carefully, he reviewed almost all European museums, moving from one large capital to another, from one small Italian, Dutch and German town to another. And he became a real, deep and subtle connoisseur of painting.” ("Russian Antiquity").

Soltadenkovs

They come from the peasants of the village of Prokunino, Kolomensky district, Moscow province. The founder of the Soldatenkov family, Yegor Vasilievich, has been listed in the Moscow merchant class since 1797. But this family became famous only in the half of the 19th century, thanks to Kuzma Terentievich.

He rented a shop in the old Gostiny Dvor, sold paper yarn, and was involved in discounting. Subsequently he became a major shareholder in a number of manufactories, banks and insurance companies. [C-BLOCK]

Kuzma Soldatenkov had a large library and a valuable collection of paintings, which he bequeathed to the Moscow Rumyantsev Museum. This collection is one of the earliest in terms of its composition and the most remarkable in terms of its excellent and long existence.

But Soldatenkov’s main contribution to Russian culture is considered to be publishing. His closest collaborator in this area was the well-known Moscow city figure Mitrofan Shchepkin. Under the leadership of Shchepkin, many issues were published dedicated to the classics of economic science, for which special translations were made. This series of publications, called the “Shchepkin Library,” was a most valuable tool for students, but already in my time - the beginning of this century - many books became bibliographic rarities.

Russian merchants have always been special. Merchants and industrialists were recognized as the most wealthy class of the Russian Empire. These were brave, talented, generous and inventive people, patrons of art and connoisseurs of art.

Bakhrushins
They come from the merchants of the city of Zaraysk, Ryazan province, where their family can be traced through scribe books until 1722. By profession, the Bakhrushins were “prasols”: they drove cattle in droves from the Volga region to big cities. The cattle sometimes died on the road, the skins were torn off, taken to the city and sold to tanneries - this is how the history of their own business began.

Alexey Fedorovich Bakhrushin moved to Moscow from Zaraysk in the thirties of the last century. The family moved on carts, with all their belongings, and the youngest son Alexander, the future honorary citizen of the city of Moscow, was transported in a laundry basket. Alexey Fedorovich - became the first Moscow merchant Bakhrushin (he has been included in the Moscow merchant class since 1835).

Alexander Alekseevich Bakhrushin, the same honorary citizen of Moscow, was the father of the famous city figure Vladimir Alexandrovich, collectors Sergei and Alexei Alexandrovich, and the grandfather of Professor Sergei Vladimirovich.

Speaking of collectors, this well-known passion for “gathering” was a distinctive feature of the Bakhrushin family. The collections of Alexey Petrovich and Alexey Alexandrovich are especially worth noting. The first collected Russian antiquities and, mainly, books. According to his spiritual will, he left the library to the Rumyantsev Museum, and porcelain and antiques to the Historical Museum, where there were two halls named after him. They said about him that he was terribly stingy, since “every Sunday he goes to Sukharevka and bargains like a Jew.” But he can hardly be judged for this, because every collector knows: the most pleasant thing is to find for yourself a truly valuable thing, the merits of which others were not aware of.

The second, Alexey Alexandrovich, was a great theater lover, chaired the Theater Society for a long time and was very popular in theater circles. Therefore, the Theater Museum became the only richest collection in the world of everything that had anything to do with the theater.

Both in Moscow and in Zaraysk they were honorary citizens of the city - a very rare honor. During my stay in the City Duma there were only two honorary citizens of the city of Moscow: D. A. Bakhrushin and Prince V. M. Golitsyn, the former mayor.

Quote: “One of the largest and richest companies in Moscow is considered to be the Trading House of the Bakhrushin brothers. They have a leather and cloth business. The owners are still young people, with higher education, well-known philanthropists who donate hundreds of thousands. They conduct their business, albeit on new beginnings - that is, using the latest words of science, but according to ancient Moscow customs, for example, offices and reception rooms make them want a lot." "New time".

Mamontovs
The Mamontov family originates from the Zvenigorod merchant Ivan Mamontov, about whom practically nothing is known, except that the year of birth was 1730, and that he had a son, Fyodor Ivanovich (1760). Most likely, Ivan Mamontov was engaged in farming and made a good fortune for himself, so his sons were already rich people. One can guess about his charitable activities: the monument on his grave in Zvenigorod was erected by grateful residents for the services provided to them in 1812.

Fyodor Ivanovich had three sons - Ivan, Mikhail and Nikolai. Mikhail, apparently, was not married, in any case, he did not leave any offspring. The other two brothers were the founders of two branches of the venerable and numerous Mammoth family.

Quote: “Brothers Ivan and Nikolai Fedorovich Mamontov came to Moscow rich people. Nikolai Fedorovich bought a large and beautiful house with an extensive garden on Razgulay. By this time he had a large family.” ("P. M. Tretyakov". A. Botkin).

The Mamontov youth, the children of Ivan Fedorovich and Nikolai Fedorovich, were well educated and diversely gifted. Savva Mamontov’s natural musicality especially stood out, which played a big role in his adult life.

Savva Ivanovich will nominate Chaliapin; will make Mussorgsky, rejected by many experts, popular; will create a huge success in his theater with Rimsky-Korsakov’s opera “Sadko”. He would be not only a patron of the arts, but also an advisor: the artists received valuable instructions from him on issues of makeup, gesture, costume and even singing.

One of the remarkable undertakings in the field of Russian folk art is closely connected with the name of Savva Ivanovich: the famous Abramtsevo. In new hands it was revived and soon became one of the most cultural corners of Russia.

Quote: “The Mamontovs became famous in a wide variety of fields: both in the field of industry, and, perhaps, especially in the field of art. The Mamontov family was very large, and representatives of the second generation were no longer as rich as their parents, and in the third, the fragmentation of funds went even further. The origin of their wealth was tax farming, which brought them closer to the well-known Kokorev. Therefore, when they appeared in Moscow, they immediately entered the rich merchant environment." (“The Dark Kingdom”, N. Ostrovsky).

Shchukins
The founder of this one of the oldest trading companies in Moscow was Vasily Petrovich Shchukin, a native of the city of Borovsk, Kaluga province. At the end of the seventies of the 18th century, Vasily Petrovich established trade in manufactured goods in Moscow and continued it for fifty years. His son, Ivan Vasilyevich, founded the Trading House “I. V. Shchukin with his sons” The sons are Nikolai, Peter, Sergei and Dmitry Ivanovich.
The trading house conducted extensive trade: goods were sent to all corners of Central Russia, as well as to Siberia, the Caucasus, the Urals, Central Asia and Persia. In recent years, the Trading House began to sell not only calicoes, scarves, linen, clothing and paper fabrics, but also wool, silk and linen products.

The Shchukin brothers are known as great connoisseurs of art. Nikolai Ivanovich was a lover of antiquities: his collection contained many ancient manuscripts, lace, and various fabrics. He built a beautiful building in the Russian style for the collected items on Malaya Gruzinskaya. According to his will, his entire collection, along with the house, became the property of the Historical Museum.

Sergei Ivanovich Shchukin occupies a special place among Russian nugget collectors. We can say that all french painting beginning of this century: Gauguin, Van Gogh, Matisse, some of their predecessors, Renoir, Cezanne, Monet, Degas - were in Shchukin’s collection.

Ridicule, rejection, misunderstanding by society of the work of this or that master did not mean anything to him. of the slightest significance. Often Shchukin bought paintings for a penny, not out of his stinginess and not out of a desire to oppress the artist - simply because they were not for sale and there was not even a price for them.

Ryabushinsky
From the Rebushinskaya settlement of the Pafnutievo-Borovsky monastery in the Kaluga province in 1802, Mikhail Yakovlev “arrived” to the Moscow merchants. He traded in Kholshchovoy Row in Gostiny Dvor. But I went broke during Patriotic War 1812, like many merchants. His revival as an entrepreneur was facilitated by his transition to the “schism.” In 1820, the founder of the business joined the community of the Rogozhskoe cemetery - the Moscow stronghold of the Old Believers of the “priestly kind”, to which the richest merchant families of the mother throne belonged.

Mikhail Yakovlevich takes the surname Rebushinsky (that’s how it was spelled then) in honor of his native settlement and joins the merchant class. He now sells “paper goods”, runs several weaving factories in Moscow and Kaluga province, and leaves his children a capital of more than 2 million rubles. Thus, the stern and devout Old Believer, who wore a common people's caftan and worked as a “master” in his manufactories, laid the foundation for the future prosperity of the family.

Quote: “I have always been struck by one feature - perhaps characteristic feature the whole family is internal family discipline. Not only in banking matters, but also in public affairs, everyone was assigned his own place according to the established rank, and in the first place was the elder brother, with whom others reckoned and, in a certain sense, obeyed him." ("Memoirs", P. Buryshkin).

The Ryabushinskys were famous collectors: icons, paintings, art objects, porcelain, furniture... It is not surprising that Nikolai Ryabushinsky, “the dissolute Nikolasha” (1877-1951), chose the world of art as his career. An extravagant lover of living in grand style, he entered the history of Russian art as the editor-publisher of the luxurious literary and artistic almanac “Golden Fleece,” published in 1906-1909. The almanac, under the banner of “pure art,” managed to gather the best forces of the Russian " silver age": A. Blok, A. Bely, V. Bryusov, among the "seekers of the golden fleece" were the artists M. Dobuzhinsky, P. Kuznetsov, E. Lanceray and many others. A. Benois, who collaborated in the magazine, assessed its publisher as "a figure most curious, not mediocre, in any case special."

Demidovs
The founder of the Demidov merchant dynasty, Nikita Demidovich Antufiev, better known under the name Demidov (1656-1725), was a Tula blacksmith and advanced under Peter I, receiving vast lands in the Urals for the construction of metallurgical plants. Nikita Demidovich had three sons: Akinfiy, Gregory and Nikita, among whom he distributed all his wealth.

In the famous Altai mines, which owe their discovery to Akinfiy Demidov, ores rich in gold and silver content, native silver and horny silver ore were found in 1736.

His eldest son Prokopiy Akinfievich paid little attention to the management of his factories, which, despite his intervention, generated huge income. He lived in Moscow, and surprised the townspeople with his eccentricities and expensive undertakings. Prokopiy Demidov also spent a lot on charity: 20,000 rubles to establish a hospital for poor mothers at the St. Petersburg Orphanage, 20,000 rubles to Moscow University for scholarships for the poorest students, 5,000 rubles to the main public school in Moscow.

Tretyakovs
They came from an old but poor merchant family. Elisey Martynovich Tretyakov, the great-grandfather of Sergei and Pavel Mikhailovich, arrived in Moscow in 1774 from Maloyarovslavets as a seventy-year-old man with his wife and two sons, Zakhar and Osip. In Maloyaroslavets, the Tretyakov merchant family existed since 1646.
The history of the Tretyakov family essentially boils down to the biography of two brothers, Pavel and Sergei Mikhailovich. During their lifetime, they were united by genuine family love and friendship. After their death, they were forever remembered as the creators of the gallery named after the brothers Pavel and Sergei Tretyakov.

Both brothers continued their father's business, first trading, then industrial. They were linen workers, and flax in Russia has always been revered as an indigenous Russian product. Slavophile economists (like Kokorev) always praised flax and contrasted it with foreign American cotton.

This family was never considered one of the richest, although their commercial and industrial affairs were always successful. Pavel Mikhailovich spent huge amounts of money on creating his famous gallery and collecting his collection, sometimes to the detriment of the well-being of his own family.

Quote: “With a guide and a map in his hands, zealously and carefully, he reviewed almost all European museums, moving from one big capital to another, from one small Italian, Dutch and German town to another. And he became a real, deep and subtle connoisseur painting". ("Russian Antiquity").

Soltadenkovs
They come from the peasants of the village of Prokunino, Kolomensky district, Moscow province. The founder of the Soldatenkov family, Yegor Vasilievich, has been listed in the Moscow merchant class since 1797. But this family became famous only in the half of the 19th century, thanks to Kuzma Terentievich.

He rented a shop in the old Gostiny Dvor, sold paper yarn, and was involved in discounting. Subsequently he became a major shareholder in a number of manufactories, banks and insurance companies.

Kuzma Soldatenkov had a large library and a valuable collection of paintings, which he bequeathed to the Moscow Rumyantsev Museum. This collection is one of the earliest in terms of its composition and the most remarkable in terms of its excellent and long existence.

But Soldatenkov’s main contribution to Russian culture is considered to be publishing. His closest collaborator in this area was the well-known Moscow city figure Mitrofan Shchepkin. Under the leadership of Shchepkin, many issues were published dedicated to the classics of economic science, for which special translations were made. This series of publications, called the Shchepkin Library, was a most valuable tool for students, but already in my time - the beginning of this century - many books became bibliographic rarities.

Merchants– people engaged in trade, buying and selling. Just think about why alone merchant names remained in the history of Russia, but others did not? After all, there were many merchants - hundreds and even thousands. But it is precisely these names of Russian merchants that have been preserved in the memory of the people. This means that they possessed some kind of power, a special kind of power. Perhaps with directed, concentrated energy that helped them prosper in their business (with a special program).

It is easy to notice that merchant surnames differ significantly from aristocratic (noble) surnames. These names have different programs.

If you feel the strength, ability and desire to be a merchant in modern world, and not just a merchant, but a good merchant, so that your business prospers, then perhaps it makes sense to take surname-pseudonym of a famous merchant family. And with the help of such an energy information connection, your business will receive an additional source of energy, support from an ancient merchant family.

Competition in business has always existed, but in the modern world it is becoming more fierce. All possible technologies are used here, from NLP and magic to energy-informational support from outside - and not only from healers, psychics, magicians, but also through connection to a well-known successful merchant family.

In the modern world, the merchant who has more strength and more energy will win the struggle for the market.

In case you want to choose a merchant surname and name as a pseudonym, it is advisable to know exactly what information and energy this last name and first name carries. Because a lot depends on what kind of business you are engaged in and on the energy-informational compatibility of the last name and first name you choose with you (with your type of energy).

We carry out energy information diagnostics of first and last names (separately and together), and also check them for compatibility with a specific person - will the pseudonym he chooses help or hinder his business.

Usually it is difficult for the person himself to guess the choice of first and last name. Therefore, it is better to trust the professionals.

There is one more point. It happens that a person becomes famous, successful and rich, but the secret of his success is not in his first and last name, but in his special spiritual achievements, which he acquired in his past incarnations and successfully implements in this life. Sometimes despite the last name and first name.

Your first and last name is not a panacea, a 100% guarantee of success in your business or career. The first and last name can act as an assistant (a source of additional energy) or as a brake.

Therefore, when choosing a pseudonym, you need to know its energy-informational component (main programs) - how suitable they are for you.

Below you can see the merchant surnames of Russia in alphabetical order.

Surnames of merchants and industrialists of Russia before 1913

Abamelek-Lazarev

Agafonov

Alekseev

Alikhanov

Alchevsky

Anisimov

Arzhenikov

Afanasiev

Balabanov

Banquets

Bakhrushin

Bessonov

Bogdanov

Bogomazov

Bolshakov

Borovkov

Brodsky

Brusnikin

Burgasov

Varykhanov

Vasiliev

Vinogradov

Vinokurov

Vorobiev

Vorontsov-Dashkov

Gavrilov

Galyanov

Gunzburg

Gladyshev

Gornostaev

Dmitriev

Dubrovin

Evdokimov

Zavyalov

Kalachnikov

Kalashnikov

Kolmogorov

Kolobaev

Konovalov

Korsakov

Korchagin

Kostolyndin

Krapotkin

Dyers

Kuznetsov

Kurbatov

Latrygin

Lianozov

Logvinov

Lukyanov

Mamontov

Mantashev

Manuilov

Martynov

Medvedev

Melnikov

Meshchersky

Milovanov

Mikhailov

Muravyov

Muromtsev

Nastavin

Nemchinov

Nesterov

Neokladnov

Nikiforov

Ovsyannikov

Ovchinnikov

Hams

Parfenov

Perevalov

Perminov

Polovtsov

Polezhaev

Prasagov

Prasolov

Pribilov

Pribytkov

Privalov

Prokhorov

Postnikov

Pugovkin

Pustovalov

Rakhmanov

Rostovtsev

Rastorguev

Reshetnikov

Rostorguev

Rybnikov

Ryabushinsky

Svetushnikov

Sveshnikov

Skuratov

Soldatenkov

Soloviev

Solodovnikov

Stroganov

Tatarnikov

Tereshchenko

Tolkachev

Tregubov

Tretyakov

Trofimov

Khlebnikov

Tsvetushkin

Tsvetushnikov

Chebotarev

Chistyakov

Shaposhnikov

Shelaputin

Source: A.V. Stadnikov. List of merchant Old Believer families in Moscow (XIX - early XX centuries)

Oleg and Valentina Svetovid

[email protected]

Our book "The Energy of the Name"

Oleg and Valentina Svetovid

Our address email: [email protected]

Merchant names- success in trading. Energy information connection technology

Attention!

Sites and blogs have appeared on the Internet that are not our official sites, but use our name. Be careful. Fraudsters use our name, our email addresses for their mailings, information from our books and our websites. Using our name, they lure people to various magic forums and deceive (they give advice and recommendations that can harm, or lure money for performing magic rituals, making amulets and teaching magic).

On our websites we do not provide links to magic forums or websites of magic healers. We do not participate in any forums. We do not give consultations over the phone, we do not have time for this.

Pay attention! We do not engage in healing or magic, we do not make or sell talismans and amulets. We do not engage in magical and healing practices at all, we have not offered and do not offer such services.

The only direction of our work is correspondence consultations in written form, training through an esoteric club and writing books.

Sometimes people write to us that they saw information on some websites that we allegedly deceived someone - they took money for healing sessions or making amulets. We officially declare that this is slander and not true. In our entire life, we have never deceived anyone. On the pages of our website and in the club materials, we always write that you need to be an honest, decent person. For us, an honest name is not an empty phrase.

People who write slander about us are guided by the basest motives - envy, greed, they have black souls. The times have come when slander pays well. Now many people are ready to sell their homeland for three kopecks, and it is even easier to slander decent people. People who write slander do not understand that they are seriously worsening their karma, worsening their fate and the fate of their loved ones. It is pointless to talk with such people about conscience and faith in God. They do not believe in God, because a believer will never make a deal with his conscience, will never engage in deception, slander, or fraud.

There are a lot of scammers, pseudo-magicians, charlatans, envious people, people without conscience and honor who are hungry for money. The police and other regulatory authorities are not yet able to cope with the growing influx of “Cheating for profit” madness.

Therefore, please be careful!

Sincerely – Oleg and Valentina Svetovid

Our official sites are: