Social sphere of society and its structure. Social sphere as an economic category and its structure

The social sphere of society is something non-one-sided, something that can only be understood by studying it in detail. There is still debate about its essence.

Of course, it consists of large social groups, as well as from the relationships that arise between these groups. Groups are not only labor collectives and classes, but also nations, peoples, and so on. All of humanity is one big social community.

The social sphere is nothing more than the sphere of reproduction, as well as production. A person realizes himself in it not only as a spiritual and social being, but also, of course, a biological one. The social sphere is what allows us to get an education and work. We get the necessary medical care, we have a house that meets certain standards and is suitable for living. For example, the life of society is also important. However, its importance cannot in any way be higher than the importance of the social sphere, since it is the basis of order and general well-being.

People are unequal in education, abilities, etc. If one screw falls out of an important mechanism, will it be easy to find a similar one in its place? Yes, it all depends on the situation, and also on whether there are plenty to choose from. It’s the same with people: society strives to recreate those who could instantly master any type of activity.

People are unequal not only in abilities, but also in differences. The differences in this case are the following:

Family;

Sex and age;

Class.

A person's class characteristics are usually associated with property. Property is what a person owns, what is his capital. Class stratification has existed since ancient times, and there is no escape from it.

The means of production are what property relations are about. Those material goods that are produced with their help are what should satisfy people's needs. Of course, some people get more of them, and others get less.

In ancient times, castes were the basis of stratification. The point is that some groups of people had certain privileges, while others did not. These privileges were inherited.

It can be observed in the society of almost any country. Many great politicians and thinkers have proposed many options for eliminating it. Some of them proposed opening all roads to a person so that he could choose his own and achieve the necessary benefits himself, while others argued that it was necessary to give everyone a standard set of benefits.

People are also unequal in terms of gender and age. Yes, indeed, young people, children, pensioners and others live differently, engage in different activities, perform different social functions and so on. Here everything depends on the degree of independence, predisposition to something, and so on. Women were often violated in their rights and were not allowed to engage in certain types of activities. Today their situation is better, but discrimination still occurs.

A person must be protected, regardless of gender and age. Social protection is what guarantees the well-being of everyone.

A family is a small social group. It has always been given a special place in the social structure of society. What kind of relationships are there? We are talking about biosocial relationships between spouses necessary for the reproduction of the family. Relationships within the family develop depending on the material and other living conditions of people. No one will argue that a peasant family lives completely differently from a city family.

Society changes under the influence of pressure; the sphere can be controlled, but for this control you need to be able to understand the interests and moods of not only large social groups, but also individual individuals.

Acquisition territorial communities of a sustainable nature are directly related to the social life of people in a certain space. For example, this means the connection of forms of ownership with villages, towns and cities, the organization of government and the activities of various infrastructures.

Demographic

IN demographic the social sphere factor includes birth rate, mortality, sex ratio, study of sex and age composition, taking into account the degree of population increase, as well as the activities of management institutions in this area.

Ethnic

Ethnic forms, starting with the clan, as the first organizational form of Society, cover the tribe, nationality, nation, and in modern conditions the emerging community of people.

As part of the social sphere ethnic forms themselves form a relatively large sphere. Of these, the clan was the first social community and had a long history throughout the period of the primitive system. As a result of the evolution of clans, a tribal community appears, and subsequently a union of tribes. These, in turn, create the preconditions for the emergence of the following communities - nationalities and nations. In modern conditions, when there is an accelerated process of rapprochement in interethnic and interstate relations, a people has begun to emerge as a special community.

Class

Class stratification of society(typically manifested organizationally in Europe) occupies an important place in the social sphere.

Classes are characteristics of large groups of people according to a number of basic indicators. The existence of classes is primarily associated with forms of ownership and division of labor. In modern developed countries, class distinction is increasingly losing its previous indicators. The place of classes is taken by social groups that have a different attitude towards existing social states, a high level of education, a general way of life, etc.

Vocational and educational

Distinguishing people by degree of education(e.g. primary, secondary or high school) and the nature of social and professional characteristics(a specific profession, people of mental or physical labor), also refers to the social sphere, because here the qualitative state of a certain part of the population is expressed.

Economic

The economic structure of a society is based on the level of income of people (within the subsistence level, medium or high income). She is also integral part social sphere.

Family and marriage

Speaking about the composition of the social sphere in the life of society, one cannot fail to mention marriage And family. Because marriage, being a legal contract, regulates the relations between husband and wife, children and relatives. And the family, as a small group and as a family, is based on marriage, kinship, commonality of everyday life, morality and responsibility, and mutual assistance. Material from the site

If we consider social groups according to socially significant criteria of human community, we can distinguish social status- position, place of a person in society. This can be seen in the following example: the same person can be considered by profession- teacher, employee receiving a salary is an economic sign, man 50 years old— demographic indicator, political party member- social position, etc.

Based on social status, we can, for example, distinguish labor collectives - people working in certain industries, such as farmers, brokers, various kinds tenants etc.

Sphere of social life- a certain set of stable relations between social actors. Spheres public life represent large, stable, relatively independent subsystems of human activity.

Traditionally, there are four main spheres of public life:

social (peoples, nations, classes, gender and age groups, etc.)

economic (productive forces, production relations)

political (state, parties, socio-political movements)

spiritual (religion, morality, science, art, education).

Social The sphere is the relationships that arise in the production of immediate human life and man as a social being.

In social philosophy and sociology, this is the sphere of social life, which includes various social communities and connections between them. In economics and political science, the social sphere is often understood as a set of industries, enterprises, and organizations whose task is to improve the standard of living of the population; at the same time, the social sphere includes healthcare, social security, public services, etc.

Economic sphere- this is a set of relationships between people that arise during the creation and movement of material goods. The economic sphere is the area of ​​production, exchange, distribution, consumption of goods and services. In order to produce something, people, tools, machines, materials, etc. are needed. - productive forces. In the process of production, people enter into various relationships with each other - relations of production. Production relations and productive forces together constitute the economic sphere of society:

productive forces- people (labor), tools, objects of labor;

industrial relations - production, distribution, consumption, exchange.

Political sphere- these are relations between people, associated primarily with power, which ensure joint security. The modern term “politics” is now used to express social activities centered on the problems of acquiring, using and maintaining power. The elements of the political sphere can be represented as follows:

political organizations and institutions- social groups, revolutionary movements, parliamentarism, parties, citizenship, presidency, etc.;

political norms - political, legal and moral norms, customs and traditions;

political communications - relationships, connections and forms of interaction between participants in the political process, as well as between the political system as a whole and society;

political culture and ideology - political ideas, ideology, political culture, political psychology.

Spiritual realm- this is the area of ​​ideal, intangible formations, including ideas, values ​​of religion, art, morality, etc.

Structure of the spiritual sphere life of society at its most general outline is this:

religion is a form of worldview based on belief in supernatural forces;

morality is a system of moral norms, ideals, assessments, actions;

art - artistic exploration of the world;

science is a system of knowledge about the laws of existence and development of the world;

law - a set of norms supported by the state;

education is a purposeful process of education and training.

6. Dialectics of society and nature. Global problems.

The dialectic of nature and society is a developing, objective and contradictory process. Using Hegel's scheme for the development of contradiction, we can identify a number of stages in the interaction between society and nature.

The first stage characterizes the process of formation of society. It covers the period from the emergence of the species Homo sapiens before the advent of cattle breeding and agriculture. The second stage of interaction between nature and society is associated with the emergence and development of cattle breeding and agriculture, which characterizes the transition to a “producing” economy, since man began to actively transform nature, producing not only tools, but also means of subsistence. The beginning of the third stage of interaction between nature and society is associated with the development of the industrial revolution of the 18th century in England.

The main global problems of our time: environmental, demographic, problem of war and peace.

The social sphere of people’s life also acts as one of the general spheres of society when analyzing it from a systemic perspective. However, the understanding of its essential aspects remains today quite confusing and contradictory, causing great controversy.

It is generally accepted that the social sphere is formed by stable existing large groups of people (social communities) and the relationships between them, since each of such groups pursues its own goals and protects its interests. Among such groups, along with classes and work collectives, the people, the nation, and even humanity as a social community stand out. This interpretation of the social sphere seems generally correct, but not accurate enough.

The social sphere is the sphere of human production and reproduction. Here a person reproduces himself as a biological, social and spiritual being. In this sense, the social sphere is opposed to the spheres of material and spiritual production - scientific and value knowledge, since what is produced in them must be consumed and mastered by people of other categories and professions. The social sphere is healthcare and education, from kindergarten to high school, this is communication with culture, from visiting the theater to scientific clubs, this is the continuation of the human race, from the birth of children to the passing of the older generation.

If people were completely identical in their living conditions and level of development, then replacing those who dropped out of the social system would be a very simple matter. It is not for nothing that a lot has been written today about the “modular man” as a mass product of modern Western society. Modular Man has a set of ready-made properties and can be easily integrated into any mass distribution organization.

But, as you know, people who actually live occupy the most important positions in society. different position in relation to each other. Therefore, it is necessary to find out what the real mechanism of reproduction in human society is in its general characteristics. Three aspects seem particularly important here: class, gender, age and family.

On the class aspect of the analysis of the modern sphere in Russian literature In recent years they have almost stopped writing. However, to the extent that property and the receipt of income based on it will determine the social position of the owner in society, the analysis of the class stratification of society and all the consequences arising from it will remain valid.

We can say with complete confidence that the property relations that develop between people in society regarding the means of production and the material goods they produce determine the methods of distribution of social wealth between people and the characteristics of individual consumption.

In ancient and medieval states, the basis of the social stratification of society was the presence of classes and estates. There were officially established privileges in one form or another for some large groups of people (the nobility) and restrictions for other groups (the peasantry). A peasant could not become a nobleman, and a person from the “untouchable” caste could not become a full-fledged community member in an Indian village.

In the society of classical capitalism, the economic basis for dividing society into classes was clearly revealed - the bourgeoisie, that is, the owners, and the proletarians, who have no property other than their own working hands. The striking contrast in the social situation between them gave rise to numerous revolutionary actions of the working class, right up to the idea of ​​the dictatorship of the proletariat. Subsequently, the state in developed capitalist countries began to take effective measures to redistribute the wealth accumulated by society. In modern society, along with property, knowledge begins to play a huge role.

In all countries and at all stages of social development, the main problem has always been the existence of social inequality between people. There are two alternative approaches to solving this problem:

– providing each person with equal opportunities to organize his life (success or failure is his personal matter, and not the matter of government organizations);

- the state provides each person with a certain set of benefits to create a more or less decent life in society, and the rest depends on personal efforts, often not encouraged by the state.

Practice has shown that both of these approaches in their extreme manifestations do not bring benefit to society, causing, on the one hand, excessive stratification of society into rich and poor, and on the other, strong egalitarian tendencies. The conflict - personal freedom or social equality - does not have a single solution. In today's conditions, we should talk about “fair” social inequality, when all social strata, having different attitudes to property, to the wealth accumulated by society, basically agree on how this wealth is distributed among people, how access to it is provided by various social layers and groups of society.

But it is not only property relations that determine the characteristics of human reproduction in society. The second significant aspect of the analysis of the social sphere of people’s life is the gender and age division of society. Children, youth, mature people, elderly people and very old people are included in public life in different ways. Some are still dependent, others are no longer independent. The needs and interests of these age groups different, as are the ways to satisfy them. In this regard, various problems of relationships between generations arise, and one of the facets of these problems is social. The selfish aspirations of some young people to possess such material wealth, which have little connection with their real contribution to the growth of social wealth, cause a negative reaction from adult generations.

A special place is occupied by the problem of social equality of men and women in society. The massive involvement of women in the workforce on an equal basis with men results in huge losses for society, primarily a weakening of the family way of life. A woman’s double workload – at work and at home – leads to a reduction in the birth rate, a lack of proper control on the part of parents over the behavior of children, a loss of mutual understanding between them, etc.

The third most important aspect of the analysis of the social sphere of society is the family as a small social group. It occupies a special place in the social structure of society. Here the relationship between husband and wife develops, associated with the continuation of the human race. Family size and intrafamily relationships significantly depend on material living conditions. The peasant family was actually a labor unit in the rural community. A modern urban family, as a rule, is deprived of labor functions. Family life, everyday life is a place where a person restores his strength, prepares himself for work, for creativity. However, latest trends in the development of production, especially scientific, information activities, cause the appearance various forms employment of family members at home. Today you can work for a company without leaving your home. To do this, it is enough to have a computer. This is a new phenomenon in family life, and it receives mixed reviews.

Analysis of the social sphere reveals the mechanism of conditioning of a person’s social position in society, the nature of his inclusion in the wealth accumulated by society and, accordingly, the features of a person’s reproduction of his vital abilities to work, the reproduction of new generations.

Social strata and groups of people, as they become aware of their position in society, strive to change it, especially if they consider themselves left out and the current situation as unfair. The mechanisms for its change are located in the sphere of managing social processes.

a group of industries that ensure the social development of both individual work collectives and society as a whole.

Social sphere

The social sphere is a set of industries, enterprises, organizations that are directly connected and determine the way and standard of living of people, their well-being and consumption.

SOCIAL SPHERE

this is the area of ​​​​relations between groups occupying different socio-economic positions in society, primarily differing in their role in public organization labor, attitude to the means of production, sources and size of the received share of social wealth.

SOCIAL SPHERE

sectors of the national economy that do not participate in material production, but ensure the organization of service, exchange, distribution and consumption of goods, as well as the formation of the standard of living of the population and its well-being. The social sphere includes: trade, education, culture, social security, etc.

SOCIAL SPHERE

a set of industries, enterprises, organizations that are directly connected and determine the way and standard of living of people, their well-being, and consumption. The social sphere includes primarily the service sector (education, culture, healthcare, social security, physical education, catering, public services, passenger transport, communications).

Social sphere

a number of economic sectors and government activities that have a direct impact on individuals and families. First of all, it includes sectors of the socio-cultural complex: education, culture, healthcare, and science. A major role in this area is played by housing and communal services, passenger transport, communications serving the population, trade, and the consumer market. An important place belongs to such types of activities as solving problems of labor relations, employment and migration, implementing social protection and social security of the population.

Social sphere

1) The social (non-productive) sphere of social production is a sphere where material benefits are not directly created. The social sphere includes: art, culture, sports, science, education, healthcare. 2) The social, material and spiritual conditions surrounding a person’s existence and activity.

In a broad sense (macroenvironment) it covers the socio-economic system as a whole - productive forces, the totality of social relations and institutions, public consciousness, and the culture of a given society. In the narrow sense (microenvironment), being an element of the social sphere, as a whole, it includes the immediate social environment of a person - family, team (work, school, etc.) and groups of people. It has a decisive influence on the formation and development of personality, at the same time, under the influence of creative activity, human activity changes and transforms itself.

Department of Automated Control Systems

Coursework

Discipline: “Management in socio-economic systems”

On the topic: “Application of methods and models of system analysis and management theory to management problems in the social and economic spheres”

Completed:

5th year student

group MIVT-16-1-2

Zenin Kirill Andreevich

Introduction. 3

Main part. 6

1. Social and economic sphere.

2. Methods and models of system analysis. 9

3. Methods and models of decision-making theory. 13

Chapter II 16

1. Brief information about the company "SimpLAN". 16

2. Analysis of the economic subsystem of the organization. 17

3. Construction of a mathematical model and application of the simplex TPR method to analyze the model. 18

4. Application of the method of expert assessments based on a ranking assessment system with subsequent normalization, ranking and application of the method of median ranks to analyze the model of the economic subsystem. 29

5. Analysis of the social subsystem of the organization, construction of its model, improvement and analysis. 38

REFERENCES... 45

Introduction

Economics studies production, problems of goods and services, supply and demand, human economic behavior in general, and the use of money and capital. Sociology, in turn, seeks to develop models of economic behavior various groups and explore the economic forces that affect people's lives. The relationship between the economic and social spheres is the influence of economic relations on the social structure of society and on the activity of social groups, as well as the influence of the system of social inequalities on socio-economic processes. The connection between economic and sociological factors is often overlooked in the decision-making process. It is the connection between these two components that generally reflects the state of the enterprise as a whole.

The object of organizational behavior is employees of organizations, represented by managers, specialists, and support service workers. In turn, the organization’s employees are its main capital, since the achievement of the organization’s goals depends on them. In order for employees to strive to achieve the goals of the organization, it is necessary that the organization, in turn, motivates them to do so.

The transition stage to market relations in the Russian economy is characterized by a crisis of motivation and a negative view of the majority of enterprise employees about work activity. The essence of work motivation has practically boiled down to the desire to have the maximum guaranteed salary with an indifferent attitude to the results of labor (quality, impact of labor). Poverty of motivation and a narrow range of needs satisfied through work activity have reduced the controllability of workers and made them weakly subject to stimulation.

The above applies not only to employees, but also to specialists and managers, in particular middle managers.

Some of the workers who have retained the moral foundations of labor consciousness, rich work motivation, constitute a minority and are often at pre-retirement and retirement age. As for employers and senior managers, according to sociological surveys, 90% of them, as opposed to other forms of influence, give preference to administrative pressure, explaining this choice of management methods for the decline in discipline. Therefore, today the “carrot and stick” method, implemented through a system of simple economic and administrative incentives and sanctions, has become the most common method of influencing people in order to obtain the desired result. Such a system is quite effective in conditions of low content of work, authoritarian leadership style and significant unemployment. The “carrot and stick” method includes proportional additional payments and deductions, work on administration terms: fines, collective contracting and other well-known techniques.

This paper proposes to consider the applicability of the methodology of system analysis and decision-making theory in the social and economic sphere of an enterprise and to trace within its framework the impact of changes in one area on another.

The purpose of this course work is to increase the efficiency of the organization through management influence on its social and economic sphere.

The object of the study is the socio-economic system “SimpLAN”.

The subject of the study is an organization model, including social and economic components.

1. Consider the role and connection between the social and economic spheres.

3. Review models and methods of SA and TPR.

4. Analyze the enterprise from the social and economic spheres and build its model.

5. Apply TPR methods to improve enterprise productivity.

The scientific novelty of the work lies in the study of the possibility and significance of using models and methods of system analysis and decision-making theory to improve the economic and social performance of a small organization.

The practical significance of the work lies in increasing the efficiency of a small organization and its employees.

Main part

Chapter I

Social and economic sphere

According to T. I. Zaslavskaya and R. V. Ryvkina, the economic sphere is an integral subsystem of society, responsible for the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services necessary for people’s livelihoods. It is formed by many partial systems of greater complexity relative to it.

The social sphere does not form a separate subsystem and cannot be considered on equal terms with the economic, political and similar spheres. To understand its nature, let us define the concept of “social attitude” (as main characteristic social sphere). Social relations are understood in scientific literature in two senses: broad and narrow. In a broad sense, they mean relations between any communities (for example, enterprise teams, the population of different regions, etc.), in a narrow sense - relations between classes, social strata and groups occupying different positions in society. According to M.N. Rutkevich, social relations are “relations determined by the position of people and groups in the social structure of society. The core of social relations are relations of equality and inequality in the position of people and groups in society. Social relations are always “present” in economic, as well as in political and other social relations (although they do not exhaust them).

What is the connection between the social sphere understood in this way and the economic sphere?

First of all, the position occupied by different groups in society is decisively determined by the system of economic relations. Moreover, the groups themselves that are discussed in economic sociology are collections of individuals characterized by a similar position in the economic sphere, that is, they are located within structural divisions public economy. They seem to bear its features in accordance with the famous aphorism of K. Marx about the essence of social man as a set of social relations. This “imprinting” of economic relations on the groups functioning within them reveals the direct impact of the economic on the social.

At the same time, the social area is a powerful factor of “reverse influence” on the functioning and development of the economy, which is realized through the activity of socio-economic groups that are driving force socio-economic processes. Social processes are understood as changes in social objects over time, patterns that arise when their states change.

So, the relationship between the economic and social areas is the influence of economic relations on the social structure of society and on the activity of social groups, as well as the influence of the system of social inequalities on socio-economic processes.

The close connection between the social and economic spheres can be observed in the example of a small system that makes up the totality of these spheres - an enterprise. Any enterprise can be considered as a socio-economic system that has an internal structure that functions in constant interaction with the external environment.

An enterprise is a social system because it is created by people to meet the specific needs of society and is managed by people with certain personal characteristics. An enterprise is an economic system because, as a result of the use of economic resources and the sale of products, the continuity of reproduction of the social product is ensured.

Considering an enterprise as a system, it is necessary to identify the object and subject of influence in it. The object of influence in the enterprise system is a set of material conditions, production, organizational processes, relations between employees when the enterprise performs its functions.

The subject is the control apparatus, which, through various forms and methods of influence, carries out the purposeful functioning of the object.

In all economic systems, the main productive force is people, the personnel of organizations. With his labor he creates material and spiritual values. The higher the human capital and the potential for its development, the better it works for the benefit of its enterprise. Employees of the enterprise, closely connected with each other in the process of work, not only create a new product, perform work and provide services, but also form new social and labor relations. In business market relations, the social and labor sphere becomes the basis of life activity of both individual workers and individual professional groups, and entire production teams.

Thus, we can highlight management tasks in the social subsystem of the enterprise:

· improvement social conditions employees of the company by creating better working conditions and establishing higher wages;

· improving the skills of employees by providing them with appropriate courses and motivation for this process.

· preventing the emergence of controversial situations and conflicts within the work team.

Let us also consider management tasks in the economic subsystem of the enterprise:

· constant monitoring of the efficiency of the company, coordination of the work of all its divisions;

· ensuring production automation

· constant search and development of new markets.

· determination of specific development goals of the company;

· identifying the priority of goals, their order and sequence of achievement;

· development of a system of measures to achieve the intended goals;

· identification of necessary resources and sources of their provision;

· establishing control over the implementation of assigned tasks.

The tasks of one area perfectly complement the tasks of another area, overall leading to an increase in the efficiency of the enterprise.

However, it is not so easy to solve both problems at once. The problem is that solving problems in the economic sphere can aggravate solving problems in the social sphere and vice versa.

Features of social sector management at the regional level.

When developing directions for any, including social, transformations within a certain territory, the specifics of a particular region are certainly taken into account.

1. The economic independence of the region cannot be absolute, since the regional economy, being a subsystem of the national economy, cannot be considered as an isolated part of it. This is evidenced by the fact that state budget financing still remains the main source of revenue financial resources into the economy of any region.

2. The level of development of the region is significantly influenced by natural and climatic factors (presence of minerals and other natural resources, favorable conditions of the geographical environment, etc.) and environmental conditions.

3. Most regions are “highly specialized”, i.e.

focused on certain spheres of the national economy (in this regard, industrial regions, agricultural, recreational, etc. are traditionally distinguished).

Regions, as a lower sphere of life, directly implement the socio-economic policy of the state: the entire country is governed through the regions and is embodied in them state strategy. Taking into account certain specifics regional administration acts as a conductor of all-Russian interests. This does not exclude special management aspects. On the contrary, taking into account specific features allows one to avoid strict centralization and bureaucratization of economic life. The more freely a business entity can manage its resources within the framework of a single economic mechanism, the higher the management efficiency.

A rigid control system is less effective because limits the freedom of grassroots government, violates the law of feedback and, ultimately, leads to a breakdown in self-regulation. And regional management is designed to eliminate the shortcomings of strict centralization.

At the present stage, management of the social sphere (both according to current legislation and emerging practice) is increasingly becoming the subject of attention and responsibility of authorities and management at the regional level. In this regard, the volume of work increases and the complexity of the tasks of managing the social sphere of the region increases, which gives rise to a number of problems associated with the need to further improve the system of territorial management at the regional level. The essence of the crisis of the existing management mechanism in the social sphere lies in the inconsistency of the main groups of interests of the subjects of such activities, i.e. the interests of the subjects of the Federation conflict with the goals and objectives of the relevant federal government bodies. This is especially acute when determining the long-term development prospects of the region.

At the regional level, the social sphere acts as an object of management for all government bodies that function and have a social orientation (ministries and state committees in charge of issues of social protection, education, culture and interethnic relations, healthcare, physical culture and sports, labor, etc.), at the local level - departments and departments of local governments. At each level of social sector management, their functions are performed in accordance with the powers granted.

Managing the social sphere of a region involves performing many functions, solving specific analytical and organizational problems, and processing large-volume and complex-structured information flows. Since the social sphere is a specific area of ​​connections and relationships that develop between subjects of social life, its management should be carried out taking into account the conditions and factors that ensure the reproduction, development, and improvement of interacting social groups and individuals.

The social sphere of the region is a complex, branched, multidimensional system with various connections, relationships, and infrastructure, which together ensure the life and development of the regional community.

Regional social policy is understood as a set of measures by federal bodies aimed at the social development of regions. Regional social policy is formed by the Center. However, at the concept development stage, it should represent a two-way process of interaction between federal and regional structures. Social policy in the region is developed by regional authorities with the participation of local governments, taking into account the concept of state social policy formed by the Federal Center.

In the practice of regional management, there is no consistent development and systematic implementation of a social development strategy, and social policy, on the one hand, comes down to individual measures to ensure a guaranteed social minimum, and on the other, to “patching holes” when problems arise. emergency situations in the social sphere. Regional social policy in to a greater extent turned out to be aimed at developing a strategy for social development at the macro level, forming a single social unity, and social policy in the region - at the practical implementation of a set of measures for the development of the social sphere in the region. However, regional authorities and even local governments are called upon not only to implement social policy within their territorial divisions, but also to formulate a strategy and tactics for carrying out social reforms on their territory within the limits of established powers and the ability to use their own funds. This is typical for regions in which active social policy is being formed and implemented. Regional authorities and local governments also participate in the process of forming the social policy of the federal Center (although still very limited).

Thus, regional social policy can be formed and developed in the regions of Russia only on the basis of a coordinated socio-economic policy Russian state and a subject of the Federation. Specific areas of social policy in the region (priorities, mechanisms, measures) largely depend on the socio-economic state and specifics of the territory.

In addition to extra-regional and intra-regional factors, the regional social sphere is also formed by the totality of organizations (as carriers of social policy) of a given territory. The final product of the organization’s activities in the form of social benefits and services is aimed at active use in all elements external environment. Therefore, the social sphere of the region is considered, on the one hand, as a set of organizations, and on the other, as an open, socially oriented system.

The features of the social sphere of the region as an object of social policy are caused by the specific diversity of cultural development, natural-climatic, geographical and environmental conditions, as well as the transformation of social and everyday needs for education, development cultural values, organization of work and rest, preservation of health in the process of socialization of the individual in the characteristic operating conditions of a particular region. Achieving balance in the social sphere, eliminating emerging social deformations and, ultimately, achieving social stability is the essence of social policy in the region.

Each region is inherently unique, however, there are differences in natural and climatic conditions, the degree of development of territories, key indicators socio-economic development, etc. In other words, the economic space of Russia is very heterogeneous both in natural-climatic and socio-economic aspects. With increased differentiation Russian space It is becoming increasingly difficult to separate regions by type. To be fair, it must be said that this task was not easy before under the conditions of a planned economy.

Two main types of social indicators can be distinguished. The first type includes indicators whose quantitative characteristics make it possible to unambiguously substantiate the mandatory directions of social policy. At the same time, the socio-economic characteristics of individual regions are not factors in the differentiation of these areas. Social indicators of the second type are characterized by the fact that a conclusion about the positive or negative significance of their actual value for the region cannot be made without a comprehensive assessment of the situation in the region. In contrast to the situation with indicators of the first type, goal setting in terms of choosing directions for social policy takes on an active character in this case.

The indicators of the second type include, first of all, demographic indicators. Without knowing the real state of the region’s economy, it is impossible to say whether it is positive or negative influence the region is influenced, for example, by existing natural population growth or the balance of migration. Thus, in labor surplus regions with a tense situation in labor markets, high natural labor growth and a positive migration balance will lead to an increase in the load on their labor markets and a decrease in household incomes, etc.

A specific type of social policy can be determined if we take into account the characteristics of the socio-economic situation that has developed in the country and its regions by a certain period of time. The features of this situation, in turn, determine the fundamental requirements for national social policy and the directions of its interregional differentiation.

The sphere of social life of society.

Society is made up of many people. But it is not a simple sum of individuals. In this multitude, certain groups and communities arise that differ from one another and are in various relationships between themselves and society as a whole.

Questions naturally arise: for what reasons do certain communities arise in society at one stage or another, what they are, what connections are established between them, how and why they develop, how they function, what is their historical fate, how does a holistic picture emerge in society? connections and dependencies of these communities and does it develop at all, etc.? Social philosophy studies the laws according to which stable, large groups of people develop in society, the relationships between these groups, their connections and their role in society. These laws constitute the content of a special area of ​​public life - its social sphere.

In philosophical and sociological science, a whole range of social structures of society is distinguished: social-class, socio-territorial (settlement), which is based on the differences between city and countryside, socio-demographic, reflecting the position of gender and age groups, professional structure, by economic sectors . Scientific ideas about ethnic communities and their differentiation, the microsocial structure of society - primary groups, family, etc. have also been significantly enriched.

At the same time, a tradition of excessive separation and specialization in the study of various elements has developed, not particularly sanctioned by anyone, but nevertheless quite strong. social life. Within the framework of this tradition, classes and class relations, ethnic communities, groups, families, etc. were studied separately.

But the development of society with increasing insistence requires overcoming the separate study of individual communities and requires an integral analysis of social life.

Social structure refers to the stratification and hierarchical organization of various layers of society, as well as the set of institutions and the relationship between them. The term “stratification” is stratum - layers, layer. Strata are large groups of people who differ in their position in the social structure of society.

The basis of the stratification structure of society is the natural and social inequality of people. However, on the question of what exactly is the criterion for this inequality, their opinions differ. Studying the process of stratification in society, K. Marx called such a criterion the fact of a person’s possession of property and the level of his income. M. Weber added to them social prestige and the subject’s affiliation with political parties and power. Pitirim Sorokin considered the cause of stratification to be the uneven distribution of rights and privileges, responsibilities and duties in society. He also argued that social space has many other criteria for differentiation: it can be carried out by citizenship, occupation, nationality, religious affiliation, etc.

Historically, stratification, i.e., inequality in income, power, prestige, etc., arises from the beginning of human society. With the advent of the first states, it becomes tougher, and then, in the process of development of society (primarily European), it gradually softens.

In sociology, there are four main types of social stratification - slavery, castes, estates and classes. The first three characterize closed societies, and the last type - open ones.

The first system of social stratification is slavery, which arose in ancient times and still persists in some backward regions. There are two forms of slavery: patriarchal, in which the slave has all the rights of the youngest member of the family, and classical, in which the slave has no rights and is considered the property of the owner (a talking tool). Slavery was based on direct violence, and social groups during the era of slavery were distinguished by the presence or absence of civil rights.

The second system of social stratification should be recognized as the caste system. A caste is a social group (stratum) in which membership is transferred to a person only by birth. A person's transition from one caste to another during his lifetime is impossible - for this he needs to be born again. A classic example of a caste society is India.

The next form of stratification consists of estates. An estate is a group of people that has rights and responsibilities enshrined in law or custom that are inherited. Usually in society there are privileged and unprivileged classes. For example, in Western Europe The first group included the nobility and clergy. to the second - artisans, merchants and peasants.

Finally, another stratification system is class. V.I. Lenin: “Classes are large groups of people that differ in their place in a historically defined system of social production, in their relationship (mostly enshrined and formalized in laws) to the means of production, in their role in the social organization of labor, and therefore , according to the methods of obtaining and the size of the share of social wealth that they have."

Depending on historical period in society the following are identified as the main ones: classes:

a) slaves and slave owners;

b) feudal lords and feudal-dependent peasants;

c) the bourgeoisie and the proletariat;

d) the so-called middle class.

Since any social structure is a collection of all functioning social communities taken in their interaction, the following elements can be distinguished in it:

a) ethnic structure (clan, tribe, nationality, nation);

b) demographic structure (groups are distinguished by age and gender);

c) settlement structure (urban residents, rural residents, etc.)

d) class structure (bourgeoisie, proletariat, peasants, etc.);

e) vocational and educational structure.

A person occupying a certain place in the structure has the opportunity to move from one level to another, increasing or decreasing his social status, or from one group located at a certain level to another located at the same level (moving from the Orthodox into a Catholic religious group, from one citizenship to another) This transition is called social mobility. ( Vertical mobility- moving a person up or down the career ladder.)

Social mobility sometimes leads to the fact that some people find themselves at the junction of certain social groups, while experiencing serious psychological difficulties. Their intermediate position is largely determined by their inability or unwillingness, for whatever reason, to adapt to one of the interacting social groups. This phenomenon of a person being, as it were, between two cultures, associated with his movement in social space, is called marginality. A marginal is an individual who has lost his former social status, is deprived of the opportunity to engage in his usual activities and, moreover, has found himself unable to adapt to the new sociocultural environment of the stratum within which he formally exists. The individual value system of such people is so stable that it cannot be replaced by new norms, principles, and rules. Their behavior is characterized by extremes: they are either overly passive or very aggressive, easily transgress moral standards and are capable of unpredictable actions. Among the marginalized there may be ethnomarginals - people who found themselves in a foreign environment as a result of migration; religious marginals - people who are outside the confession or who do not dare to make a choice between them, etc.

Qualitative changes occurring in the economic basis of modern Russian society, entailed serious changes in its social structure. The currently emerging social hierarchy is characterized by inconsistency, instability and a tendency to significant changes. The highest stratum (elite) today can include representatives of the state apparatus, as well as owners of large capital, including their top - financial oligarchs. Towards the middle class modern Russia include representatives of the entrepreneurial class, as well as knowledge workers, highly qualified managers (managers). Finally, the lower stratum consists of workers of various professions, engaged in medium- and low-skilled labor, as well as clerical workers and public sector workers (teachers and doctors in state and municipal institutions). It should be noted that the process social mobility between these levels in Russia is limited, which may become one of the prerequisites for future conflicts in society.

In the process of change social structure In modern Russian society, the following trends can be distinguished:

1) social polarization, i.e. stratification into rich and poor, deepening social and property differentiation;

2) massive downward social mobility;

3) massive change of place of residence by knowledge workers (the so-called “brain drain”).

In general, we can say that the main criteria that determine a person’s social position in modern Russia and his belonging to one or another stratification level are either the size of his wealth or his affiliation with power structures.

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