The process of conquering Siberia included the gradual advance of the Russian Cossacks and service people to the East until they reached the Pacific Ocean and secured themselves in Kamchatka. In the folklore of the peoples of the North-East of Siberia, the word "Cossack" is used to designate newcomers with the ethnonym "Russian".

The ways of movement of the Cossacks were predominantly water. Getting acquainted with the river systems, they went by dry route only in the places of the watershed, where, having crossed the ridge and having arranged new boats, they descended along the tributaries of new rivers. Upon arrival in the area occupied by some tribe of natives, the Cossacks entered into peace negotiations with them with a proposal to submit to the White Tsar and pay yasak, but these negotiations did not always lead to successful results, and then the matter was decided by arms.

Having imposed yasak on the natives, the Cossacks set up on their lands either fortified prisons (if the tribe was warlike), or simply winter quarters, where part of the Cossacks usually remained in the form of a garrison to maintain obedience and to collect yasak. The troops were followed by settlers, administrators, clergy, fishermen and merchants.

The local population was taxed. The most active resistance was provided by the Siberian Khanate and a number of large tribal unions (for example, the Khanty). There were several local wars with China in Transbaikalia and in the south of the Far East.

Key dates for the conquest of Siberia

• 1581 -1585 - Ermak's Siberian campaign
• 1596 - conquest of the Piebald Horde
• 1607 - the conquest of the Enets
• 1623 - Pyanda first reached the Lena River in the Kirensk region
• 1633 - Ivan Rebrov opened the mouth of the Lena and Yan
• 1638 - the Yakut province was established, the horse campaign of the centurion Ivanov to Indigirka against the Yukaghirs
• 1639 - Ivan Moskvitin with the Cossacks went to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk
• 1643 - ataman Vasily Kolesnikov reaches Baikal, and Mikhail Stadukhin reaches Kolyma
• 1644-1645 - campaign of the Cossacks against the Buryats in the Angarsk steppe
• 1648 - Semyon Dezhnev passes the Bering Strait separating Alaska from Chukotka
• 1667 and 1679 - the Kyrgyz commander bek Irenek twice besieged Krasnoyarsk
• 1673 - the Kyrgyz detachment of Prince Shanda Senchikeev burned the Achinsk prison
• 1685 - the battle for Albazin: the first Russian-Chinese clash in the Amur region
• 1686 - the first attempt to penetrate Taimyr: the expedition of Ivan Tolstoukhov went missing
• 1688 - siege of the Selenginsky prison
• 1697 - annexation of Kamchatka by the Atlasovs
• 1711 - Danila Antsiferov discovers the Kuril Islands
• 1712 - revolt and murder of their chiefs by the Cossacks in Kamchatka
• 1733 -1743 - The Great Northern Expedition: explored Taimyr, discovered the mountains of Byrranga and Cape Chelyuskin
• 1747 - the Chukchi destroyed the detachment of the Anadyr commandant

Dates of foundation of Siberian cities

• 1586 - the city of Tyumen was founded: the first Russian city in Siberia, on the site of the former capital of the Siberian Khanate
• 1587 - Tobolsk was founded on the Irtysh, which later became the "capital of Siberia"
• 1593 - Berezov founded
• 1594 - Surgut founded
• 1595 - Obdorsk founded
• 1601 - Mangazeya was founded to control the West Siberian Samoyeds
• 1604 - Tomsk was founded as a fortress against the Kalmyks
• 1607 - Turukhansk founded: the first city on the Yenisei
• 1619 - Yeniseisk founded
• 1626 - Governor Andrey Dubensky founded Krasnoyarsk on the Yenisei
• 1630 - Vasily Bugor founded Kirensk on the Lena
• 1631 - ataman Maxim Perfilyev founded the Bratsk prison on the Angara
• 1632 - Pyotr Beketov founded Yakutsk and Zhigansk
• 1653 - the cities of Chita and Nerchinsk, Transbaikalia were founded
• 1661 - Irkutsk was founded on the Angara by Yakov Pokhabov
• 1665 - Selenginsk was founded by Gavrila Lovtsov on the Selenga
• 1666 - Udinsky prison, the future Ulan-Ude, was founded on the Uda at the confluence with the Selenga

Features of the relationship between Russians and the peoples of Siberia

In the folklore of the peoples of the North-East of Siberia, the word "Cossack" is used to designate newcomers with the ethnonym "Russian". According to the frequency of use of these names, all folklore material in this region can be divided into three groups:

1. the folklore of the peoples who easily fell under the "sovereign's high hand" and had few armed clashes with the Russians (Enets, Evenks), in which only the name "Russian" occurs;
2. the folklore of the peoples who submitted to the Russians after a stubborn and prolonged struggle (the Yakuts), in which, along with the “Russians”, the “Cossack” also appears in the legends;
3. the folklore of peoples who did not submit to the conquerors or were only partially dependent (Chukchi, Koryaks), in which the newcomers are represented exclusively by "Cossacks".

As you can see, the image of the Cossack appears in the folklore of those regions of Siberia, the population of which had to wage an armed struggle against the aliens. And since it was service people who played the main role in the hostilities, the image of the Cossack in the minds of the natives was formed as the image of a person whose main occupation was the “pacification” of the “natives”. In the case when the role of the "armed hand" in bringing the natives into Russian citizenship was minimal, the Cossacks in the eyes of the indigenous population did not stand out from the general mass of Russians.

Thus, much of what concerns Russians in general will be true for Cossacks in particular, although, of course, the image of a Cossack also carried many specific features. In other words, the Cossack in the folklore of the peoples of the North-East of Siberia, in addition to the features that are characteristic only for him, also bears a complex of features inherent in him due to the fact that he is Russian. This complex of traits is common both to the image of a Cossack and to the image of a Russian in general, and therefore, in order to distinguish it, one will have to consider the image of a Russian in folklore.

In general, Russians are an important part of the picture of the Aboriginal universe. This is evidenced by the fact that in this region in all myths about creation, Russians are present as the most important participating persons. For example, in the legend about the appearance of different peoples, which existed in the northern regions of Yakutia, it is told about three sons of a god, the youngest of whom, Russian, was appointed by the god-father to rule over other older ones - the Yakut and the Even.

Violation of the primacy in favor of the younger of the brothers introduces a sense of the unfairness of this order of affairs, which, apparently, is intended to smooth out the idea of ​​the divine origin of Russian power. There is a similar plot in the Chukchi myth of creation, where God the Father destines all peoples, except for the Chukchi, into Russian slavery. Only the Chukchi should be equal to the Russians. Here, the myth reflects the remnants of freedom preserved by the Chukchi in the struggle against the conquerors. Recognition by the Chukchi of Russians as equals suggests that the aliens turned out to be worthy opponents. The Chukchi treated all their neighbors extremely arrogantly and not a single people in the Chukchi folklore, with the exception of the Russians and the Chukchi themselves, is called proper people.

In general, the image of an alien in Chukchi folklore is somewhat different from the image drawn by Yakut legends. There is only one explanation here: the Yakuts became part of Russia relatively easily, the fighting was not particularly fierce. Having had close contacts with the Russians for a long time, the Yakuts managed to fix not only the negative, but also the positive features of the newcomers, which were summed up in the image of the Russian.

The image of the Cossack is characterized mainly by the absence of any positive features and even the fundamental impossibility of having them. All the evil that the newcomers brought to the natives of Siberia was primarily associated with the process of conquest itself, and since the first duty of the service people was precisely to bring the indigenous peoples "into all kinds of obedience", as a result, all the negative features inherent in Russians in general were personified in image of a Cossack.

Between the Ural Mountains in the west and the bed of the Yenisei in the east, there is a vast territory called Western Siberia. Below is a list of cities in this area. The area occupied by the region is 15% of the entire territory of Russia. The population is 14.6 million people, according to 2010 data, which is 10% of the total population in the Russian Federation. It has a continental climate with severe winters and warm summers. On the territory of Western Siberia there are tundra, forest-tundra, forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones.

Novosibirsk

This city was founded in 1893. It is considered the largest city in Western Siberia and ranks third in terms of population in Russia. It is often called the Siberian capital. The population of Novosibirsk is 1.6 million people (as of 2017). The city is located on both banks of the Ob River.

Novosibirsk is also a major transport hub of Russia, the Trans-Siberian Railway passes here. The city has many scientific buildings, libraries, universities and research institutes. This suggests that it is one of the cultural and scientific centers of the country.

Omsk

This city of Western Siberia was founded in 1716. From 1918 to 1920, the city was the capital of White Russia - a state under Kolchak, which did not last long. It is located on the left bank of the Om River, at its confluence with the Irtysh River. Omsk is considered a major transport hub, as well as the scientific and cultural center of Western Siberia. There are many cultural attractions that the city is interesting for tourists.

Tyumen

It is the oldest city in Western Siberia. Tyumen was founded in 1586 and is located 2000 kilometers from Moscow. It is the regional center of two districts: Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets, and together with them makes up the largest region in the Russian Federation. Tyumen is the energy center of Russia. The population of the city is 744 thousand people, according to 2017 data.

The Tyumen region is home to large-scale production of oil products, so it can rightly be called the oil and gas capital of Russia. Companies such as Lukoil, Gazprom, TNK and Schlumberger are based here. Oil and gas production in Tyumen accounts for 2/3 of all oil and gas production in the Russian Federation. Mechanical engineering is also developed here. A large number of factories are concentrated in the central part of the city.

The city has a lot of parks and squares, greenery and trees, many beautiful squares with fountains. Tyumen is famous for its magnificent embankment on the Tura River, this is the only four-level embankment in Russia. The largest drama theater is also located here, there is an international airport and a major railway junction.

Barnaul

This city in Western Siberia is the administrative center of the Altai Territory. It is located 3400 kilometers from Moscow, at the place where the Barnaulka River flows into the Ob. It is a major industrial and transport center. The population for 2017 was 633 thousand people.

In Barnaul, you can see many unique sights. This city has a lot of greenery, parks and, in general, it is very clean. Altai nature, mountain landscapes, forests and a large number of rivers are especially pleasant for tourists.

The city has many theatres, libraries and museums, making it the educational and cultural center of Siberia.

Novokuznetsk

Another city in Western Siberia, belonging to the Kemerovo region. It was founded in 1618 and was originally a fortress, at that moment it was called Kuznetsk. The modern city appeared in 1931, at that moment the construction of a metallurgical plant began, and the small settlement was given the status of a city and a new name. Novokuznetsk is located on the banks of the Tom River. The population for 2017 was 550 thousand people.

This city is considered an industrial center; there are many metallurgical and coal mining plants and enterprises on its territory.

Novokuznetsk has many cultural attractions that can interest tourists.

Tomsk

The city was founded in 1604 in the eastern part of Siberia, on the coast of the Tom River. In 2017, the population was 573 thousand people. It is considered the scientific and educational center of the Siberian region. Mechanical engineering and metalworking are well developed in Tomsk.

For tourists and historians, the city is interesting for its monuments of wooden and stone architecture of the 18th-20th centuries.

Kemerovo

This city in Western Siberia was founded in 1918 on the site of two villages. Until 1932 it was called Shcheglovsk. The population of Kemerovo in 2017 was 256 thousand people. The city is located on the banks of the rivers Tom and Iskitimka. It is the administrative center of the Kemerovo region.

Coal mining enterprises operate on the territory of Kemerovo. The chemical, food and light industries are also developed here. The city has an important economic, cultural, transport and industrial significance in Siberia.

Mound

This city was founded in 1679. The population for 2017 was 322 thousand people. People call Kurgan "Siberian gates". It is located on the left side of the Tobol River.

Kurgan is an important economic, cultural and scientific center. There are many factories and enterprises on its territory.

The city is known for the production of its buses, the BMP-3 and Kurganets-25 infantry fighting vehicles, and its medical achievements.

For tourists, Kurgan is interesting for its cultural attractions and monuments.

Surgut

This city of Western Siberia was founded in 1594 and is considered one of the first Siberian cities. In 2017, the population was 350 thousand people. This is a major river port in the Siberian region. Surgut is considered an economic and transport center; the energy and oil industry is well developed here. The city has two of the most powerful thermal power plants in the world.

Since Surgut is an industrial city, there are not many attractions here. One of them is the Yugorsky bridge - the longest in Siberia, it is listed in the Guinness Book of Records.

Now you know which cities in Western Siberia are considered the largest. Each of them is unique, beautiful and interesting in its own way. Most of them were formed due to the development of the coal, oil and gas industries.

“Siberia… Far and close at the same time. If you get by train - far away, on foot - and even further. Closer by plane. And very close - with the soul, ”wrote the Russian publicist Yegor Isaev. With Mazda6 we were lucky enough to look into the very heart of Siberia, its former capital - the glorious city of Tobolsk.

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• City of Tobolsk

Not of this world

Still, it is no coincidence that the ancestors believed that the lot of Rus' was "not of this world." Whatever one may say, our primary task was not to arrange our life in the way that our neighbors in the West did, because Holy Rus' looked forward to only one thing - a return to the Kingdom of Heaven. All ancient Russian culture is the path to Heaven. Great-grandfathers knew: a person will not build paradise on earth, even if you crack. Here are the cities, our cities are solid metaphysics. Perhaps, perhaps the most “non-worldly” of all Russian cities is Tobolsk. Nowhere did legends and prophecies come true as they did in the history of the Tobolsk land. No other provincial city has linked so many fates of glorious and famous personalities into one knot, as the old capital of Siberia, the city of Tobolsk, has connected. Yes, under what circumstances! But more on that later.

Winter Tobolsk greeted us sternly: in a frosty spirit, in snow-white clothes, with an angry face. And he did not flirt with the cheerful Siberian sun at all.

Winter Tobolsk greeted us sternly: in a frosty spirit, in snow-white clothes, with a gray angry face. And contrary to expectations, he did not flirt with the vigorous Siberian sun at all. Resembling a gray-haired, grumpy old man who smells of a stove and shag, Tobolsk seemed to frown at us, checking for lice: what are you, whose will you be, what did you complain about? Then the “old man” will blush and spread in a good-natured smile, then the sun will peek out, and the sedate views of the Irtysh will open, and wide tables will appear, richly laid according to Siberian law. In the meantime, our Mazda6 quietly crept along the snow-covered streets of the ancient city, and we carefully looked at the local decoration, breathing in the amazing history of these places with all our hearts.

"Born unknown soul famous"

The very fact of the emergence of this city and its background give rise to a lot of mysteries that begin with the personality of the one who is considered to be the "conqueror of Siberia" - Ermak Timofeevich Alenin. Scientists have not yet come to a unanimous opinion what kind of character in Russian history this is, which only had seven names. Few people know that Yermak was also called Yermolai, Herman, Yermil, Vasily, Timothy and Yeremey. Who is this husband by origin, various chronicles tell in different ways. “Unknown by birth, famous in spirit,” says one of them. For the majority, he comes from the estates of the Stroganov industrialists on the Chusovaya River, who later went to “field” on the Volga and Don and became a Cossack chieftain. According to another version, he is a purebred Don Cossack from the Kachalinskaya village, according to the third version, he comes from the Pomors of the Boretsky volost, according to the fourth, he is a representative of a noble Turkic family.

In one of the chronicles

a description of the appearance of Yermak Timofeevich is given: “the great man is courageous, and humane, and transparent, and is pleased with all wisdom, flat-faced, black-bearded, middle age (that is, growth), and flat, and broad-shouldered.”

August 15, 1787

in a family of nobles in Tobolsk in the family of the vice-governor Alexander Vasilyevich Alyabyev, the great Russian composer Alexander Alexandrovich Alyabyev was born.

Another question: why did he go to Siberia anyway? For modern historians, three different versions have the right to life, each of which at the same time has its own weaknesses. Did Ivan the Terrible bless the Cossacks on the campaign to join new lands to their possessions, did the Stroganov industrialists equip Yermak to protect their towns from the raids of the Siberian Tatars, did the ataman arbitrarily go on a raid "for zipuns", that is, for the purpose of personal gain - historians argue still. Be that as it may, according to the archival documents of the Ambassadorial Order, Khan Kuchum, the owner of the Siberian Khanate, had an army of about ten thousand. How Yermak could conquer Siberia with a detachment, according to various sources, from 540 to 1636 people, remains a mystery. Although the Remezov Chronicle mentions the figure "5000", but here we are talking about the size of the stocks taken by the retinue ("for the opening of 5000 people") and only indicates that these stocks were very large.

angel palm

Let's return to the city from which Russian Siberia began. Its future capital arose in 1587, in a picturesque place on the banks of the Irtysh, seventeen kilometers from the former capital of the Khanate, where the significant battle of Yermak took place on the Chuvash Cape. According to legend, Tobolsk is blessed with the Holy Trinity, which is why it was founded on this Holiday. The first urban building was the Trinity Church, and the cape was named Trinity. Subsequently, this part of the city, located on the mountain, became known as the Upper Posad, and the one below - the Lower. The lower city has not changed much since pre-revolutionary times. The only touch is that the domes of churches and bell towers have thinned out, and the buildings have not changed much. To be convinced of this, it is enough to look at the old photographs of Prokudin-Gorsky.

Although by default Tobolsk was considered the capital of Siberia since the end of the 16th century, this title was officially secured by the Petrine reform of 1708, when Tobolsk became the administrative center of the largest Siberian province in Russia, which included the territory from Vyatka to Russian America. Until the 18th century, in geographical maps, Tobolsk was sometimes referred to as the “city of Siberia”.

“The Siberian city of Tobolsk is like an angel! His right hand is a ward discharge. On the hand of the owner of the lower settlement, the left hand is the cathedral church and the wall of the stone pillar, the right side is the Yar to the Irtysh, the left is the ridge and the Kurdyumka River, the right wing is the Tobol to the steppe, the left is the Irtysh. This angel is the joy of all Siberia and a fair decoration, and peace and silence with foreigners. These words belong to the boyar son, a native of Tobolsk, writer, historian, architect, builder, cartographer, icon painter Semyon Ulyanovich Remezov. It was he who designed and built the first stone Kremlin on Siberian soil. According to one version, when dying, Remezov bequeathed to grind his bones into powder, which was to be used as a building material in the restoration of the Tobolsk Kremlin. Such is the "love for the native ashes."

The "Silver Age" of Tobolsk began in the first half of the 17th century - in 1621 the city became the center of the emerging Siberian diocese. The construction of a vast bishop's court and a wooden St. Sophia Cathedral began. With the growing importance of Tobolsk as the most important administrative, spiritual and cultural center of Siberia, the role of the Tobolsk Kremlin grew as a symbol of the greatness of the Russian state, covering more and more new lands. Maybe I experienced the notorious tourist complex, but, it should be noted, being on Cape Troitsky in the historical part of the Upper City, looking at the endless Siberian landscapes, you experience unforgettable sensations: the memory of the former heyday of this city and the legendary ancestors, the whole history of the fatherland, and indeed Time itself seemed to be frozen in these harsh places.

One of the legends speaks about the special grace given to the city by God. In the autumn of 1620, on the way to Tobolsk, the first diocese in Siberia, an angel of God appeared in a dream to the newly appointed Archbishop of Tobolsk, St. Cyprian. He covered the lower city with his luminous palm and commanded to build churches in the Lower Posad so that they would repeat it. The angel promised that in this case the grace of God would descend on the city and special people would be born here - “God-kissed”. And so it happened. One after another, they were built in Tobolsk according to the trace of the palm of the angel of the church: “And they flashed like sparks of God on the fingertips of the sacred palm.

The Russian exile began from Tobolsk. The first Tobolsk exile is the Uglich bell.

They did not have time to build a church only on the symbolic fifth finger. But the higher will turned out to be stronger, and another branch of Christianity completed and fulfilled the prophetic dream of Cyprian. It was not otherwise than according to the Highest Providence that a Catholic church was built on the fifth finger, which completed the drawing of the "Palm of an Angel" in Nizhny Tobolsk.

Indeed, Tobolsk gave the world a large number of famous people for such a relatively small city. Here are just a few of them: the artist Vasily Perov, the composer Alexander Alyabyev, the philosopher Gavriil Batenkov, the scientist Dmitry Mendeleev, the elder Grigory Rasputin, the founder of the Geneva School of Linguistics Sergey Kartsevsky, the inventor of television, the scientist Boris Grabovsky, the chief architect of the Ostankino Tower and the Luzhniki Stadium Nikolai Nikitin, actress Lidia Smirnova, actor Alexander Abdulov.

The birthplace of Alexander Abdulov is Tobolsk, not Fergana, as many publications claim about the life of the actor. Alexander's father, Gavriil Danilovich, served as director and chief director at the Tobolsk Drama Theater.

The wooden house where the Abdulov family lived is still preserved in the foothills of the city. Gavriil Abdulov worked in Tobolsk from 1952 to 1956. And here in 1955 he was awarded the honorary title of Honored Artist of the RSFSR.

Tobolsk native

the great encyclopedic scientist Dmitry Mendeleev is known as a chemist, physicist, metrologist, economist, technologist, geologist, meteorologist, teacher, balloonist, instrument maker.

During your exile

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky met in Tobolsk with the wives of the Decembrists, one of whom presented the writer with the old Gospel, which he kept all his life. In the final scene of Crime and Punishment (a conversation between the exiled Raskolnikov and Marmeladova), the surroundings of Tobolsk are recognizable.

Born in the village of Pokrovskoye, Tobolsk district, in the family of a coachman Efim Vilkin and Anna Parshukova. In the 1900s, among certain circles of St. Petersburg society, he had a reputation as an "old man", a seer and a healer.

Historically, it was Tobolsk that became the first "exiled" city in the Russian Empire. And the first to go into exile was ... the Uglich bell, which sounded the alarm during the city uprising after the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible and the only legitimate heir to Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. Following the bell, Archpriest Avvakum, the Decembrists (along with their wives), Dostoevsky, Korolenko, the last Emperor Nicholas II, and tens of thousands of other exiles and convicts of the Russian Empire visited here.

Tobolsk suffered the fate of many pioneer Siberian cities. The gradual decline of the city is mainly associated with the transfer of the Siberian tract, when the nature of the development of Siberia changed and there was a shift of the population and economic life to the south, to the forest-steppe. The Trans-Siberian Railway passed through neighboring Tyumen, and from the second half of the 19th century, Tobolsk began to lose its former influence ...

Now a little more than a hundred thousand inhabitants live in Tobolsk. The city revives and even promises to grow again. In addition to the fact that the city-forming petrochemical plant "Tobolsk-Neftekhim" functions here, a large enterprise for the production of polypropylene "Tobolsk-Polymer" is being built near the city. The old capital of Siberia is in danger of becoming not only a tourist Mecca, but also a major industrial center. The history of Siberia continues, miracles are yet to come...

Lanterns in Tobolsk are a separate issue. Walking through the streets of the city, sometimes it seems that there are as many of them as there are stars in the sky. The thing is that in the city there is an enterprise for the manufacture of lanterns "Yugor", known far beyond the borders of Tobolsk and the Tyumen region. Yugorsky light is familiar to many cities of Russia. Siberian lanterns illuminate not only Tobolsk, but also the Moscow Kremlin and Sochi beaches...

Our shot has ripened everywhere

In 1582, Yermak won the main battle on the Chuvash cape on the Irtysh, defeated Kuchum and occupied the capital of the Khanate - the city of Siber. From here arose the familiar name of our great expanses between the Urals and the Pacific Ocean. True, after two years of possession, the Cossacks again lost their conquests back to Kuchum, but a year later they returned forever. And fifty years after the death of Yermak, the centurion Peter Beketov founded the Yakut prison on the banks of the Lena - the future city of Yakutsk. Four years later, another ataman, Ivan Moskvitin, was the first European to reach the shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Cossack Semyon Shelkovnikov founded a winter hut here, which later grew into the first Russian port - the city of Okhotsk. Through severe frosts, thousands of kilometers of impenetrable taiga and swamps - in just half a century. The colonization of North America by Europeans went on for four hundred years - from the 16th to the 19th centuries. And even the Russians helped them in this. Alaska, Kodiak Island and the Aleutian Islands were explored and mapped in the middle of the 18th century thanks to the Second Kamchatka Expedition of Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov. Know ours!

Last link

On August 6, 1917, at 6 o'clock in the afternoon, Tobolsk greeted with a bell ringing the steamer on which the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II and his family arrived in exile. The exiled royal persons were settled in the governor's house, located not far from the pier. The family occupied the second floor of the building; on the first floor, a dining room and rooms for servants were arranged. In April 1918, the Romanovs, by order of the Council of People's Commissars and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, were transported to Yekaterinburg, and Tobolsk went down in history as "the city that did not kill the tsar." Currently, the city administration is in this house, which promises to release the historical monument soon to organize a museum of the royal family here.

Siberian "Mazdovod"

Mazda6 has become the main guide to the Siberian land, and we would like to put a special bow to the earth as a token of gratitude for the impeccable work in the severe Siberian winter. In addition, the “six” periodically hypnotized local residents, deservedly attracting the enthusiastic glances of local “Mazdovodov”, of which there were quite a lot in the Siberian expanses. One young man from Tobolsk on the previous Mazda model could not stand it and, having caught up with us at the traffic lights, he literally showered us with persistent questions about the new car. Eyes burned, curiosity ate, and the conversation dragged on, I had to turn on the emergency gang. Of course, we could not give up the coveted steering wheel to him, so it was not easy to part with him ...

Introduction

The history of Siberia begins to be created with its development by the Russians. Back in the 11th century, Novgorodians and Pomortsy penetrated into the lower reaches of the Ob. And the systematic development of Siberia begins after Yermak's campaign.

There is a rapid growth of cities and forts: Tyumen, Tobolsk, Surgut, Berezov, Pelym, Tara, Verkhoturye and others. Settlements arose along the banks of the rivers Tobol, Tura, Tavda, Iset, Neiva, Pyshma. The first Orthodox monasteries in Siberia are being built in the cities.

Cities in Siberia were set up in order to secure the already occupied lands for the Russian state and subjugate the indigenous population of this region. The foundation of the first city in Siberia made it possible to move further to the east, capturing more and more new territories.

The purpose of this work is to consider the history of the first Siberian cities founded by the Russians and the functions of these cities in the development, settlement and management of the territory of Siberia.

Important tasks for this topic are:

History of the foundation of Tyumen and Tobolsk;

The significance of these cities in the further development of the region, its settlement;

The role of the Siberian cities of Berezov, Pelym and Surgut in the development and consolidation of the territories of Siberia for the Russian state;

Stages of subjugation of the indigenous peoples of the region and development of trade relations with them;

Functional differences between Verkhoturye and Mangaze and other cities of Siberia;

The role of Verkhoturye and Mangazeya in the development of trade in the region.

The relevance of the study in the study of the economic history of Siberia lies in the fact that the first Siberian cities, built at the end of the 16th century, become strongholds for the further advancement of Russian people to the east. In addition, agricultural areas were formed around many cities, trade and partly handicraft developed.

To carry out this work, the works in two volumes by P.N. Butsinsky, since references to these books were repeatedly found in the literature devoted to the settlement of Siberia and the founding of the first Russian cities on its territory. Therefore, the main material for this study was taken from the books "Population of Siberia and the life of its first inhabitants" and "Mangazeya, Surgut, Narym and Ketsk".

The first Russian cities of Siberia. Their administrative and economic functions

Tyumen

With the exception of the Ob city built around 1585 by Mansurov at the mouth of the Irtysh River, Tyumen is the oldest of all Siberian cities founded by Russian people. This is the first pillar of Russian rule in Siberia, the basis on which, after the death of Yermak, the Russians began to conquer the Siberian kingdom for the second time. vol., T.I, 328 pp., p. 86.

In 1586, by decree of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the construction of the Tyumen prison began. The founders of Tyumen, governors Vasily Sukin and Ivan Myasnoy, chose a spacious cape for the fortress, bounded by ravines on the west and the steep bank of the Tura on the east. Here, archers and Cossacks built a fortified wall, behind it they built a small church, a voivodship office, residential buildings and barns. From the first years, Tyumen became an important stronghold for the development of the vast expanses of Siberia by the Russians. The first agricultural region beyond the Urals was formed here. The city played the role of a border outpost, covering Russian possessions from the raids of the steppe nomads. The first decades in the history of Tyumen are the years of hard work and feats of arms. Kruzhinov V.M. Tyumen: milestones of history - Yekaterinburg: Central Ural book. publishing house, 1997 - 224 p., pp. 7-8

In 1596, Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich allowed Bukhara and Nogai merchants to conduct duty-free trade and live in Tyumen. On the left bank of the Tura, the Bukhara settlement was formed. Soon the city turned into the largest center of trade between Russia and Central Asia. Silk fabrics, tea, carpets, cattle were brought here from the East. Leather, furs, metal products were exported from Tyumen.

In 1601, a pit was built in Tyumen. The coachmen sent from Rus' first settled in the prison itself, but since arable land was allocated to them between the Tyumenka and Barymskaya rivers, in 1604 they asked the tsar for permission to move out of the prison beyond Tyumenka in order to live near their arable land. Permission was granted, and in 1605 Yamskaya Sloboda was founded beyond Tyumenka.

Regarding the time of the foundation of the Tyumen monasteries, we can only positively say that in 1616, at the end of the Yamskaya Sloboda, the monk Nifont founded the male Transfiguration Monastery. - In 2 vols., T.I, 328 p., p. 89 At the same time, on the banks of the Tura, south of the prison, the Maiden Monastery was founded. At first it was called Ilyinsky, then Uspensky and Alekseevsky. Kruzhinov V.M. Tyumen: milestones of history - Yekaterinburg: Central Ural book. publishing house, 1997 - 224 p., p.10

According to the sentinel book of 1624, Tyumen in relation to buildings and population is presented in the following form. In the city itself there were two churches - Rozhdestvenskaya and Nikolaevskaya, a moving out hut, two guard huts at the gates, ten sovereign granaries, two barns, nine courtyards in which the voivode and other senior persons lived, the archbishop's foreman and the church clergy, there were so many people in them same. In prison: three churches - Spasskaya, Mikhailovskaya and Ilyinskaya, a gostiny yard with three huts (two living rooms and one customs), 24 sovereign shops, 13 shops and 9 meat shelves belonging to servicemen, townspeople and arable people, courtyards of various service people - 177 , people in them - 222 people, yards of townsmen - 66, people in them - 80, and 77 townspeople who did not have their own yards either in the city or in the jail, but lived in the courtyards, in the Yamskaya settlement and in their villages; widow households - 14, people - too, Bobyl's households - 6, people - too, courtyards of arable peasants - 46, people in them - 71 people, one household of a quitrent peasant, five households of Nitsyn peasants and, finally, the sovereign's bath, a prison and several forges. In total, in the city of Tyumen by 1624 there were 318 courtyards, and the adult male population - 465 people, including those townspeople who did not have their own courtyards. Butsinsky P.N. The settlement of Siberia and the life of its first inhabitants - Tyumen: Yu. Mandrika Publishing House, 1999, - In 2 volumes, T.I, 328 p., S. 91-92

In 1626, a detachment of 300 people was formed in Tyumen, who moved east and in 1628 founded the first Russian prison on the Yenisei. Kruzhinov V.M. Tyumen: milestones of history - Yekaterinburg: Central Ural book. publishing house, 1997 - 224 p., p.33

According to the "estimated books of cash income and expenses" in Tyumen in 1628, a total of 1964 rubles were collected. 18 k., and spent in the same year 2216 p. 75 k. Thus, the budget of the city of Tyumen in 1628 was negative (lack of 252 rubles 57 k.). True, the treasury was not at a loss: the deficit of this year was more than covered with yasak, which in 1628 was collected for 550 rubles. 12 k. But in general, local cash income in Tyumen did not cover the same expenses: during the entire reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, Tyumen budget books never ended without a deficit. Since 1628, cash expenditures have been gradually growing, and incomes, even including yasak, far from cover everything, for example, next year cash incomes of 1837 rubles were collected, yasak - 535 rubles. 81 k., and spent 2444 rubles. 56 k. Then, from 1635, from the time of an increase in service people in Tyumen and an increase in the salary of coachmen, the deficit reached a respectable amount by that time. For example, in 1637, all cash incomes of 2977 rubles were collected. 36 k., and it turned out to be 6723 rubles. 45 k., next year the income was 3086 rubles. 3 k., and expenses - 7033 rubles. As for the collection of yasak, the latter gradually decreased; in 1637, only 356 rubles worth of soft junk was taken from the yasak people of Tyumen. But on the other hand, the government collected a significant amount of various kinds of bread in the Tyumen district: the local collection of bread was not only enough to cover local expenses, but it was also possible to send thousands of quarters to other “unplowed cities.” Butsinsky P.N. its inhabitants - Tyumen: Yu. Mandrika Publishing House, 1999, - In 2 volumes, T.I, 328 p., S. 104-105

Before the rise of Tobolsk, Tyumen was a reference point for the colonization of Siberia. The city served several functions. With its foundation, the Russian state ensured the further consolidation of the territories of Siberia; the first Russian churches were built here and agriculture developed, providing bread for the unplowed cities of Siberia.

Tobolsk

At the beginning of 1587, the Moscow government sent a new army to Siberia in the amount of 500 people and with it an order to the written head of Chulkov, so that the latter with the army went to the capital of the Kuchum kingdom and near it, in a convenient place, laid a new Russian city, from which it would be possible to lead further military operations in the Siberian kingdom. Fulfilling the order, Chulkov in the summer of 1587 laid the foundation for the city of Tobolsk by laying a small fortress on the right bank of the Irtysh, against the mouths of the Tobol and somewhat north of the Kuchum capital Isker. , -In 2 volumes, T.I, 328 p., S. 107-108

The Russian government was well aware of the strategic importance of Tobolsk on the occupied land, always kept a significant army there and gradually populated it with both townspeople and plowed people. At first, Tobolsk depended on Tyumen, but soon (probably in 1590) it became not only independent, but also the head of other Siberian cities. The Tobolsk governor ruled the entire territory of Siberia up to Alaska.

The most important event in the history of Tobolsk, as well as throughout Siberia, was the establishment in 1620 of the archbishop's department in this city. Ibid., p. 109

By the time the first Archbishop Cyprian arrived in Tobolsk, the city was already quite built up and populated. In the fortress itself, as can be seen from the sentinel book of 1624, in addition to churches, there were many buildings: the boyar courtyard, the sovereign's moving out hut, the archer's hut, the barn and the cellar. But the prison was quite extensive, and, in addition to churches, there was an archbishop's yard, a voivode's yard, a gostiny yard, 52 shops, 2 clerks' yards, 2 zemstvo yards and 290 yards belonging to ruzhniks, service people, newly baptized, townspeople, walking people and arable peasants, and behind the prison under the mountain, in addition to the Church of the Epiphany of the Lord and the Znamensky Monastery, the Kolmatsky court, the sovereign's bath, there were 34 courtyards of various private individuals; under the mountain there were yurts of Tatars and Bukharans. Butsinsky P.N. The settlement of Siberia and the life of its first inhabitants - Tyumen: Yu. Mandrika Publishing House, 1999, - In 2 vols.

The total Russian population in Tobolsk and its district at the end of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich was up to 2330 families, and the foreign population at the same time was about 1300 families. Ibid., S. 137

Until 1623, the amount of local bread collected in the Tobolsk royal granaries was insignificant. Far from being in such a ratio in Tobolsk were cash incomes to cash expenditures: the Tobolsk “estimated books of cash incomes” not only ended without a deficit, but a significant surplus was noted in them every year, and this surplus constantly increased. The main item of monetary income is the collection of customs and travel duties from merchants (comparison of the amounts of customs duties at the Tobolsk customs at different times: in 1624, 3182 rubles were taken for the tenth and twentieth customs duties, in 1625 4118 rubles were taken. 91 k. , in 1640 such duties were collected 5692 rubles). Ibid., p. 139

Tobolsk was the main trading center for Russian people, Tatars, Bukharans, Kogans, Kalmyks and Nogais; Trade operations here gradually expanded, and at the same time, the collection of duties also increased.

Customs and transit duties on goods were taken into the sovereign's treasury either in kind or in money; from the “women of the legs and the Ostyaks”, the duty on the sovereign was probably collected exclusively in money, because this kind of product was brought in a little, only pieces of two and three, no more, so it was impossible to take a tenth or twentieth share in kind for the sovereign. Yes, and with money it was not always possible for customs heads to take a duty from wives: merchants knew how to hide this product, to bypass the rule on duties.

In general, trade flourished in Tobolsk, although it should be noted that in the Tobolsk market, Russian people bought goods incomparably more than they sold.

Tobolsk from the very beginning of its existence became the initial city of Siberia; it was a political, administrative center, and with the opening of an archiepiscopal see in it, it was also an ecclesiastical center. Many letters from Moscow and voivodship replies from other Siberian cities were sent here every year. Butsinsky P.N. The settlement of Siberia and the life of its first inhabitants - Tyumen: Yu. Mandrika Publishing House, 1999, - In 2 volumes, T.I, 328 s ., p. 107

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Irkutsk State Technical University

Department of Architecture and Urban Planning

Essay

on the topic: "The first cities of Siberia"

Completed by: Tretyakova Yu.O.

Checked by: Nechitailo V.K.

Irkutsk, 2011

Regular planning of new cities in Siberia

2 Tobolsk

3 Mangazeya

General conclusions

Sources

1. Significance of city building in the development of Siberia

Russian development beyond the Urals began in ancient times, but proceeded very slowly. Starting from the middle of the 16th century, the offensive to the East took on an increasingly vigorous character under the influence of a number of economic, historical and political circumstances. The creation of a trading port in Arkhangelsk (1585), as well as facilitating access to the markets of Central Asia as a result of the conquest of Kazan (1552) and the annexation of Astrakhan (1556) - all this contributed to a significant increase in demand for furs, which was then being the main export commodity. On the other hand, the rapid extermination of the beast in the forests of the European north caused an intensified advance beyond the Urals along those paths that had long been laid by the Novgorodians.

The fall of the Kazan kingdom opened up shorter and more convenient routes to Siberia. However, the Siberian kingdom was located on these routes, the khans of which at first recognized themselves as vassals of the Moscow Tsar, but then, taking advantage of their remoteness from Moscow, began to interfere in every possible way with the spread of the Russian population beyond the Urals.

At first, penetration into Siberia for the extraction of furs was a matter of "eager people." Merchants-industrialists Stroganovs begin to attack behind gangs of these people, arranging small towns as strongholds for further advancement to the East. The gradual penetration of Russian people into Siberia led to the conquest in 1580 of the territory of the Siberian kingdom by an expedition of Cossacks led by Yermak. Unable to consolidate his own conquests for the Russian state, Yermak turned to the tsar in Moscow for help. The Moscow government is beginning to systematically further consolidate and expand the possessions of the Russian state in Siberia. Just like the Volga region, and even to a greater extent, the basis for consolidating Russian possessions in Siberia was the extensive and carefully thought-out construction of cities. The experience of joining the Volga region turned out to be especially useful here. At the same time, the government had two main tasks: firstly, it was necessary to ensure the protection of new state borders and communication lines, and secondly, to create points that would serve as centers for collecting valuable furs in the sight of "yasyak" (i.e. tribute ) from the local population.

The solution of the first task was facilitated by the presence in Siberia of a highly developed river system, which served as a canvas for creating a network of strategically important strongholds. To solve the second problem, the places for new cities were chosen with the calculation of coverage of a certain group of the local population from which tribute was collected - "so that the yasak volosts do not move away."

In the last quarter of the 16th century, the Tura River served as the main route to Siberia, on which the city of Tyumen was built in 1586 to secure this route. The detachment sent from here soon built the city of Tobolsk (1587) at the confluence of the Tobol and Irtush rivers, near the capital of the Siberian khans, Kashlyk. To protect the approaches to Tobolsk from the south, the Russians founded the city of Tara in 1594. In 1598, the starting point of the waterway along the river was fixed. Ture with the construction of the city of Verkhnoturye, which began to play the role of the main gate to Siberia. Finally, in 1600, the city of Turinsk was built in the middle between Tyumen and Upper Turin.

By the beginning of the XVII century. The entire water communication line that connected the Irtysh with the Kama was firmly fixed. The path along the river was also fixed. Ob by the foundation of a number of cities: Berezov - in 1593, Surgut - in 1594, Tomsk - in 1609, Kuznetsk - in 1618. In the region of the Ob Bay on the river. Taz in 1600. The "Mangazeya city" (Mangazeya) was built, from where the conquest of the Yenisei and Lena was undertaken. The most interesting period in the urban planning of Siberia ends with the conquest of the Ob River.

As we move deeper into the Asian continent, the initiative for the further development of new territories passes into the hands of the local administration. The organized offensive is sometimes replaced by the random, but unrestrained striving forward of the Russian people who have penetrated beyond the Urals. The Muscovite government was only completing the conquest that had begun and organizing the administration of the annexed lands.

The conditions for the emergence of Russian cities in Siberia influenced not only the choice of places for their construction, but also their internal layout. In contrast to the tasks of developing the Volga region, here the Moscow government in the initial period had no desire to make the cities centers of colonization of the Russian agricultural population. On the contrary, the location of the city in the midst of the "yasak" population was the most advantageous. The employment of urban residents in agriculture at first had only an auxiliary significance, and it was this, first of all, that determined the nature of the original urban population, which mainly consisted of military people and agents for obtaining "yasak", sending it and other operations.

When placing a more or less significant population in cities, it was necessary not only to create fortified centers of military and administrative power, but also to take care of the thorough strengthening of the entire residential area. Therefore, in the ore of Siberian cities, we meet, in addition to the actual “city”, i.e. internal fortress (Kremlin), and residential prisons, similar to the fortified settlements of the central Russian cities. But residential Siberian prisons were the main fortified element of the entire settlement, and the inner fortress played only the role of a refuge in case of emergency. In many cities, internal fortresses were completely absent. In the construction of populated areas, first of all, it was necessary to create a prison in order to "live fearlessly."

An example of an instruction for the construction of a “city” complex with a prison can serve as an order (1593-94) to Andrei Yeletsky for building a city on the Tara River: “... And when you come to the Tara River, look for a place under the city where it is if ... the city is planted about half a third to a hundred (250) or three to a hundred, then depending on the place, but the prison should be made sazhens at 300, and at 400 and ... depending on the people and up to 500 sazhens ... And in the city be the prince himself ... but bread to be in the granaries in the city, ... yes, priests, yes gunners, yes archers, those would have palaces in the city ... and in the prison Cossacks on horseback and serving Tatars ... to be fearless ... And city places, and the city and prison on the drawing draw and all sorts write out the fortress, where the city will become, and then write to the sovereign for real, so that the sovereign knows about everything ... ".

The importance attached to the prison can be seen from the order of 1592 to Prince Gorchakov for the construction of the city of Pelma: “... And the forest should be brought to the city with a lumber and to soon create a city, and first put a prison.” From the correspondence related to the construction of Ielma, it can be seen that the “inner small city” was only begun, but not completed, and according to the petition of the local residents, they were allowed to postpone the end of the city, and instead fix the prison, which was “very thin”.

The letter to the voevodas Stepan Volynsky and Yury Stromilov in Berezov also speaks of the predominant role of the prison: “And the service people beat us with their foreheads that they were cramped in the prison, while others didn’t even have yards, so that they could order a prison for crampedness. And how will our letter come to you, and you wouldn’t make a new city, but a prison ... ”

The dimensions of the prison were determined by two circumstances. Firstly, it was desirable to concentrate as much of the population as possible in the prison, since it was dangerous to live in an open area. On the other hand, the size of the prison was limited by the number of its defenders. The combination of these two requirements led to a very dense development of the prison territory. So, from one voivodship replies in 1603, it can be seen that plots for courtyards were given very small: the boyar children along and across 17 m, and the archers - 10 m. But even with such a close building, the growing population had to inevitably go beyond the prison, exposed to great danger. So in 1603, voivode Pleshchev wrote to Tsar Boris that there was “great crowding” in the Verkhoturye prison and that the townspeople and arable peasants, who set their yards behind the prison, fearing attacks by “foreigners”, constantly beat with their foreheads, “so that their tenant settlement be in jail." Permission from Moscow was received, and the prison was expanded.

At the same time, the opposite case is also known. In 1612, the Pelymsky governor had at his disposal no more than 65 service people. With these forces, he could not protect the outer prison that surrounded the residential buildings. Therefore, fearing an attack and a general attack by the Voguls, he ordered that part of the courtyards be destroyed and the prison be reduced.

Sometimes it turned out to be impossible to accommodate the entire population within the prison, and then part of this population was located outside the prison - in pasades or settlements, which received only light fences. A description of such a device is available in the "reply from the Tomsk governor Peter Pronsky to the Narym governor Andrey Urusov about the construction of the Narym prison in a new place." From this reply, we learn that "in 138 (1630) in May, snow water came to the Narym prison, and the prison was flooded." As a result, the Narym governor was ordered to find a new place for the construction of a prison somewhere within a few miles from the old city on the banks of the Ob River or at least half a verst from the river bank, if only close to a place convenient for the pier. In the place found, it was ordered “to set up a spacious prison, and build good towers so that it would continue to stand strong. And the church and the voevotsky yard and state-owned enbars and green and drinking cellars .. arrange yards in the prison .. and courtyards for service people, only fit in the prison ... put in the prison, and order the service people to allocate places under the yards, depending on the growth, so that they was not offended. And it will be impossible to arrange all the tenant yards in the prison in the cramped place ... order the servants and all the tenant people to set up courtyards for themselves behind the prison ... And near the prison yards ... make strong gouges ... ".

Usually, apparently, the settlements developed spontaneously behind the prisons and somehow fortified during the troubled period, and later, after the calm of the conquered area, they were left open, as, for example, in the city of Tobolsk, the largest of the Siberian cities in the 17th century.

2. Regular planning of new cities in Siberia

The outlined principles for the construction of new cities were to have an impact on their internal planning. The resettlement of a certain number of people at once, endowed with certain standards of courtyard plots, naturally led to more or less regular forms of quarters, and, as a result, to a regular network of streets. The regular nature of the planning of Siberian cities was facilitated by another circumstance - the general geometrically correct form of the prison. The combination of the correct form of the prison with a regular internal network of streets created a geometric correspondence between these two planning elements.

In Siberian cities, the unity of the network of streets and the external configuration referred to the external prison, i.e. to the main residential area. Therefore, the planning of a number of Siberian cities, starting from the end of the 16th century, can be considered the closest to regular urban planning until the end of the 17th century.

The first Russian city in Siberia, Tyumen, is among the cities with a regular type layout. It was built in 1586 on the elevated bank of the river. Tours, at the confluence of the Tyumenka River, near the old Tatar settlement of Chimgitura. From the earliest description of this city, the “watch books” of 1624, we learn that “in Tyumen, a wooden chopped city ... and the measure of the Tyumen city within the walls with towers is about 260 sazhens (555 m.). From the fortress near the city, on one side of the fortress near the city, there is a moat ... on Tyumen, below the city, a prison, and there are 2 walls in it; the wall from the city near the Tyumenka River, the other side from the Tyumenka River to the river to the Tura, and near that river there is no prison to the city, the place is simple, because the talus to the river is steep, and the prison ... is set along the fence, about 500 sazhens (1065 m), and at the top it measures 1.5 sazhens (3.2 m).

Comparing this description with the plan of Tyumen at the end of the 17th century. (or the very beginning of the 18th century), it can be established that the general situation and the size of the fortress correspond to the state of the city in the first quarter of the 17th century. The size of the settlement in 1624, apparently, was smaller than shown on the plan. Judging by the fact that all the churches of the settlement, with the exception of the Sign of the Mother of God and the Assumption, are indicated in the “watch books”, it can be assumed that in the period from the compilation of watch books (1624) to the end of the 17th century. Only the last row of blocks was added, including the mentioned churches. This probably explains the sharp difference between the quarters of the rest of the city and the last row, where the quarter is almost 3 times longer than the others.

Inside the fortress, according to sentinel books, there were 2 churches, a moving out hut, 2 guard huts at passing towers (near the passing gates), granaries, barns, a prison surrounded by a tyn, a cellar with trade drinks, a voivodship yard, an archbishop’s yard and 7 more yards .

The entire population of Tyumen was located mainly in the settlement itself, with the exception of a small yamskaya settlement beyond Tyumenka up the Tura, where the Transfiguration Monastery was also located. In total, in 1624 there were 317 households in Tyumen, which approximately corresponded to a population of 1200-1300 people.

The plan of Tyumen shown here is one of the rarest city plans that have survived from the end of the 17th century. (or the very beginning of the 18th century). Having set the scale of the plan using the dimensions written on the original, and measuring the distance from the fortress to the penultimate arc street along the bank of the Tyumenka River, and then along this street to the Tura River, we get the total length of the measured line 553 sazhens, which approximately corresponds to the length of the prison according to the "sentinel books" in 1624, i.e. 500 fathoms (1065 m). The full dimensions of the settlement, shown on the plan, correspond to the "List of the Tyumen city" ... 204 years (1696). This list indicates that in 149 (1641) a prison was set up and that there were 1396 sazhens (2975 m) around the entire settlement. This size is almost exactly the same as the plan data. Thus, it is possible that the increase in the settlement was formalized in 1641.

At the narrow top of a triangular plateau at the confluence of the Tyumenka River in the river. Turu, the fortress is located in the form of an irregular, slightly curved trapezoid. The plan of the fortress shows: a voivodship courtyard, a command hut, a prison, green, grain and other barns, a wine cellar, guardhouses at two passing towers, 2 churches and several courtyards. A large area (about 1.5 hectares) adjoined the southern wall of the "city" with a church, a guest yard in the southwestern corner and shops. From the square, further to the south, a settlement unfolded in a narrow fan, fortified along the Tyumenka River and on the “field” side with a wooden wall.

The beginning of the development of this settlement was laid with a mathematically correct rectangular-rectilinear system of streets. The quarters are mostly in the form of regular rectangles, and only a part of them, near the coastlines, acquires a trapezoidal shape as a result of adapting the layout to the general outlines of the city. Further development of the settlement followed the already predetermined path, but due to a significant expansion of the territory to the south, it took on a regular fan-shaped character. Gradually, the streets leading to the fortress change their direction from parallel to the middle highway to parallel to the coastlines.

The expansion of the residential area affects not only the increase in the transverse dimensions of the blocks, but the streets themselves expand as they move south. So, the main highway increases in width from 7 m at the exit from the area to 25 m at the “travel tower” in the prison from the field side.

For the builders of Tyumen, the regularity of planning was not an end in itself. The outlines of the coast, the poster widening of the site, the need for communication between the individual elements of the city - all this creates soft transitions from the rigid mathematical forms of a rectangular-rectilinear system to the free forms of nature. In this regard, the southeastern corner of the plan is especially characteristic. Here you can clearly see how the coastline, the position of the monastery and the Znamensky Gate influenced the street layout. The arcuate streets, departing from the square, generalize somewhat along the line of the coast, smoothly go around the oval manor of the monastery and approach the gates of the prison.

How far this plan is from a geometric scheme is also clearly seen in the configuration of the areas.

In general and in detail, the considered drawing of Tyumen is of outstanding importance as one of the earliest monuments of a regular layout, which indicates that in Russia already in the late 16th-early 17th centuries. it was known to design not only fortified parts of the city, but also pasades. This drawing also shows that Russian urban planners did an excellent job with regular planning without excessive hemetrization. In terms of Tyumen, a small detail deserves attention. The southern part of the fortress and the entire area adjacent to it are covered with a clearly undrawn trapezoid contour. Apparently, the planned reconstruction of the city is depicted here, namely, the new location of the fortress is shown. The need for such a transfer of the fortress has been known since the middle. 17th century In 1658, voivode Verigin wrote to Moscow that the towers and walls, rebuilt in 1643, had been washed away by spring water, the mountain was crumbling, and the walls of the tower were “knocking downhill to Tura and Tyumenka”; therefore, the coastal walls and towers must be removed, and so that the “city” does not become smaller, it will have to be moved to the settlement, to the square. This complex reconstruction was not carried out at that time and at the end of the 17th century, apparently, it was again planned.

The general view of Tyumen is depicted in an engraving of the mid-18th century. Almost in the center of the picture is a high bridge across the valley of the Tyumenka River, 21 m high and 8.5 m wide. To the left of the bridge is the corner tower of the fortress wall, and behind it are the remains of the “city” with the cathedral church. Further down the river. Building tours along the coast with parish churches visible in the depths, which are not difficult to find on the map. To the right of the bridge is Yamskaya Slobodp With the Preobrazhensky (later Trinity) Monastery.

2 Tobolsk

Tyumen was followed by the founding of the city of Tobolsk. However, from the earliest descriptions it was made by an unknown traveler in 1666: “... Tobolsk, lying on large fresh and fish rivers, i.e. Tobol and Irtysh, is the main city of Siberia, built by the Russians, it stands on the corner top of a high bank, like a high mountain above the river. This mountain or coast, as I myself saw, has a good 25 sazhens in height, counting from the river, and is so steep in front that it cannot be climbed in a wagon or cart, but only on foot; ... at the bottom of this mountain a road has been made, climbing which walk around half the city. The city is divided into 2 parts, namely the first part is located on the mountain, and the second at the foot of it on level ground.

The city on the mountain is a fortress, fortified, however, against raids only with a stack of spruce trees that grow at the top in palisades, densely one to the other without grass and an earthen rampart; on the top of the mountain, right above the river, there is a prison made only of lerev; he has a beautiful wooden wall around him, in which a log lies on a log, as in the construction of a hut; it is high enough, at the top of it there is a covered gallery, in which loopholes are cut down; at the bottom of the same system there is a building-wall with chambers in which the treasury is stored, but if the enemy came, soldiers could be placed there; it also has 9 beautiful wooden towers about eight corners, strongly built, two gates facing the city, and 1 to the water.

In this city there are no other buildings except for the state orders or offices, the palace in which the voivode lives, and a small Russian church made of wood, as well as trimmed with stone, and similar to a cellar of a structure in which ammunition is stored.

In the same part of the city there is also a large monastery, in which the metropolitan has its location; ... as for the lower city, which lies under the mountain near the river, it is larger in size and, like the upper city, has only 1 large street passing through it, but also and a series of small streets and narrow lanes, as houses are very close to each other; one side is along the river, and the other stretches like a crescent to the mountain itself. [This part of the city] stands on swampy soil; right next to the water itself there is a rather large monastery ... when there is high water in the river, which usually happens in spring, then all these houses stand deep in the water ... this lower city is completely open.

The above description gives a general idea of ​​the city in the middle of the 17th century, but leaves unlit the question of its planning. To get acquainted with the planning system of Tobolsk, it is necessary to refer to a later document-plan of it from Remezov’s “Drawing Book of Siberia”, compiled in 1701. This plan generally corresponds to the description of 1666, only instead of the “spruce stack” the upper city (upper pasade) surrounded on two sides by a wooden wall with 6 towers. From the side of the Irtysh, the upper city-posad was left open, because. a steep bank is sufficient protection in itself. The southern side of the upper tenement is covered by an inner fortress (Kremlin), called in the description "fort", as well as the archbishop's palace, enclosed by stone walls with towers. from there, at a right angle, there is another descent leading to a wide embankment - the “pier for ships”. In accordance with the description of 1666, on the lower coastal terraces there is a "crescent lower open settlement".

We see the most characteristic layout for Siberian cities in the upper city-posada. In the middle from the traffic gates of the northern outer fence to the Gostiny Dvor and further to Bazarny Vzvoz there is the main wide highway, approximately in the meridional direction, but shorter and narrower than the middle one.

The direction of the three indicated streets corresponds approximately to the direction of the eastern wall of the settlement and the banks of the Irtysh. In Remezov's plan, these streets are classified as "longitudinal". In the transverse direction, the territory of the upper city is divided into 9-10 narrow streets into long and narrow blocks of almost regular rectangular shape. The direction of these "transverse" streets, which the "description" also mentions, coincides with the direction of the northern wall of the settlement.

The plan of the upper part of Tobolsk is a good example of a regular system of streets, geometrically connected with the outer geometric regular configuration of the city. The large rectangular area of ​​the Kremlin is also inscribed in the same system, the shape of which is obscured by various buildings (Trinity Church, Gostiny Dvor, etc.)

At the end of the XVII century. S. Remezov drew up a project for the reconstruction of the central part of the city. On this project, the area received an even more regular geometric shape.

The most interesting part of the lower pasade in terms of its layout is located between the banks of the Irtysh and the system of its closest tributaries. Despite the extremely complex external contour formed by the rivers, it also has a clearly expressed regular character. And here, in accordance with the "description", we find one "big" street going from the descent to the south, past the Znamensky Monastery. In the same longitudinal direction there are several secondary streets and many lanes in the transverse direction. Most of the quarters have a regular shape, but, as in Tyumen, the rectangular-rectilinear system here does not have the character of a rigid drawing scheme. Approaching the outer contours, the strictly geometric grid of streets changes somewhat, adjusting to the free bends of water flows. The eastern part of the lower settlement, beyond the Tyrkovka River, apparently, arose later, in the order of spontaneous building, because. no traces of any geometric regularity can be found in it.

The appearance of Tobolsk from the south side is shown in a reproduction from an engraving from the middle of the 18th century. On the left, on the mountain, you can see the stone wall of the Kremlin with a two-story building of the command chamber. Above the Bazaar vzvoz (in the middle of the picture) is the so-called "Swedish Gate", built at the beginning of the 18th century. Captured Swedes; to the right of the gate is the archbishop's courtyard, surrounded by a stone wall with towers. In the foreground is the lower city, in which three of the longitudinal streets are visible near the banks of the Irtysh.

3 Mangazeya

Mangazeya is one of the first Russian cities of the 17th century in Siberia. It was founded in 1601, in the north of Western Siberia, on the Taz River, which was part of the so-called Mangazeya sea route (from the mouth of the Northern Dvina through the Yugorsky Shar Strait to the Yamal Peninsula and along the Mutnaya and Zelenaya rivers to the Gulf of Ob, further along the Taz River and dragged to the Turukhan River, a tributary of the Yenisei). This ancient settlement with an area of ​​about 3.1 hectares is located on the high right bank of the Taz River, on a cape formed by the mouth of the Mangazeyka River (in ancient times - Osetrovka) that flows into the Taz. The purpose of the founding of Mangazeya was to establish government control over the Mangazeya sea route leading to a country rich in furs, and to create a base for further development of the north of Siberia. The Mangazeya sea passage, which connected the White Sea with the Ob, was a very busy trade route in those years.

“The city of wooden chopped, and it has five towers, stands above the Taz by the river. From the arrival in the wall, the Spasskaya Passing Tower is quadrangular, and under it are two gates, one from the arrival, and the other from the inside of the city, cobbled, the height is according to the printed sazhen, and the width is also ... ”(painted list)

The first attempt to penetrate the secrets of Mangazeya was made in August 1914 by I. N. Shukhov, a biologist from Omsk. Traveling along the Taz River, he visited the Mangazeya settlement and made the first excavations here, “At present,” he wrote, “only ruins remain of the city of Mangazeya. Logs of buildings stick out on the shore, the lower salaries of buildings stretching along the high collapsed bank to the stream. Only one building survived - judging by the architecture, the tower ... The place where Mangazeya was, hummocky, overgrown with weeds and shrubs. The shore collapses and small objects remain, like arrows and knives. I found an arrowhead."

The first archaeologists who visited the ruins of Mangazeya were V. N. Chernetsov and V. I. Moshinskaya. The excavations of Mangazeya represent a unique case in many respects. This kind of large-scale archaeological research of a late medieval city has not yet been carried out anywhere else in the world. As in Old Ryazan, archaeologists were not hindered by any late construction, and the polar permafrost, although it made excavations difficult, nevertheless contributed to the good preservation of wooden structures and products, leather and fabric items. At the same time, a characteristic feature of the monument is the short duration and strictly defined framework of its existence - 1570-1670s. All this created exceptional, from the point of view of archeology, conditions for a detailed study of ancient Mangazeya.

Systematic excavations began in 1968 and continued for four field seasons. The excavations of Mangazeya were carried out by an archaeological expedition of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute led by M. I. Belov, which included members of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences O. V. Osvyannikov and V. F. Starkov.

The arrival of archaeologists was very timely. It turned out that the river washes away the settlement of Mangazeya and it is rapidly collapsing. This was evidenced by the remains of wooden structures sticking out of the cliff of the coast, numerous objects from the cultural layer dotting the sandy edge.

Archaeologists opened and explored about 15 thousand square meters. m Mangazeya settlement. The remains of ancient defensive structures and about forty buildings of the most diverse - residential, economic, administrative, commercial and religious - purpose were discovered and investigated.

Excavations have shown that Mangazeya had a division typical for ancient Russian cities into the city itself (the Kremlin) and the suburb. The city grew and was built up especially intensively in 1607-1629. At this time, Mangazeya acquired those special features of the Siberian "unplowed" city, which make it possible to put it on a par with such large Siberian cities of those years as Tobolsk and Tyumen. “Mangazeya absorbed everything new and best that Russian architecture knew at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. This primarily affected the introduction of the principles of regular city planning. Mangazeya was well planned: the fortress was clearly separated from the settlement, and the settlement itself was divided into two parts: the actual craft and trade. Narrow streets and lanes paved with pine planks of ship plating appeared between private buildings. Particular attention was paid to the development and improvement of the central part of the trading side, where a large guest yard was located, surrounded by more than forty barns and a customs house with barns. To the west of the Gostiny Dvor, a new religious building was erected - the Church of Mikhail Malein and Macarius Zheltovodsky. Drinking establishments and the city's commercial bath housed to the east. The construction of new houses in the Kremlin expanded. This primarily affected the voivodship courtyard, behind the massive circular fence of which, in addition to those already built at the beginning of the century, two more buildings arose. The architects connected the new buildings of the voivodship court with the old huts with hanging closed galleries. The voivodship's mansions were also connected to the neighboring hut. In essence, the entire residential territory of the settlement was built up, with the exception of the most remote north-eastern parts. It was the climax of development."

In 1625, the total length of the walls of the Mangazeya Kremlin along the perimeter was about 280 m. Four blind towers stood in the corners: Davydovskaya, Zubtsovskaya, Ratilovskaya and Uspenskaya. On the south side, between the Zubtsovskaya and Uspenskaya towers, there was the Spasskaya passing tower, reaching a height of 12 m. The smallest was the Ratilovskaya tower - 8 m, and the most massive - Davydovskaya, each side of which had a length of about 9 m. All the towers were quadrangular . The fortress wall reached its highest height in the area between the Davydovskaya and Ratilovskaya towers - about 10 m; the rest of the walls had a height of 5-6 m.

“The Davydovskaya Tower, which is from the River Tazu, is angular quadrangular, 36 crowns in height, and the measure is three fathoms with a arshin, and from the fragments to the roof 10 crowns, the measure is a fathom, and the wall is three fathoms, and around 12 fathoms. Along with it, in the upper battle, 2 iron squeaks, iron cores, one core weighing 12 spools, and the other 8 spools. And from the Davydovskaya tower to the Zubtsovskaya corner, from the Tazu River in the wall there are 18 goroden, and by a measure of 28 fathoms with an arshin, and in the height of the fragments 21 crowns, by a measure of 2 fathoms without an arshin, and from the fragments to the roof 13 crowns, and by a measure of a fathom "

A third of the territory of the Kremlin (800 sq. m.) was occupied by the complex of the voivodship court. Its excavations gave archaeologists a huge number of household items of the 17th century - birch bark tuesas, iron bows from buckets, candlesticks, axes, knives with ornamented handles, drills, chisels, chisels, locks of various sizes, drills, breakdowns, door bolts, hinges, hecks, wooden spoons, plates, bowls, ladles, tubs, rockers, scoops, rolls, biscuit molds, boxes, chests. Some of these items are artistically designed. An interesting find is a window frame measuring 29x29 cm - such small "windows" are typical of the 17th century. Significant fragments of mica have been preserved in the frame. Several tongs were found, with the help of which carbon deposits were removed from candles and torches. Even pieces of furniture were found - small benches for upper rooms and a massive wide armchair.

To the east of the voivodship court, in the very center of the fortress, stood the cathedral Trinity Church, cut down from cedar. The exact time of its laying is unknown, but from written sources it follows that in 1603 it either already existed, or at least was founded. This church burned down in 1642, after which, in the early 50s of the 17th century (and according to the dendrochronological analysis of the found remains of the church, in 1654-1655), a new one was cut down. The new temple was erected strictly according to the plan of the old one. The base of the building occupied 550 sq. m.

To the south of the Kremlin walls stretched the buildings of the settlement with the churches of Macarius Zheltovodsky and the Assumption of the Mother of God, the chapel of Vasily Mangazeya, a large complex of Gostiny Dvor with a customs hut. Dozens of barns included in it occupied about a third of the entire commercial part of the city. The two- and three-story buildings of Gostiny Dvor with clock and observation towers rose high above the roofs of residential huts. Among the most important buildings of the township were a two-story house of the customs head, a moving out hut, a drinking and grain yard, a commercial farming bathhouse. The main streets were paved with wooden planks. A staircase led from the pier to the Gostiny Dvor. Behind him was the main part of the settlement with craft workshops.

Mangazeya was a large craft center, which represented almost all the craft specialties characteristic of a large city - shoemakers, bone cutters, foundry workers. In total, up to 700-800 people could live permanently in the Mangazeya Posad, according to experts. In addition, at the peak of the season many hundreds of trade and industrial people came here. It was for them that the Gostiny Dvor building was built at the beginning of the 17th century (the exact date is unknown). In 1631, during the voivodship turmoil, it was destroyed, and in 1644 the inhabitants of Mangazeya sent a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich about the construction of a new Gostiny Dvor building at their own expense.

Gostiny Dvor was the economic heart of the city. His search began already in the first season of the Mangazeya excavations and was crowned with complete success. The materials collected here opened up many important pages in the life and life of the polar commercial and industrial city.

To date, Mangazeya is so far the first and only excavated city dating back to the era of the development of the gigantic expanses of Siberia. The archaeological material obtained as a result of the four-year work of the Mangazeya expedition became one of the most important sources for studying the Siberian city of the 16th-17th centuries. For some issues, this source is today the only and fairly reliable one, which is facilitated by the exact dating of almost all the buildings of the city.

building siberia city

The features of a regular layout characteristic of this period of urban planning in Siberia are clearly visible in the plan of the city of Pelma.

In Pelma, a small inner fortress is surrounded on both sides by an outer fortress, the parallel rows of houses of which testify to a regular layout, geometrically connected with the outer rectangular contour.

More accurate information about the composition of the city was taken from the Letter (1624, March 22) from Moscow to Pelym with a description of the newly built Pelym fortifications “From the Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of All Rus' to Siberia, to the Pelym city, our governor Ivan Matveyevich Velyaminov …”, the original text of which will be given below.

The Pelymsky Kremlin (or "city") was an almost square quadrangle. The fortress had 4 towers, 2 of them - Rozhdestvenskaya and Nikolskaya facing Tavda - were passable. The two blind towers in our document do not have names; in a late 17th century source. they are called Pelymskaya and Tyumenskaya. The towers were square log cabins with sides of 4 sazhens. There is no doubt that during the construction of the Pelym fortress, a 3-arshin state (printed) sazhen of 216 cm was used.

Based on the number of indicated rows of logs, the towers had approximately the same height. Since the thickness of the log is indicated in the source as 4-5 inches, the height of the passing Christmas tower can be determined at 9.5-10 m. fortresses. The walls were log cabins 2 fathoms wide (i.e. more than 4 meters). The length of 4 walls was not the same - from 27 to 33.5 fathoms. If we set ourselves the goal of calculating the total area of ​​the Pelym fortress, we can note one interesting detail. Adding the length of all 4 walls indicated in the source, we get a figure of 122 sazhens. Meanwhile, the builders themselves wrote that “there are 170 sazhens around the Pelymsk city and the city towers”. Obviously, in the urban planning practice of that time, the length of the walls was measured along their inner side. This should be taken into account in further research. In this case, for example, the free area of ​​the Pelymsky Kremlin should be calculated based not on 170 fathoms of the perimeter length, but on the basis of 122 fathoms. This means that in 1623 the area of ​​​​the Pelym fortress was 4200 square meters. m.

Following the chopped fortress, a prison was immediately erected around the settlement - "not a single yard left any people behind the prison." Guard logs went into the ground by arshin. The prison reached a height of almost 5 m. As can be clearly seen in the drawing by S.U. Remezov, the guard walls on both sides, as it were, continued the city walls, adjoining the Rozhdestvenskaya and (probably) Tyumen towers. Ostrog also had its own tower - "the same as the city towers on the Kondinskaya road." The last sentence can be interpreted in two ways. There is a temptation to imagine that outside the city, somewhere on the Kondinsky road, there were separate watchtowers. This would be a very interesting assumption, but it seems to me that it is wrong. Here it is necessary to take into account the observation of V.I. Kochedamov, who wrote: “The fortress was built first and occupied the most advantageous and spectacular place. From it to the yasak districts, to arable land, mowing and to the neighboring city, roads were laid that converged to the main gate. So here, most likely, they meant the city towers of the same Pelym fortress, located on the same line with a certain road that led to the Konda forests. The fortified walls stretched for 295 fathoms.

“... And you set the city in height from the ground to the bridge along the obma in the wall in seventeen rows; and above the bridge up above the oblams in ten rows. And the logs in the city walls are chopped at the top end in a cut of a quarter of an arshin, and others in five inches. And the width of Pelymskaya city is cut between the walls in two fathoms. Yes, four city towers were cut down, and two bridges were paved in them, besides a bridge under the bridge. And the city’s passing large Rozhdestvenskaya tower from the Tavda River is cut in height - thirty rows to the oblams, over the oblams I cut eleven rows, (L. 5) and I cut seven rows. And the gates in it are made of large hinged beams. Yes, on the same passable tower I made a tower on top of the tent, and from that tower from the guard to see around Pelymskovo towns in the Vagul yurts of five or more miles and more.

And from that there are large travel towers near the Tavda River, as long as the city walls: a length of thirty-three sazhens with a half a sazhen, and the end of that wall is another driving Nikolskaya tower at the corner from the Tavda River. And in it, side-by-side wooden water gates were made, where from the city to go to the Tavda River to the water. And in height, that tower was cut down along the oblams, thirty-three rows, and over the oblams, up to a row of nine rows, (L. 6) and I cut seven rows. And from the first large passable Rozhdestvensky towers from the settlement to the Pelymka River, city walls, thirty-one fathoms long, and at the end of that wall, the third city tower was cut down. And its height is twenty-nine rows to oblams, over oblams to I cut ten rows, and I row eight rows. And from that tower from the field from our arable land are city walls, thirty sazhens and half a sazhen long, and at the end of that wall there is a fourth city tower at the corner from the field from our arable land. There are thirty rows in height to the oblams, over the oblams I cut ten rows, I cut seven rows. And from that tower the rear city wall to the Tavda river to the passing Nikolsky towers, to the water gate, the length (L. 7) is twenty-seven fathoms. And the towers are chopped policemen, four sazhens each.

And all in all, around the Pelymsk city and the city towers, one hundred and seventy sazhens. Both the city and the city towers are covered with draperies firmly, completely ready on the 4th day of July. And troughs with water and necklaces were placed on the towers and towns for everyone.

And how you put the city of Pelym completely ready, and the prison began to set up a settlement near Pelym. And he set up a large guard tower, such as the city towers on the Kondinskaya road. And the prison near the Pelymskovo settlement put it all ready, circled all the courtyards around the settlement, not a single courtyard (L. 8) of people was left behind the prison. And the height of the prison is set from the ground two fathoms with a cubit, and it is set into the ground a arshin deep. And around the prison, as far as the circle is two hundred and ninety-five sazhens. And you arranged the court of de voevotskaya. And drawing a drawing for the Pelymsk city and prison, he sent us to Moscow with the Pelymsky archery foreman with Pyatunka Fedorov, whom he was a carpenter on the charter of all our Pelymsk city affairs ... "

3. General conclusions

We got acquainted with textual materials and plans relating only to some cities that arose in Western Siberia from the end of the 16th to the end of the 17th centuries. However, the ghostly data are enough to draw certain conclusions about Russian urban planning in Siberia.

1.The construction of new cities pursued goals :) Subordination of Siberian peoples to Moscow power;

b) Getting yasak from them in the form of valuable furs.

At the same time, it should be noted that the Russian cities in Siberia had a huge positive impact on the development of the economy and culture of the local population. As in the previously annexed Volga and Ural regions.

2.In this regard, the choice of a place for the construction of a particular city was determined not only by the conditions necessary for a given group of the population (convenience of protection, the availability of arable land, fishing grounds, etc.), but also by national requirements dictated by the growth of a centralized state and the country's economy .

3.Under the influence of these general requirements for the construction of cities, places were chosen:

a) Important for securing communication lines that connected the newly occupied territories with the center of the state;

b) Convenient as outposts for further advances into the depths of Siberia;) Provided control over navigation on large rivers;) Convenient for collecting yasak from the local population.

4.The conditions for the settlement of Siberia in the form of separate strongholds of Russian power and Russian centers of culture among the local, hostile at first, population dictated the transition from the traditional Russian complex - the Kremlin with a more or less open settlement - to well-fortified settlements, which included within the fortress fence the main residential area.

5.In this regard, in Siberian cities, the inner fortress (Kremlin) no longer played such a significant role as in the old Russian city; it was considered only as an additional fortification to the main organ - an external prison and as a receptacle for the most valuable and important elements of the city.

.The need to enclose the entire or almost the entire residential area with a strong fence forced extremely close development, because it was difficult to defend a too large prison. Strict rationing of yard plots and their small size led to the need for extremely economical demarcation of the residential area, and hence the use of geometrically correct methods of breakdown, i.e. to the use of a regular planning system.

.The correct, mostly rectangular shape of the prison, combined with the geometrically correct internal layout, led to the widespread use of the most clearly expressed type of regular layout, characterized by the compositional unity of the external form and internal planning content.

.The development of regular planning techniques took place in combination with ancient traditions, in which adaptation to natural conditions (relief, coastlines, etc.) played an important role. In this regard, the regularity of planning in Siberian cities received soft and relatively free forms, which, incidentally, is also characteristic of the new cities of the 17th century. in the European part of Russia.

.The construction of the city was preceded by drawing up drawings of the area and the general location, which were sent for approval to Moscow or the nearest administrative center. Even the reconstruction of the city in connection with the need to expand the Kremlin or prison took place according to a drawing drawn up in advance, approved by the appropriate authority. A similar organization of urban planning took place in other outskirts of the country, but in Siberia it received the most clear and tangible expression, because. here the construction of each city went far beyond the limits of local defensive tasks.

4. Sources

1. Alferova G.V. Russian cities of the XVI-XVII centuries / Institute of History of the USSR of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR; Central Research Institute of Theory and History of Architecture. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1989.- 216 p.: ill.

Tverskoy L.M. Russian urban planning until the end of the 17th century: planning and building of Russian cities / State publishing house of literature on construction and architecture. - Leningrad, Moscow, 1953. - 216 p: ill.

Kradin n. P. Russian wooden defense architecture. Moscow "art" 1988- 142 p.: ill.

Drawing Book of Siberia, S.U. Remezov, -50 s: color. ill.

Miller G.F. History of Siberia / Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad-Moscow, 1937-662 p.

6.

http://elar.usu.ru/bitstream/1234.56789/2837/1/pristr-05-29.pdf

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