Role and place in literature

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a famous Russian poet, playwright, publicist, whose contribution to the development of literature is second half of the 19th century difficult to overestimate. Innovative art system Turgenev influenced the poetics of both Russian and Western European novels. Working in the direction of realism, he was the first to draw attention to new type man of the sixties.

Origin and early years

The future great literary figure was born on November 9, 1818 in Russian Empire(city of Orel). His family belonged to an old family of Tula nobles, the Turgenevs.

Father - Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev, nobleman. He was a member of the cavalry regiment. The handsome young man led a carefree life and quickly went broke. To improve the situation, he had to enter into a marriage of convenience.

Mother - Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva (nee Lutovinova), a wealthy noblewoman. Despite the good social status, her youth could hardly be called happy. The marriage was also not successful. She combined the features of a powerful serf woman and an educated woman.

Little Turgenev grew up in a difficult family: an oppressive mother, a flighty father. In 1830, Sergei Nikolaevich leaves his wife and three sons to live independently.

As a child, Turgenev lived on the Spasskoye-Lutovinovo estate, located near the city of Mtsensk. At the age of 9, he and his family moved to Moscow and settled in a house on Samotek.

Ivan was considered a beloved son, but he also sometimes suffered beatings from his oppressive mother. But, despite her difficult character, she gave a good upbringing to her children.

Education

Having received his primary education at home, Turgenev continued his studies in Moscow boarding schools.

In 1833, Ivan entered Moscow University at the Faculty of Literature. Because of his older brother, he has to transfer to a university in St. Petersburg. Here he studies at the Faculty of Philosophy. At this time, Turgenev was very interested in scientific activities and after graduating from university he wrote a dissertation, but never defended it. Interest in science was forever replaced real passion to literature.

Creation

Turgenev grew up in creative family: Mom was an educated, well-read woman who spoke and read French; the father instilled in his children a love for his culture, asking them to write letters to him only in Russian. In addition to Sergei Nikolaevich, one serf valet instilled in Ivan a love of Russian literature.

While in his third year at university, Ivan Sergeevich created his first poem “Wall”. He gave the essay to the teacher to get his opinion. Professor Pletnev analyzed the poem in front of students at a lecture, without disclosing Turgenev’s authorship. The verdict was harsh; the aspiring writer still had work to do, but the teacher noted that there was prospects. Turgenev took the words of approval with a dose of criticism positively and was inspired to create new works. And in 1838, the professor published several of his poems in the Sovremennik magazine.

In the period from 1830 to 1850, Turgenev met many famous writers. The style of Lermontov's poetry had a tangible influence on Turgenev's work. This is most evident in the poem “Confession,” which is reminiscent of Lermontov’s “Duma.”

It was also important for Ivan Sergeevich to get acquainted with literary critic Belinsky. Friendship with him influenced the creation of such works: “Parasha”, “Breter”, “Three Portraits”.

In 1847, Turgenev’s “Modern Notes” and “Notes of a Hunter” began to be published in the Sovremennik magazine. These works bring fame to the author.

Since the late 40s, Ivan Sergeevich has been actively learning the basics of dramaturgy and trying himself in this field. He considered the dramaturgy of the brilliant Gogol to be the standard.

Major works

In 1861, the writer wrote a novel that would become a symbol of the era - “Fathers and Sons.” It truthfully describes the problem of two generations.

The main works also include: the novels “Smoke”, “New”; stories and stories “Diary extra person", "Bezhin Meadow", "Spring Waters". A special place in the writer’s work belongs to the story “Asya”. This is not an ordinary love story, but a conflict different characters and classes. Asya is an original person, capable of high feelings and actions. Girls like her began to be called Turgenev’s, thanks to the author. A main character- a liberal nobleman who only thinks that he does not live according to the rules of his society, but in fact adheres to a stereotypical way of thinking.

Recent years

In 1863, Ivan Sergeevich left for Germany. There he makes acquaintances with many famous Western European writers. While learning new things, Turgenev does not forget to glorify Russian literature. He soon becomes famous in Europe.

In 1879, Turgenev became an honorary doctor of Oxford University.

Since 1882, the writer begins to suffer from various illnesses. And in 1883 he died in Bougival.

Chronological table (by date)

Interesting facts from the life of the writer

• In his youth, Ivan Turgenev often thoughtlessly spent his parents' money on entertainment. To teach her son a lesson, Varvara Petrovna once sent him bricks in a parcel instead of money.
• There were many romantic relationships in Turgenev’s life, but he never got married. Perhaps the reason for this was love for married woman – opera singer Pauline Viardot.
• Turgenev was known for his cleanliness. He could not begin to create until there was perfect order.

Ivan Turgenev Museum

In Moscow on Ostozhenka Street there is a museum of I.S. Turgenev, which is also known as the House of Mumu. It was founded in 2007.

A classic of Russian literature, a genius and a quiet revolutionary - Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev - significantly influenced the development of culture and thought in our country. It was taught to more than one generation of the youth of our country. Although few today know what influenced the development of the writer’s worldview, how he lived, worked, and where Turgenev was born.

Earlier childhood

It is customary to begin the study of the work of any writer with a study of his childhood, first impressions, as well as the environment that influenced him in one way or another. Uninformed people, especially schoolchildren, confuse where Turgenev was born and in what city, calling his mother’s estate his homeland. In fact, although the Russian classic spent most of his childhood there, he was still born in the city of Orel.

Researchers of the work of the famous writer of the 19th century note that all the childhood impressions of the Russian classic were subsequently reflected in his works. The time and place where Turgenev was born became the determining factors in his attitude towards the existing government.

Reflection of childhood memories in literature

Ivan Sergeevich came from an ancient noble family, his father - sophisticated, noble, a favorite of women and society - contrasted sharply with the domineering and despotic mother Varvara Petrovna, née Lutovinova. Later, all the memories of where Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born, grew up and was brought up, will be included in some of the plots of his works. And the images of the mother and grandmother will become prototypes of the domineering and heartless landowners from the “Notes of a Hunter” series.

The area where Turgenev was born was rich in truly Russian traditions and ancient customs. Ivan Sergeevich listened with pleasure to the stories of his mother’s serfs, and was imbued with their dreams and suffering. It was here, in the family estate, that the writer understood what slavery was and fiercely hated this phenomenon. Childhood impressions shaped the writer’s unyielding position; all his life he advocated for the freedom of every person, regardless of his origin.

The most striking image of Turgenev's creativity is a fading old estate, which personified the decline of the nobility, the crushing of the souls and actions of the intelligentsia. All these thoughts were inspired precisely by the environment of the family nest.

Estate Spasskoye-Lutovinovo

When the question arises about where Turgenev was born, everyone immediately remembers the picture from the school textbook. the rays of the setting sun penetrating through the foliage and an old house with white columns. Not everyone will remember the name of the estate where Turgenev was born, and yet the local environment greatly influenced the writer’s work; one can say that Russian literary classics were born here.

Here, in forced exile, the stories “The Inn” and the unpublished work “Two Generations”, the essay “On Nightingales”, as well as the famous novel about the failed revolutionary “Rudin” were written. Silence and natural beauty reigned here, all this was conducive to creativity and self-criticism. It is not surprising that the classic always returned here after long trips to European countries.

Turgenev not only verbally opposed slavery, after he gave freedom to his serfs (many of whom remained in the service as free people), the writer organized a school for children and a kind of nursing home on the estate. Until the end of his life, Ivan Sergeevich adhered to the European traditions of respect for the freedoms of every person.

Link

After the death of his mother, the writer ceded most of his inheritance to his brother Nikolai, but left himself the only place where he was happy - the family estate Spasskoye-Lutovinovo. It was here that Nicholas I exiled him in the hope of bringing the obstinate writer to reason. But the punishment failed, Ivan Sergeevich released all his serfs and continued to write books that were objectionable to the court.

Other geniuses of Russian literature often came to where he was born and where he was imprisoned by order of the emperor. To support a comrade in Spasskoye-Lutovinovo different times Nikolai Nekrasov, Afanasy Fet and Leo Tolstoy visited. After each trip abroad, Turgenev returns precisely here, to the family estate. Here he writes " Noble nest", "Fathers and Sons" and "On the Eve", and not a single serious philological study of these works is possible without correlating the events of the novels with the history of the Spasskoye-Lutovinovo estate.

Turgenev Museum

Today in Russia there are many abandoned and destroyed noble estates. Many of them were destroyed during the period Civil War, some were nationalized or demolished, while others simply collapsed from time and lack of repair.

The history of the estate where Ivan Turgenev was born is also quite tragic. The house burned down several times, the property was confiscated, and the famous alleys were overgrown with dense grass. But thanks to connoisseurs of Russian classical literature still in Soviet era the estate was restored according to the remaining drawings and drawings. Gradually the garden plot was put in order, and today a museum named after Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, a world classic and famous genius Russian literature.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born on October 28, 1818 in the Oryol province. His father, Sergei Nikolaevich, is a retired hussar officer, participant Patriotic War 1812. Mother - Varvara Petrovna (nee Lutovinskaya) - came from a wealthy landowner family, so many said that Sergei Nikolaevich married her solely for money.
Until the age of 9, Turgenev lived on his mother’s family estate, Spasskoye-Lutavinovo, Oryol province. Varvara Petrovna had a tough (sometimes cruel) character and was disdainful of everything Russian, so little Vanya was taught three languages ​​from childhood - French, German and English. Primary education the boy received from tutors and home teachers.

Turgenev's education

In 1827, Turgenev’s parents, wanting to give their children a decent education, moved to Moscow, where they sent Ivan Sergeevich to study at the Weidenhammer boarding school, and then under the guidance of private teachers.
At the age of fifteen, in 1833, Turgenev entered the literature department of Moscow University. A year later, the Turgenevs moved to St. Petersburg, and Ivan Sergeevich transferred to St. Petersburg University. Given educational institution he graduated in 1836 with the degree of a full student.
Turgenev was passionate about science and dreamed of devoting his life to it, so in 1837 he passed the exam for the degree of Candidate of Sciences.
Further education he received abroad. In 1838 Turgenev left for Germany. Having settled in Berlin, he attended lectures on classical philology and philosophy, and studied the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin. In addition to his studies, Ivan Sergeevich traveled a lot throughout Europe: he traveled almost all of Germany, visited Holland, France, and Italy. In addition, during this period he met and became friends with T.N. Granovsky, N.V. Stankevich and M.A. Bakunin, who had a significant influence on Turgenev’s worldview.
A year after returning to Russia, in 1842, Ivan Sergeevich applied for an exam at Moscow University for a master's degree in philosophy. He successfully passed the exam and hoped to receive the position of professor at Moscow University, but soon philosophy as a science fell out of favor with the emperor and the philosophy department was closed - Turgenev failed to become a professor.

Turgenev's literary activity

After returning from abroad, Turgenev settled in Moscow and, at the insistence of his mother, entered the bureaucratic service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. But the service did not bring him satisfaction; he was much more passionate about literature.
Turgenev began trying himself as a writer in the mid-1830s, and his first publication took place in Sovremennik in 1838 (these were the poems “Evening” and “To the Venus of Medicea”). Turgenev continued to collaborate with this publication as an author and critic for a long time.
During this period, he actively began to attend various literary salons and circles, communicated with many writers - V.G. Belinsky, N.A. Nekrasov, N.V. Gogol, etc. By the way, communication with V.G. Belinsky significantly influenced Turgenev's literary views: from romanticism and poetry he moved to descriptive and morally oriented prose.
In the 1840s, such stories by Turgenev as “The Breter,” “The Three Little Pigs,” “The Freeloader” and others were published. And in 1852, the writer’s first book, “Notes of a Hunter,” was published.
In the same year, he wrote an obituary for N.V. Gogol, which served as the reason for the arrest of Turgenev and his exile to the family estate of Spasko-Lutavinovo.
Turgenev received the rise of the social movement that occurred in Russia before the abolition of serfdom with enthusiasm. He took part in the development of plans for the upcoming reconstruction peasant life. He even became an unofficial employee of Kolokol. However, if the need for social and political transformations was obvious to everyone, the opinions of the intelligentsia differed regarding the details of the reform process. Thus, Turgenev had disagreements with Dobrolyubov, who wrote a critical article on the novel “On the Eve,” and Nekrasov, who published this article. Also, the writer did not support Herzen that the peasantry is capable of making a revolution.
Later, already living in Baden-Baden, Turgenev collaborated with the liberal-bourgeois Vestnik-Europe. IN recent years life acted as a “mediator” between Western and Russian writers.

Turgenev's personal life

In 1843 (according to some sources in 1845) I.S. Turgenev met French singer Polina Viardot-Garcia, who gave tours in Russia. The writer fell passionately in love, but he understood that it was hardly possible to build a relationship with this woman: firstly, she is married, and secondly, she is a foreigner.
However, in 1847, Turgenev, together with Viardot and her husband, went abroad (first to Germany, then to France). Ivan Sergeevich’s mother was categorically against the “damned gypsy” and deprived him of his financial support for his son’s relationship with Polina Viardot.
After returning home in 1850, relations between Turgenev and Viardot cooled. Ivan Sergeevich even started new novel with a distant relative O.A. Turgeneva.
In 1863, Turgenev again became close to Polina Viardot and finally moved to Europe. With Viardot he lived first in Baden-Baden, and from 1871 in Paris.
Turgenev's popularity at this time, both in Russia and in the West, was truly colossal. Each of his visits to his homeland was accompanied by triumph. However, the writer himself found the trip more and more difficult - in 1882, a serious illness began to manifest itself - cancer of the spine.

I.S. Turgenev felt and was aware of his approaching death, but he endured it, as befits a master of philosophy, without fear or panic. The writer died in Bougival (near Paris) on September 3, 1883. According to his will, Turgenev's body was brought to Russia and buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery in St. Petersburg.

1. Fiction writer and playwright
2. From “Smoke” to “Prose Poems”

And Van Turgenev was one of the most important Russians writers of the 19th century century. The artistic system he created changed the poetics of the novel both in Russia and abroad. His works were praised and harshly criticized, and Turgenev spent his entire life searching in them for a path that would lead Russia to well-being and prosperity.

“Poet, talent, aristocrat, handsome”

Ivan Turgenev's family came from an old family of Tula nobles. His father, Sergei Turgenev, served in a cavalry regiment and led a very wasteful lifestyle. To improve his financial situation, he was forced to marry an elderly (by the standards of that time), but very wealthy landowner Varvara Lutovinova. The marriage became unhappy for both of them, their relationship did not work out. Their second son, Ivan, was born two years after the wedding, in 1818, in Orel. The mother wrote in her diary: “...on Monday my son Ivan was born, 12 vershoks [about 53 centimeters] tall”. There were three children in the Turgenev family: Nikolai, Ivan and Sergei.

Until he was nine years old, Turgenev lived on the Spasskoye-Lutovinovo estate in the Oryol region. His mother had a difficult and contradictory character: her sincere and heartfelt care for the children was combined with severe despotism; Varvara Turgeneva often beat her sons. However, she invited the best French and German tutors to her children, spoke exclusively French to her sons, but at the same time remained a fan of Russian literature and read Nikolai Karamzin, Vasily Zhukovsky, Alexander Pushkin and Nikolai Gogol.

In 1827, the Turgenevs moved to Moscow so that their children could receive a better education. Three years later, Sergei Turgenev left the family.

When Ivan Turgenev was 15 years old, he entered the literature department of Moscow University. Then future writer first fell in love with Princess Ekaterina Shakhovskaya. Shakhovskaya exchanged letters with him, but reciprocated with Turgenev’s father and thereby broke his heart. Later, this story became the basis of Turgenev’s story “First Love.”

A year later, Sergei Turgenev died, and Varvara and her children moved to St. Petersburg, where Turgenev entered the Faculty of Philosophy at St. Petersburg University. Then he became seriously interested in lyricism and wrote his first work - the dramatic poem “Steno”. Turgenev spoke of her like this: “A completely absurd work, in which, with frenzied ineptitude, a slavish imitation of Byron’s Manfred was expressed.”. In total, during his years of study, Turgenev wrote about a hundred poems and several poems. Some of his poems were published by the Sovremennik magazine.

After his studies, 20-year-old Turgenev went to Europe to continue his education. He studied ancient classics, Roman and Greek literature, traveled to France, Holland, and Italy. The European way of life amazed Turgenev: he came to the conclusion that Russia must get rid of incivility, laziness, and ignorance, following the Western countries.

Unknown artist. Ivan Turgenev at the age of 12 years. 1830. State Literary Museum

Eugene Louis Lamy. Portrait of Ivan Turgenev. 1844. State Literary Museum

Kirill Gorbunkov. Ivan Turgenev in his youth. 1838. State Literary Museum

In the 1840s, Turgenev returned to his homeland, received a master's degree in Greek and Latin philology at St. Petersburg University, and even wrote a dissertation - but did not defend it. Interest in scientific activity replaced the desire to write. It was at this time that Turgenev met Nikolai Gogol, Sergei Aksakov, Alexei Khomyakov, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Afanasy Fet and many other writers.

“The other day the poet Turgenev returned from Paris. What a man! Poet, talent, aristocrat, handsome, rich, smart, educated, 25 years old - I don’t know what nature denied him?”

Fyodor Dostoevsky, from a letter to his brother

When Turgenev returned to Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, he had an affair with a peasant woman, Avdotya Ivanova, which ended in the girl’s pregnancy. Turgenev wanted to get married, but his mother sent Avdotya to Moscow with a scandal, where she gave birth to a daughter, Pelageya. Avdotya Ivanova’s parents hastily married her off, and Turgenev recognized Pelageya only a few years later.

In 1843, Turgenev’s poem “Parasha” was published under the initials T.L. (Turgenev-Lutovinov). Vissarion Belinsky appreciated her very highly, and from that moment their acquaintance grew into a strong friendship - Turgenev even became the godfather of the critic’s son.

“This man is unusually smart... It’s gratifying to meet a person whose original and characteristic opinion, when colliding with yours, produces sparks.”

Vissarion Belinsky

In the same year, Turgenev met Polina Viardot. Researchers of Turgenev’s work are still arguing about the true nature of their relationship. They met in St. Petersburg when the singer came to the city on tour. Turgenev often traveled with Polina and her husband, art critic Louis Viardot, around Europe and stayed in their Parisian home. His illegitimate daughter Pelageya was raised in the Viardot family.

Fiction writer and playwright

In the late 1840s, Turgenev wrote a lot for the theater. His plays “The Freeloader”, “The Bachelor”, “A Month in the Country” and “Provincial Woman” were very popular with the public and warmly received by critics.

In 1847, Turgenev’s story “Khor and Kalinich” was published in the Sovremennik magazine, created under the impression of the writer’s hunting travels. A little later, stories from the collection “Notes of a Hunter” were published there. The collection itself was published in 1852. Turgenev called it his “Annibal's Oath” - a promise to fight to the end against the enemy whom he hated since childhood - serfdom.

“Notes of a Hunter” is marked by such a powerful talent that has a beneficial effect on me; understanding nature often appears to you as a revelation.”

Fedor Tyutchev

This was one of the first works that openly spoke about the troubles and harm of serfdom. The censor who allowed “Notes of a Hunter” to be published was, by personal order of Nicholas I, dismissed from service and deprived of his pension, and the collection itself was prohibited from being republished. The censors explained this by saying that Turgenev, although he poeticized the serfs, criminally exaggerated their suffering from landlord oppression.

In 1856, the writer’s first major novel, “Rudin,” was published, written in just seven weeks. The name of the hero of the novel has become a household name for people whose words do not agree with deeds. Three years later, Turgenev published the novel “The Noble Nest,” which turned out to be incredibly popular in Russia: everyone educated person I considered it my duty to read it.

“Knowledge of Russian life, and moreover, knowledge not from books, but from experience, taken from reality, purified and comprehended by the power of talent and reflection, appears in all of Turgenev’s works...”

Dmitry Pisarev

From 1860 to 1861, excerpts from the novel Fathers and Sons were published in the Russian Messenger. The novel was written on the topic of the day and explored the public mood of the time - mainly the views of nihilistic youth. Russian philosopher and publicist Nikolai Strakhov wrote about him: “In Fathers and Sons he showed more clearly than in all other cases that poetry, while remaining poetry... can actively serve society...”

The novel was well received by critics, although it did not receive the support of liberals. At this time, Turgenev's relations with many friends became complicated. For example, with Alexander Herzen: Turgenev collaborated with his newspaper “Bell”. Herzen saw the future of Russia in peasant socialism, believing that bourgeois Europe had outlived its usefulness, and Turgenev defended the idea of ​​strengthening cultural ties between Russia and the West.

Sharp criticism fell upon Turgenev after the release of his novel “Smoke”. It was a novel-pamphlet that equally sharply ridiculed both the conservative Russian aristocracy and revolutionary-minded liberals. According to the author, everyone scolded him: “both red and white, and above, and below, and from the side - especially from the side.”

From “Smoke” to “Prose Poems”

Alexey Nikitin. Portrait of Ivan Turgenev. 1859. State Literary Museum

Osip Braz. Portrait of Maria Savina. 1900. State Literary Museum

Timofey Neff. Portrait of Pauline Viardot. 1842. State Literary Museum

After 1871, Turgenev lived in Paris, occasionally returning to Russia. He actively participated in cultural life Western Europe, promoted Russian literature abroad. Turgenev communicated and corresponded with Charles Dickens, George Sand, Victor Hugo, Prosper Merimee, Guy de Maupassant, and Gustave Flaubert.

In the second half of the 1870s, Turgenev published his most ambitious novel, Nov, in which he sharply satirically and critically portrayed members of the revolutionary movement of the 1870s.

“Both novels [“Smoke” and “Nov”] only revealed his increasing alienation from Russia, the first with its impotent bitterness, the second with insufficient information and the absence of any sense of reality in the depiction of the powerful movement of the seventies.”

Dmitry Svyatopolk-Mirsky

This novel, like “Smoke,” was not accepted by Turgenev’s colleagues. For example, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote that Nov was a service to the autocracy. At the same time, popularity early stories and Turgenev’s novels have not decreased.

The last years of the writer’s life became his triumph both in Russia and abroad. Then a cycle appeared lyrical miniatures"Poems in Prose". The book opened with the prose poem “Village”, and ended with “Russian Language” - the famous hymn about faith in the great destiny of one’s country: “In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, oh great, powerful, truthful and free Russian language!.. Without you, how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that is happening at home . But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!” This collection became Turgenev's farewell to life and art.

At the same time, Turgenev met his last love- actress of the Alexandrinsky Theater Maria Savina. She was 25 years old when she played the role of Verochka in Turgenev's play A Month in the Country. Seeing her on stage, Turgenev was amazed and openly confessed his feelings to the girl. Maria considered Turgenev more of a friend and mentor, and their marriage never took place.

In recent years, Turgenev was seriously ill. Parisian doctors diagnosed him with angina pectoris and intercostal neuralgia. Turgenev died on September 3, 1883 in Bougival near Paris, where magnificent farewells were held. The writer was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovskoye cemetery. The writer's death came as a shock to his fans - and the procession of people who came to say goodbye to Turgenev stretched for several kilometers.

Born in the city of Orel on November 9 (October 28, old style) 1818 into a noble family. Father, Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev (1793-1834), was a retired cuirassier colonel. Mother, Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva (before Lutovinov’s marriage) (1787-1850), came from a wealthy noble family. Until the age of 9 Ivan Turgenev lived in the hereditary estate Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, 10 km from Mtsensk, Oryol province. In 1827 Turgenevs, in order to give their children an education, they settled in Moscow, in a house bought on Samotyok. After the parents went abroad, Ivan Sergeevich first he studied at the Weidenhammer boarding school, then at the boarding school of the director of the Lazarevsky Institute, Krause. In 1833, a 15-year-old Turgenev entered the verbal department of Moscow University. Where they studied at that time Herzen and Belinsky. A year later, after Ivan's older brother joined the Guards Artillery, the family moved to St. Petersburg, and Ivan Turgenev At the same time he moved to the Faculty of Philosophy at St. Petersburg University. Timofey Granovsky became his friend. In 1834 he wrote the dramatic poem “Wall”, several lyric poems. The young author showed these samples of writing to his teacher, professor Russian literature P. A. Pletnev. Pletnev called the poem a weak imitation of Byron, but noted that the author “has something.” By 1837, he had already written about a hundred small poems. At the beginning of 1837, an unexpected and short meeting took place with A.S. Pushkin. In the first issue of the Sovremennik magazine for 1838, which after his death Pushkin published under the editorship of P. A. Pletnev, with the signature “- - -въ” the poem was printed Turgenev“Evening”, which is the author’s debut. In 1836 Turgenev graduated from the course with the degree of a valid student. Dreaming of scientific activity, the following year he again took the final exam, received a candidate's degree, and in 1838 he went to Germany. During the trip, a fire broke out on the ship, and the passengers miraculously managed to escape. Fearing for his life Turgenev asked one of the sailors to save him and promised him a reward from his rich mother if he managed to fulfill his request. Other passengers testified that the young man plaintively exclaimed: “To die so young!”, while pushing women and children away from the lifeboats. Fortunately, the shore was not far away. Once on the shore, the young man was ashamed of his cowardice. Rumors of his cowardice permeated society and became the subject of ridicule. The event played a certain negative role in the subsequent life of the author and was described by Turgenev in the short story "Fire at Sea". Having settled in Berlin, Ivan took up his studies. While listening to lectures on the history of Roman and Greek literature at the university, at home he studied the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin. Here he became close to Stankevich. In 1839 he returned to Russia, but already in 1840 he again left for Germany, Italy, and Austria. Impressed by meeting a girl in Frankfurt am Main Turgenev later the story “Spring Waters” was written. In 1841 Ivan returned to Lutovinovo. He became interested in the seamstress Dunyasha, who in 1842 gave birth to his daughter Pelageya (Polina). Dunyasha was married off, her daughter was left in an ambiguous position. At the beginning of 1842 Ivan Turgenev submitted a request to Moscow University for admission to the exam for the degree of Master of Philosophy. At the same time, he began his literary activity. The largest published work of this time was the poem “Parasha,” written in 1843. Not hoping for positive criticism, he took the copy to V. G. Belinsky at Lopatin’s house, leaving the manuscript with the critic’s servant. Belinsky praised Parasha, publishing two months later positive feedback in Otechestvennye zapiski. From that moment their acquaintance began, which over time grew into a strong friendship. In the autumn of 1843 Turgenev I saw Pauline Viardot on stage for the first time opera house, When great singer came on tour to St. Petersburg. Then, while hunting, he met Polina’s husband, the director Italian theater in Paris, famous critic and art critic Louis Viardot, and on November 1, 1843 he was introduced to Polina herself. Among the mass of fans, she didn’t particularly stand out Turgenev, better known as an avid hunter rather than a writer. And when her tour ended, Turgenev Together with the Viardot family, he left for Paris against his mother’s will, without money and still unknown to Europe. In November 1845, he returned to Russia, and in January 1847, having learned about Viardot’s tour in Germany, he left the country again: he went to Berlin, then to London, Paris, a tour of France and again to St. Petersburg. In 1846 participates in the update of Sovremennik. Nekrasov- his best friend. With Belinsky he travels abroad in 1847 and in 1848 lives in Paris, where he witnesses revolutionary events. He becomes close to Herzen and falls in love with Ogarev's wife Tuchkova. In 1850-1852 he lived either in Russia or abroad. Most of the “Notes of a Hunter” were created by the writer in Germany. Without having an official marriage, Turgenev lived in the Viardot family. Pauline Viardot raised an illegitimate daughter Turgenev. Several meetings with Gogol And Fet In 1846, the stories “Breter” and “Three Portraits” were published. Later he wrote such works as “The Freeloader” (1848), “The Bachelor” (1849), “Provincial Woman”, “A Month in the Village”, “Quiet” (1854), “Yakov Pasynkov” (1855), “Breakfast at the Leader’s "(1856), etc. He wrote "Mumu" in 1852, while in exile in Spassky-Lutovinovo due to an obituary for his death Gogol, which, despite the ban, was published in Moscow. In 1852, a collection was published short stories Turgenev under common name"Notes of a Hunter", which was published in Paris in 1854. After the death of Nicholas I, four major works of the writer were published one after another: “Rudin” (1856), “The Noble Nest” (1859), “On the Eve” (1860) and “Fathers and Sons” (1862). The first two were published in Nekrasov's Sovremennik. The next two are in the “Russian Bulletin” by M. N. Katkov. In 1860, the Sovremennik published an article by N. A. Dobrolyubov “When will the real day come?”, in which the novel “On the Eve” and Turgenev’s work in general were rather harshly criticized . Turgenev put Nekrasov ultimatum: or he, Turgenev, or Dobrolyubov. The choice fell on Dobrolyubova, which later became one of the prototypes for the image of Bazarov in the novel “Fathers and Sons”. After that Turgenev left Sovremennik and stopped communicating with Nekrasov.Turgenev gravitates towards the circle of Westernized writers who profess the principles of “pure art”, opposing the tendentious creativity of the common revolutionaries: P. V. Annenkov, V. P. Botkin, D. V. Grigorovich, A. V. Druzhinin. For a short time Leo Tolstoy, who lived in the apartment for some time, also joined this circle Turgenev. After marriage Tolstoy on S. A. Bers Turgenev found in Tolstoy a close relative, however, even before the wedding, in May 1861, when both prose writers were visiting A. A. Fet on the Stepanovo estate, a serious quarrel occurred between the two writers, which almost ended in a duel and spoiled the relationship between the writers for many 17 years. From the early 1860s Turgenev settles in Baden-Baden. The writer actively participates in the cultural life of Western Europe, making acquaintances with the greatest writers of Germany, France and England, promoting Russian literature abroad and introducing Russian readers to the best works contemporary Western authors. Among his acquaintances or correspondents are Friedrich Bodenstedt, Thackeray, Dickens, Henry James, George Sand, Victor Hugo, Saint-Beuve, Hippolyte Taine, Prosper Mérimée, Ernest Renan, Théophile Gautier, Edmond Goncourt, Emile Zola, Anatole France, Guy de Maupassant , Alphonse Daudet, Gustave Flaubert. In 1874, the famous bachelor dinners of the five began in the Parisian restaurants of Riche or Pellet: Flaubert, Edmond Goncourt, Daudet, Zola and Turgenev. I. S. Turgenev acts as a consultant and editor for foreign translators of Russian writers; he himself writes prefaces and notes to translations of Russian writers into European languages, as well as to Russian translations of works of famous European writers. He translates Western writers into Russian and Russian writers and poets into French and German languages. This is how translations of Flaubert’s works “Herodias” and “The Tale of St. Julian the Merciful" for the Russian reader and Pushkin's works for the French reader. For a while Turgenev becomes the most famous and most read Russian author in Europe. In 1878, at the international literary congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice-president; in 1879 he was an honorary doctor of Oxford University. Despite living abroad, all thoughts Turgenev were still connected with Russia. He writes the novel “Smoke” (1867), which caused a lot of controversy in Russian society. According to the author, everyone criticized the novel: “both red and white, and above, and below, and from the side - especially from the side.” The fruit of his intense thoughts in the 1870s was the largest in volume of Turgenev’s novels, Nov (1877). Turgenev was friends with the Milyutin brothers (fellow Minister of Internal Affairs and Minister of War), A.V. Golovnin (Minister of Education), M.H. Reitern (Minister of Finance). At the end of his life Turgenev decides to reconcile with Leo Tolstoy, he explains the significance of modern Russian literature, including creativity Tolstoy, to the Western reader. In 1880, the writer took part in Pushkin celebrations dedicated to the opening of the first monument to the poet in Moscow, organized by the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. The writer died in Bougival near Paris on August 22 (September 3), 1883 from myxosarcoma. Turgenev's body, according to his wishes, was brought to St. Petersburg and buried in the Volkov cemetery in front of a large crowd of people.

Works

1855 - "Rudin" - novel
1858 - “The Noble Nest” - novel
1860 - "On the Eve" - ​​novel
1862 - "Fathers and Sons" - novel
1867 - "Smoke" - novel
1877 - "Nov" - novel
1844 - “Andrei Kolosov” - story/short story
1845 - “Three Portraits” - story/short story
1846 - “The Jew” - story/short story
1847 - "Breter" - story/short story
1848 - "Petushkov" - story/short story
1849 - “The Diary of an Extra Man” - story/short story
1852 - "Mumu" - story/short story
1852 - “The Inn” - story/short story
1852 - “Notes of a Hunter” - collection of stories
1851 - “Bezhin Meadow” - story
1847 - "Biryuk" - story
1847 - "The Burmister" - story
1848 - "Hamlet of Shchigrovsky district" - story
1847 - “Two Landowners” - story
1847 - “Yermolai and the miller’s wife” - story
1874 - "Living Relics" - story
1851 - “Kasyan with a Beautiful Sword” - story
1871-72 - "The End of Tchertopkhanov" - story
1847 - "The Office" - story
1847 - "Swan" - story
1848 - "Forest and Steppe" - story
1847 - "Lgov" - story
1847 - “Raspberry Water” - story
1847 - “My neighbor Radilov” - story
1847 - "The Ovsyannikov's Palace" - story
1850 - "The Singers" - story
1864 - "Peter Petrovich Karataev" - story
1850 - "Date" - story
1847 - "Death" - story
1873-74 - "Knocks!" - story
1847 - “Tatyana Borisovna and her nephew” - story
1847 - “District Doctor” - story
1846-47-"Khor and Kalinich" - story
1848 - "Tchertophanov and Nedopyuskin" - story
1855 - “Yakov Pasynkov” - story/short story
1855 - "Faust" - story/short story
1856 - "Calm" - story/short story
1857 - “Trip to Polesie” - story/short story
1858 - “Asya” - story/short story
1860 - “First Love” - story/short story
1864 - “Ghosts” - story/short story
1866 - "Brigadier" - story/short story
1868 - “Unfortunate” - story/short story
1870 - “Strange Story” - story/short story
1870 - “King of the Steppes Lear” - story/short story
1870 - "Dog" - story/short story
1871 - “Knock... knock... knock!..” - story/short story
1872 - “Spring Waters” - story
1874 - “Punin and Baburin” - story/short story
1876 ​​- "The Clock" - story/short story
1877 - “Dream” - story/short story
1877 - “The Story of Father Alexei” - story/short story
1881 - “Song of Triumphant Love” - story/short story
1881 - “The Master’s Own Office” - story/short story
1883 - “After Death (Klara Milich)” - story/short story
1878 - “In Memory of Yu. P. Vrevskaya” - prose poem
1882 - How beautiful, how fresh the roses were... - prose poem
1848 - “Where it’s thin, that’s where it breaks” - play
1848 - "Freeloader" - play
1849 - "Breakfast at the Leader" - play
1849 - "The Bachelor" - play
1850 - "A Month in the Country" - play
1851 - "Provincial Girl" - play
1854 - “A few words about the poems of F. I. Tyutchev” - article
1860 - “Hamlet and Don Quixote” - article
1864 - “Speech about Shakespeare” - article