Transport (from the Latin “I carry”, “I move”, “I translate”) is the circulatory system of the world economy. Not a single sector of the economy can exist without transport, since it is it that unites them into a single complex and transports goods and passengers.

We are so used to transport that we don’t notice it. But even minor interruptions in its work disrupt our comfort, and sometimes paralyze all parts of the economy.

It is no coincidence that transport in general or its individual types are developed in every country in the world. It connects countries and continents thousands of kilometers apart. All vehicles, enterprises and communication routes form the world's transport system.

Ground transport includes primarily road, rail, and pipeline transport.

Road transport is rightly called the transport of the 20th century. Maneuverability, ability to deliver passengers and cargo door-to-door, little dependence on weather conditions led to its rapid development.

In the early 90s, the global automobile fleet consisted of almost 500 million vehicles. About 80% of this number of vehicles were in developed countries. In terms of the total length of highways, the United States ranks first in the world (about 5 million kilometers); Western European countries and Japan stand out in terms of the density of the road network.

Road transport is a leader in intracity and suburban transportation. Modernization of vehicles in recent years has promoted motor transport to leading positions in long-distance transportation. Thus, tourists feel comfortable in double-decker buses even on long transcontinental routes. More and more heavy truck tractors are appearing on international routes.

In the “car capital” of the world, Los Angeles, 2/3 of the streets and squares are occupied by car parking. On average, there are two cars for every resident here. In Germany, the vehicle fleet density is 100 units per 1 km2.

In the world, approximately 4/5 of passengers are transported by road. Unfortunately, more than 200 thousand people die on the world's roads every year.

The car is the main polluter environment. It accounts for most of the pollutants that are released into the atmosphere every day.

Railway is different from other ground types of transport significant volume and variety of transportation, absolute independence from weather and relative cheapness. Therefore, for quite a long time it was a leader among other types of transport.

The total length of railways in the world is about 1.2 million kilometers. Half of them are in six huge states: the USA, Russia, Canada, India, China, and the Commonwealth of Australia. In terms of the amount of cargo transported, Russia ranks first in the world (almost half of global transport).

In many developed countries, the railway network is currently being reduced. Main reason This is due to fierce competition from road transport. Some developing countries have no rail network at all.

The current trend in the development of this type of transport is the electrification of railways, the introduction of high-speed lines, as well as super-heavy trains.

Pipeline transport carries out long-distance transmission of liquid, gaseous and solid (mainly bulk) cargo. Pipelines transport mainly oil and gas. This type of transport stands out among others due to the relative cheapness of transportation, and in terms of productivity it is second only to sea transport. The longest pipelines in the world are laid in the USA and Russia.

IN lately Product pipelines have appeared in the world, through which gasoline, ammonia, coal chips, and cement are transferred.

Conclusions:

Transport is the third important sector of the world economy.

All vehicles, enterprises and communication routes form the world's transport system.

Ground transport includes: road, rail, pipeline, as well as horse-drawn and pack types.

Road transport is the leader in the transportation of passengers and cargo. At the same time, it is a major environmental pollutant.

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There are 5 main types of transport: road, rail, water, air and pipeline. The significance of each of them can be assessed by indicators such as the length of highways, volume of traffic, profitability and content of transport flows (that is, by the composition of transported goods). Let's take a closer look at each type of transport.

Road transport.

After World War II, the rapid development of road transport began. The main reasons for such a rapid rise in motor transport were the inherent flexibility of delivery based on the “door to door” principle and the high speed of intercity transport.

The characteristics of freight vehicles best meet the transport needs of the processing industry and trade, when there is a need to transport expensive products over short distances. Almost all transportation between wholesale warehouses and retail enterprises is carried out by road. 26

From the point of view of technical and economic characteristics, the following advantages and disadvantages of vehicles can be identified:

Advantages of motor transport.

Possibility of delivering goods “from door to door”;

Ensuring high safety of cargo;

High degree of vehicle mobility;

High speed of transportation;

Cost-effective when transporting goods over short and medium distances (200-800 km);

There is no need to accumulate cargo as a result of which shipments become more rhythmic.

Disadvantages of vehicles:

Limited use over long distances;

Limited transportation of bulk cargo;

Dependence on the road network;

Quite high cost of transport. 27

Rail transport.

Railways provide economical transportation of large cargo, and also offer a number of additional services, thanks to which they occupy a practically monopoly position in the transport services market.

The main share of freight turnover in rail transportation is the export of mineral raw materials from mining sources located far from waterways. But beyond this, railways continue to turn to the specialization of rolling stock, resulting in the emergence of double-deck container platforms, multi-deck platforms for transporting cars, as well as articulated cars and special-purpose trains. This makes it possible to transport almost any cargo by rail. 28

From the point of view of technical and economic characteristics, the following advantages and disadvantages of railway transport can be identified:

Advantages of railway transport:

High efficiency of use during long-distance transportation;

Relative cheapness of transportation compared to road transport;

Possibility of delivery “from door to door” due to the construction of railway lines and access roads of enterprises;

High throughput and carrying capacity of transport;

Independence from the season, time of day and weather conditions;

Ability to transport bulk cargo in a short time.

Disadvantages of railway transport:

High costs of railway construction;

High costs of operation and maintenance of infrastructure and rolling stock. 29

Water transport.

This type of transport is used for transporting very large cargo or large consignments of goods. In water transport, a division into deep-sea (sea) and shipping and inland (river) navigation is accepted.

Typical cargoes for transportation along river routes are ores, minerals, grain, cement and some other agricultural products. As for deep-sea transportation, it is also dominated by bulk cargo such as coal, grain and ores. Container transportation is carried out on a large scale by water transport. Containerization makes loading and unloading operations easier, which is the basis for expanding intermodal transport capabilities through more efficient transfer of goods from one mode of transport to another. 30

From the point of view of technical and economic characteristics, the following advantages and disadvantages of water transport can be identified:

Advantages of water transport:

Low cost of transportation compared to other types of transport (especially over long distances);

Mobility. Depending on the supply and demand for tonnage, ships can easily switch from one route to another;

The large carrying capacity of the vessels makes it possible to transport large quantities of cargo;

Unlimited shipping capacity;

The indispensability of water transport due to geographical features.

Disadvantages of water transport:

Dependence on port operation;

Limited port capacity;

Dependence on climatic conditions. 31

Air transport.

This type of transport is less in demand compared to others due to the high cost of transportation. Air transport can transport any cargo, mainly not on a regular basis, but in case of emergency or impossibility of transportation by other means of transport. The main types of goods most frequently transported by air are high-value and perishable goods. When the period of sale of goods is extremely limited, air transport is the most practical and profitable method of transportation. 32

From the point of view of technical and economic characteristics, the following advantages and disadvantages of air transport can be identified:

Advantages of air transport:

High delivery speed;

Straightening the path;

High level of safety of transported goods;

Possibility of use in areas where it is impossible to use other modes of transport.

Disadvantages of air transport:

Transportation costs are too high

Limited load capacity;

Impossibility of transporting a wide range of goods;

Dependence on climatic conditions and ground infrastructure. 33

Pipeline transport.

Pipelines are a vital part of the transport system. Their main task is to transport crude oil and liquid petroleum products. In addition to oil, pipelines also transport natural gas and liquid chemicals. This type of transport has unique properties compared to all other types of transport. The pipelines are working around the clock with breaks only for changing transported products and maintenance. 34 It should also be noted that human participation in transportation by this type of transport is minimal, which significantly reduces variable costs.

From the point of view of technical and economic characteristics, the following advantages and disadvantages of pipeline transport can be identified:

Advantages of pipeline transport:

Low cost of transportation;

Tightness of pipes. Losses are practically eliminated;

High automation of transportation;

Independence from the environment;

Continuity of transportation.

Disadvantages of pipeline transport:

Labor intensity of pipeline construction. Pays off only in a direction with constant cargo flow;

Use in one direction only;

The volume of transportation is limited by throughput;

If the deposit runs dry, the pipeline is usually useless and unusable for other purposes. 35

Relative characteristics of modes of transport: 36

Characteristics	Railways	Auto transport	Water transport	Pipelines	Air transport
Speed
Availability
Reliability
Load capacity
Total score

Transport is the third leading branch of material production; it constitutes the material basis, affects the location of production, promotes the development of specialization and cooperation, as well as the development of integration processes.

All communication routes transport companies and vehicles together form the world's transportation system. affected all types of transport: speeds increased, load capacity increased, rolling stock multiplied. The emergence of containers and underwater tunnels has significantly expanded the possibilities of various cargoes.

The ratio of modes of transport in the transport systems of regions and individual countries is different. Thus, the industrial transport system has a complex structure and is represented by all types of transport, including electronic. France, Great Britain, etc. are distinguished by a particularly high level of transport development. It is developed countries that account for approximately 85% of the cargo turnover of global inland transport (excluding long-distance maritime transport). Moreover, in Western countries. In Europe, 25% of freight turnover is accounted for by rail transport, 40% by road transport, and the remaining 35% by inland waterways, sea (short-distance) cabotage and pipeline modes of transport.

Land transport

Automotive is a leader in intracity and suburban passenger transportation. Based on the length of highways, the following are distinguished: USA, Russia, India; in terms of density - Europe and Japan.

In the USA and Canada, the shares of rail and road transport in cargo transportation are almost equal. In countries Eastern Europe and railways continue to lead in cargo transportation, but the importance of road transport is constantly growing.

Pipeline - has developed rapidly due to the growth of production and gas. The global network of oil pipelines currently has a length of more than 400 thousand km, the network (of gas pipelines is even greater - 900 thousand km). The cost of transportation through pipelines is three times lower than by road. They ensure stability of transportation and less environmental pollution.

In North In America, pipelines are laid from oil and gas production areas to industrial consumption centers in the east of the continent. In the West In Europe they pass from seaports to the interior of the continent. In Russia, oil and gas pipelines are carried out from the Western regions. Siberia and to the European part of the country and further to the East. and Zap. Europe. The length of the Druzhba oil pipeline is 5.5 thousand km, and the Urengoy-Western Europe gas pipeline is about 4.5 thousand km.

Water transport

Sea - of all types of global transport, the cheapest is sea. It provides more than 75% of transportation between countries (the total volume of cargo is about 3.6 billion tons per year), serves 4/5 of all international trade, and transports liquid, bulk, and bulk cargo. The largest tonnage of the merchant fleet is in Japan, the USA, and Russia. The presence of a large fleet is explained by the fact that ships of other powers sail under the flags of these countries. In terms of the size of sea transportation, it stands out.

The world's largest ports (in terms of cargo turnover) include: Rotterdam (), Shanghai (China), Nagoya, Tokyo-Yokohama (Japan), New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco (USA), Antwerp (), Le Havre , Marseille (France), London, etc.

River - uses navigable canals and inland bodies of water. The largest shipping canals and river waterways in the world are the Intracoastal Canal (USA), the Grand Canal (China), the Volga-Kama Waterway (Russia), the Rhine-Main Waterway in Europe. River transport primarily serves the internal needs of individual states, but sometimes also international transportation(for example, according to, Danube in Europe, etc.).

The largest river and lake fleet is in the USA. Among the leading countries in the world in terms of inland water transport cargo turnover, China, Russia, Germany and Canada should also be noted.

Air transport

Air transport is the youngest and most dynamic. It ranks first in intercontinental transportation. The most developed countries have a dense network of airlines. The largest air fleet (aircraft) is concentrated in the USA, significant in Canada and Germany. More than 1 thousand airports participate in international communications (there are about 400 in Europe alone).

The largest airports in the world: in the USA - Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, Atlanta, New York (Kennedy), San Francisco; - London (Heathrow); Japan - Tokyo, as well as in Germany - France - Paris, etc.

Transport nowadays has become less dependent on nature. But at the same time, the negative impact of transport on nature (thermal, noise, chemical and other types of pollution) is growing. Many countries are taking measures to protect the environment from the negative impacts of transport.

Question No. 1. Transport. Purpose and components.

Transport is a set of means of communication, communication routes and structures, service devices. Often the term “transport” refers to the entire set of infrastructure, management, vehicles and transport enterprises that make up the transport system or sector of the economy.

Transport is divided into three categories:

1) public transport,

2) special-use transport and personal or individual transport. Transport for special use - intra-production and intra-departmental transport. Finally, personal transport is cars, bicycles, yachts, private jets.

3) Personal automatic transport forms a new category, as it combines the features of urban public transport and personal vehicles.

All transport can be divided into a number of groups according to certain characteristics.

By number of wheels: Monocycle, Bicycle, Tricycle, Quad bike

By wheel type: Rail transport, Light rail, Tracked vehicles

By engine type: Self-propelled transport, Motorized transport, Muscle-driven, Trailers

By moving environment: Water transport, Air transport, Ground and underground

By type of property and number of passengers: Individual transport, Public transport

By load capacity: Truck, Car

Question No. 2. Transport system. External, urban, suburban and local (exotic) transport.

Transport system - transport infrastructure, transport enterprises, vehicles and management together. A unified transport system ensures the coordinated development and operation of all types of transport in order to maximally satisfy transport needs at minimal costs.

Transport means are usually cars, bicycles, buses, trains, and airplanes.

Governance refers to control over the system, such as traffic signals, railroad tracks, flight control, etc., as well as rules (among other things, rules for financing the system: toll roads, fuel taxes, etc.). Transport system management is a set of measures aimed at efficient functioning this system through coordination, organization, ordering of the elements of a given system, both among themselves and with the external environment. Broadly speaking, network design is a task of civil engineering and urban planning, vehicle design is a task of mechanical engineering and specialized branches of applied science, and control is usually specialized within a particular network or related to control research or systems engineering.

Quantitative indicators of the transport system are:

1) the length of communication routes,

2) number of employees,

3) cargo and passenger turnover.

Transport system levels:

1) External: railway. air car, water (sea and river)

A settlement cannot live without transport. The components of external transport depend on the size and geographic location of the city.

2) Urban: necessary when increasing pedestrian accessibility (15 min). The components of external transport depend on the size and population of the locality. It happens: passenger (mass, local), cargo, special.

3) Suburban: buses. railway, water, auto. Increased intensity during the day and evening (=pendulum)

4) Local (exotic)

Transport corridors- this is a set of main transport communications of various types of transport with the necessary facilities that ensure the transportation of passengers and goods between different countries in the directions of their concentration. The system of international transport corridors also includes export and transit trunk pipelines.

Transport hub is a complex of transport devices at the junction of several modes of transport, jointly performing operations to service transit, local and urban transportation of goods and passengers. A transport hub as a system is a set of transport processes and means for their implementation at the junction of two or more main modes of transport. In a transport system, nodes have the function of control valves. Failure of one such valve can lead to problems for the entire system.

Question No. 3. Urban transport. Purpose and main characteristics.

Transport– a set of means of communication, communication routes, structures and service devices

Species: passenger, cargo, special (police, ambulance, Ministry of Emergency Situations, etc.) Beginning:

1. Cargo transportation (more predictable)

2.transportation of people

Freight transport is divided into

1. Industrial (depends on the size and profile of the business)

2. Construction (depending on the size of the city)

3. Consumer (from size and development trend)

4. Cleansing

Passenger

1. Citywide (mass: metro, trolleybuses, buses, trams; individual)

2. Local (traffic in a limited space - factory, fuel dispenser)

Carrying capacity- this is the number of passengers who can be transported along one line, in one direction, per unit of time. 80-90 thousand passengers per hour - metro 15 - 30-35 thousand passengers per hour - tram 10-23 thousand passengers per hour - trolleybus

Depends on capacity, stopping points

The largest is near the metro, train, tram, trolleybus, bus

Capacity is the number of passengers allowed to be transported according to the standards per 1m2. During rush hour there are 8 people per 1 square meter.

Speedmessages is the speed of movement on public transport, taking into account planned and unscheduled stops.

			Trolleybus		Individual
Capacity

4 Public passenger transport

Buses- the most common type of transport. The network of bus lines, as a rule, is characterized by the greatest length. Depending on their destination, bus lines are divided into two types:

the main ones, providing direct transport links between individual areas and the passage's prototypical points;

carriers providing delivery of passengers To stopping points of more powerful modes of transport (tram, metro, railway lines).

The main bus lines according to their position in the city plan are divided into:

internal, both ends of which are within the city;

Departures connecting the city with the suburban area and having one destination outside it.

The main internal lines have a length corresponding to the linear dimensions of the city; departure lines reach greater lengths (50 km or more). The supply lines are usually short in length.

To create the best operating conditions, bus routes are laid along streets with improved surfaces (cement-concrete, asphalt concrete, paving stones and mosaics), which ensure high speeds with the lowest fuel consumption and minimal wear of chassis and rubber. However, buses can also be temporarily operated on routes with transitional types of surface (cobblestone pavement, crushed stone highway, etc.).

Compared to other types of mass transport, buses have the greatest maneuverability, but in terms of carrying capacity they are inferior to trams. The disadvantage of buses, like all road transport, is the pollution of urban air with exhaust gases.

Bus traffic plays a significant role in serving developing areas of the city, for which the installation of more powerful modes of transport in the early stages may not be economically feasible. In addition, the bus is successfully used on city routes in central areas, especially in old cities with winding and insufficiently wide streets.

Bus transportation can be divided into: urban, suburban, local (with a route length of up to 100 km), short-distance intercity (100-300 km), long-distance intercity (over 300 km), service, etc. The carrying capacity of a bus line with good organization is 4500-5000 pass/h in one direction. The trend towards increasing the carrying capacity of bus lines is expressed in increasing the capacity of buses through the use of articulated bodies and double-decker buses.

Buses local service used for intra-district and inter-district passenger transportation. Their distinctive features- reliability and high cross-country ability, allowing the use of buses on unimproved roads, as well as the possibility of transporting non-bulky hand luggage.

Intercity buses are used to transport passengers along highways over long distances. Their increased comfort and design features allow for safe movement at high speeds.

Sightseeing buses differ in interior layout, seat design, and have good visibility. They are used on urban and suburban lines.

Service buses are intended for official trips of employees of enterprises and institutions, sanatorium and resort services, as well as for urban, local transportation and transportation of tourists. Based on capacity and size, buses are distinguished: especially low-capacity, up to 5.5 m long (10-12 seats);

small capacity up to 7.5 m long (45-48 seats); medium capacity up to 9.5 m long (60-65 seats); large capacity up to 11 m long (70-80 seats); especially large capacity up to 12 m long (100-120 seats).

Trolleybuses in terms of basic operational indicators they differ little from buses, however, their movement requires the installation of traction substations and the equipment of two-wire lines contact network. Trolleybuses are used on intracity (sometimes also on outbound) lines with average passenger flows.

When designing a trolleybus network, they strive to reduce to a minimum the number of intersections of lines with each other and with tram lines, since intersections and overhead switches reduce the speed of the trolleybus, and sometimes cause it to stop due to the slippage of the current collector. The capacity of the trolleybus rolling stock is 74-139 passengers. Due to the reliability of current collection, trolleybus line routes are laid only along streets with improved permanent pavements. The longitudinal slope of the trolleybus line should not exceed 0.07.

In terms of maneuverability, trolleybuses are inferior to buses, which is especially noticeable in old cities with streets of insufficient width. The main advantage of a trolleybus compared to a tram is that passengers board and disembark directly from the sidewalk. In addition, when moving, the trolleybus can deviate in both directions from the axis of the contact wire up to 4.2 m, which allows it to be used on streets with heavy traffic.

Tram lines have a higher equipment cost than buses and trolleybuses. Therefore, the tram network is characterized by a relatively lower density.

The largest carrying capacity of a tram, compared to other types of street transport, is determined by the placement of tram lines along routes with large, stable passenger flows. Departure tram lines are designed in the event that the bus does not provide transportation for in this direction and the demand for transportation cannot be satisfied by the existing electric railway line, and also if it is necessary to provide a direct tram connection between the city and the suburbs.

Tram lines are currently designed primarily as double-track lines with a central (relative to the axis of the street) or lateral tracks. On peripheral lines with small passenger flows, single-track lines are sometimes built with sidings every 0.5-2 km.

The concentration of passengers at tram stops located in the middle of the roadway forces the trackless transport to stop or reduce speed. In addition, the presence of a tram line reduces the possibility of overtaking. Thus, the overall efficiency of road transport operation is reduced. Because of this, there is a peculiar process of moving tram traffic from the central areas of old cities to the peripheral ones, where the traffic intensity is much lower.

Removing tram tracks from main streets improves traffic conditions in general and increases traffic safety. However, the removal of tram lines should be accompanied either by their transfer to parallel duplicate directions, or by the construction of a metro line in directions with high passenger flows. Sometimes the elimination of a tram line can be compensated by strengthening the work of trolleybus and bus transport.

The third leading branch of material production, it forms the material basis of the international division of labor, affects the location of production, promotes the development of specialization and cooperation, as well as the development of integration processes.

All communication routes, transport enterprises and vehicles together form the world transport system. Scientific and technological progress has affected all types of transport: speeds have increased, load capacity has increased, and rolling stock has multiplied. The emergence of containers and underwater tunnels has significantly expanded the possibilities of transporting various goods.

The ratio of modes of transport in the transport systems of regions and individual countries of the world is different. Thus, the transport system of industrialized countries has a complex structure and is represented by all types of transport, including electronic. Japan, the USA, France, Germany, Great Britain, etc. are distinguished by a particularly high level of development of transport infrastructure. It is developed countries that account for approximately 85% of the cargo turnover of global inland transport (excluding long-distance maritime transport). Moreover, in Western countries. In Europe, 25% of freight turnover is accounted for by rail transport, 40% by road transport, and the remaining 35% by inland waterway, sea (short-distance) cabotage and pipeline transport modes.

Land transport

Railway - and today its role remains important, especially in the transportation of bulk cargo. About 50% of the total length of railways is in 10 countries - the USA, Russia, India, Canada, China. Western Europe leads in the density of railways.

Automotive is a leader in intracity and suburban passenger transportation. Based on the length of highways, the following are distinguished: USA, Russia, India; in terms of density - Europe and Japan.

In the USA and Canada, the shares of rail and road transport in cargo transportation are almost equal. In the countries of Eastern Europe and the CIS, railways continue to lead in cargo transportation, but the importance of road transport is constantly growing.

Pipeline - has developed rapidly due to the growth of oil and gas production. The global network of oil pipelines currently has a length of more than 400 thousand km, the network (of gas pipelines is even greater - 900 thousand km). The cost of transportation through pipelines is three times lower than through railway. They ensure stability of transportation and less environmental pollution.

In North In America, pipelines are laid from oil and gas production areas to industrial consumption centers in the east of the continent. In the West In Europe, they pass from seaports to industrial centers in the interior of the continent. In Russia, oil and gas pipelines are carried out from the Western regions. Siberia and the Volga region to the European part of the country and further to the East. and Zap. Europe. The length of the Druzhba oil pipeline is 5.5 thousand km, and the Urengoy-Western Europe gas pipeline is about 4.5 thousand km.

Water transport

Sea - of all types of global transport, the cheapest is sea. It provides more than 75% of traffic between countries (the total volume of cargo is about 3.6 billion tons per year), serves 4/5 of all international trade, and transports liquid, bulk, and bulk cargo. The largest tonnage of the merchant fleet is in Japan, the USA, Greece, and Russia. The presence of large fleets in Panama and Liberia is explained by the fact that ships of other powers sail under the flags of these countries. The Atlantic Ocean stands out in terms of the size of maritime transport.

The world's largest ports (in terms of cargo turnover) include: Rotterdam (Netherlands), Singapore, Shanghai (China), Nagoya, Tokyo-Yokohama (Japan), New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco (USA), Antwerp ( Belgium), Le Havre, Marseille (France), London, etc.

River - uses navigable rivers, canals and inland reservoirs. The largest shipping canals and river waterways in the world are the Intracoastal Waterway (USA), the Grand Canal (China), the Volga-Kama Waterway (Russia), the Rhine-Main-Danube waterway in Europe. River transport primarily serves the domestic needs of individual states, but sometimes also carries out international transportation (for example, along the Rhine and Danube rivers in Europe, etc.).

The largest river and lake fleet is in the USA. Among the leading countries in the world in terms of inland water transport cargo turnover, China, Russia, Germany and Canada should also be noted.

Air transport

Air transport is the youngest and most dynamic. It ranks first in intercontinental transportation. The most developed countries have a dense network of airlines. The largest air fleet (aircraft) is concentrated in the USA, significant in Canada, France, Australia, and Germany. More than 1 thousand airports participate in international air services (there are about 400 in Europe alone).

The largest airports in the world: in the USA - Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, Atlanta, New York (Kennedy), San Francisco; UK - London (Heathrow); Japan - Tokyo, as well as in Germany - Frankfurt am Main, France - Paris, etc.

Transport nowadays has become less dependent on nature. But at the same time, the negative impact of transport on nature (thermal, noise, chemical and other types of pollution) is growing. Many countries are taking measures to protect the environment from the negative impacts of transport.