The influence of religion on culture. Culture and religion: is there a connection between these spheres of spiritual life? The influence of religion on the formation of cultural values

In the history of culture, the emergence of three world religions was of particular importance: Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. These religions made significant changes to culture, entering into a complex interaction with its various elements and aspects. Primitive culture was characterized by the indivisibility of public consciousness, therefore, in ancient times, religion, which was a complex interweaving of totemism, animism, fetishism and magic, was merged with primitive art and morality, and together they were an artistic reflection of the nature surrounding a person, his labor activity. Religion had a huge impact on ancient culture, one of the elements of which was ancient Greek mythology. From myths, we learn about the historical events of that time, about the life of society and its problems. Ancient Greek mythology had a great influence on the culture of many modern European peoples. Leonardo da Vinci, Titian, Rubens, Shakespeare addressed her. Mozart and many other composers, writers and artists. Biblical myths, including the myth of the god-man Jesus Christ, were the most attractive in art. Painting has lived for centuries with interpretations of the Nativity and the baptism of Christ, the Last Supper, the crucifixion, resurrection and ascension of Jesus. On the canvases of Leonardo da Vinci, Kramskoy, Ivanov, Christ is presented as the highest ideal of Man, as the ideal of purity, love and forgiveness. The same moral dominant prevails in Christian icon painting, frescoes, and temple art. The Bible is a monument of Hebrew literature (Old Testament) and early Christian literature (New Testament). The Bible reflected the life of the peoples of the Ancient Mediterranean - wars, agreements, the activities of kings and generals, the life and customs of that time. Therefore, the Bible is one of the largest monuments of world culture and literature. The Quran includes Islamic teachings about the fate of the world and man, contains a collection of ritual and legal regulations, edifying stories and parables. The Koran presents ancient Arabic customs, Arabic poetry, folklore. In the literature of the 19th century, images of people of the Christian spirit of holiness appear: F. M. Dostoevsky has Prince Myshkin in the novel “The Idiot”; L. N. Tolstoy - Platon Karataev in "War and Peace". Later, Christ appeared in M. Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita under the name Yeshua.

Europe. The most important feature of medieval culture is the special role of Christian doctrine and the Christian church. In the context of the general decline of culture immediately after the destruction of the Roman Empire, only the church remained for many centuries the only social institution common to all countries, tribes and states of Europe. The church was the dominant political institution, but even more significant was the influence that the church had directly on the consciousness of the population. Christianity offered people a coherent system of knowledge about the world, about its structure, about the forces and laws acting in it.

The medieval European was, of course, a deeply religious person. According to the apt expression of S. Averintsev, the Bible was read and listened to in the Middle Ages in much the same way as we now read fresh newspapers.

Byzantium. Byzantine culture became the first Christian culture in the full sense. It was in Byzantium that the formation of Christianity was completed, and for the first time it acquired a complete, classical form in its orthodox, or Orthodox, version. The Byzantine temple differs significantly from the ancient classical temple. The latter acted as the abode of God, while all the rites and festivities took place outside, around the temple or in the adjacent square. Therefore, the main thing in the temple was not the interior, but the exterior, its appearance. On the contrary, the Christian church is built as a place where believers gather. Therefore, the organization of the internal space comes to the fore in it, although the appearance does not lose its significance. It is in this vein that the church of St. Sophia in Constantinople (532-537), which became the most famous monument of Byzantine architecture. Its authors are the architects Anfimy and Isidore. Outwardly, it does not look too grandiose, although it is distinguished by rigor, harmony and magnificence of forms. However, inside it seems truly immense. The effect of boundless space is created, first of all, by the huge dome with a diameter of 31 m located at a height of 55 m, as well as the sub-domes adjacent to it, expanding the already huge space. Icon painting reaches a high level in Byzantium. which is a kind of easel cult painting. The period of the first flowering of Byzantine icon painting falls on the 10th-11th centuries, when the image of the human figure occupies a dominant position in the icon, and other elements - the landscape and the architectural background - are transmitted very conditionally. Among the outstanding examples of icon painting of this period is the icon of St. Gregory the Wonderworker (XII century), which is distinguished by deep spirituality, fine drawing and rich color. Of particular note is the icon of Our Lady of Vladimir (XII century), which became the main icon of the Russian Orthodox Church in Rus' and remains so to this day. The Virgin and Child depicted on it is endowed with a penetrating expression and, for all its holiness and spirituality, is filled with deep humanity and emotionality.

Moscow Rus'. Rus' officially adopted Christianity in 988, in the act of the famous baptism on the Dnieper of the inhabitants of Kyiv. The change of faith in Rus' took place without foreign intervention. It was her inside business. She herself made her choice. Most of its neighbors adopted Christianity from the hands of missionaries and crusaders. The choice of the eastern branch of Christianity - Orthodoxy - was determined by a number of reasons, internal and external. Paganism had to give way to a new religion, as it reflected the democratic life of the ancient Slavic society, disappearing under the onslaught of state-wide feudalism. The decisive factor in turning to the religious and ideological experience of Byzantium was the traditional political, economic, and cultural ties between Kyiv and Constantinople. For Prince Vladimir, it was important that baptism and the borrowing of Byzantine culture associated with this should not deprive Rus' of its independence. Despite the fact that the Orthodox Church was headed by the Byzantine patriarch and emperor, Rus' was a completely sovereign state. Vladimir's reforms were aimed at this, aimed at changing the cultural foundations of Kievan Rus. And another moment attracted him. Christianity, following the Orthodox model, did not bind theology with linguistic canons. In Catholicism, worship was held in Latin. Kyiv defended the national worship, emphasizing the exaltation of the Slavic language to the level of the divine. The Byzantine Church allowed religious worship in the national language. Christianity, borrowed from the Greeks, ultimately turned out to be neither Byzantine nor Western, but Russian. This Russification of the Christian faith and the Church began early and proceeded in two directions. The first is the struggle for their national church at the top. The Greek metropolitans met in Rus' with a tendency towards originality. The first Russian saints were exalted for political reasons, not related to faith, contrary to the opinion of the Greek metropolitan. The second stream came from the people. The new faith could not supplant what was part of the people themselves. Along with the Christian faith, which was not strong enough among the people, the cults of the old gods were alive. It was not dual faith that developed, but a new faith as a result of the Russification of Christianity. Christianity was assimilated by the Russians in a peculiar way, like everything that came from outside.

23.Culture of the Italian and Northern Renaissance. Reformation.

Renaissance culture is divided into three periods:

1. Early Renaissance (14th-15th century)

2. High Renaissance (15-16 centuries)

3. Northern Renaissance

The term "Renaissance" indicates the connection of a new culture with antiquity, the Society of Italy is interested in the culture of Ancient Greece and Rome, the manuscripts of philosophers-writers (including Cicero, Livy, etc.)

During the Early Renaissance:

***Secular motives are getting stronger, various spheres of life, society-philosophy, literature, art, architecture, education, science are becoming more and more independent of the church.

**** The center of attention was the person, and the worldview of this culture was humanistic.

**** The era of the Early Renaissance had a pronounced secular character, opposed the dominance of the church, opposed feudal privileges, defended the place of man in life.

**** The humanists of the Renaissance believed that in a person the origin and his social origin are not important, but personal qualities: mind, knowledge, creative energy,

Ability, self-esteem. A strong, talented and comprehensively developed personality was recognized as an ideal person.

Early Italian Renaissance - Dante, Francesco, Giovanni Boccacho - famous poets of the Renaissance, the famous work "DECAmeron" Bocacacho Great geographical discoveries played a huge role in this breakthrough In 1456, Portuguese ships reached Cape Verde, In 1492 a great event happened - H. Columbus, Italian , who moved to Spain, crossed the Atlantic Ocean in search of a way to India and landed near the Bahamas, discovering a new continent - America.

In 1498, the Spanish traveler Vasco da Gama, rounding Africa, successfully brought his ships to the shores of India. From the 16th century Europeans are penetrating into China and Japan, of which they previously had only the most vague idea. From 1510 the conquest of America begins

In the 17th century Australia was discovered. The idea of ​​the shape of the earth has changed: the round-the-world trip of the Portuguese F. Magellan (1519-1522) confirmed the conjecture that the earth is round. Most of all, a sharp artistic view of things, professional independence, and special skills are valued. Hence the motives of tragedy found in the works of W. Shakespeare, M. Cervantes, Michelangelo and others.

The connection between art and science is one of the most characteristic features of the culture of the Renaissance.

Artists began to see the world differently:

planar, as if incorporeal images of medieval art gave way to three-dimensional, relief, convex space.

Raphael Santi (1483-1520), Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) sang with their creativity the perfect personality, in which physical and spiritual beauty merge together in accordance with the requirements of ancient aesthetics.

An indispensable condition for this, the Italian humanists Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457) and L. Alberti (1404-1472) considered the accumulated knowledge that helps a person to make a choice between good and evil

Suffice it to recall the heroic images created by Michelangelo, and their creator himself - a lyricist, an artist, a sculptor. People like Michelangelo or Leonardo da Vinci were real examples of the limitless possibilities of man.

Reformation.

Germany became the birthplace of the Reformation. Its beginning is considered the events of 1517, when the doctor of theology Martin Luther (1483-1546) spoke with his 95 theses against the sale of indulgences. From that moment began his long duel with the Catholic Church.

The Reformation quickly spread to Switzerland, the Netherlands, France, England, and Italy. In Germany, the Reformation was accompanied by the Peasants' War, which was on such a scale that no other social movement of the Middle Ages can compare with it.

The Reformation found its new theorists in Switzerland, where its second largest center after Germany arose. There, John Calvin (1509-1564), who was nicknamed the "Pope of Geneva", finally formalized the reformation thought.

Ultimately, the Reformation gave rise to a new direction in Christianity, which became the spiritual basis of Western civilization - Protestantism. Part of the population of Europe departed from Catholicism: England, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Holland, Finland, Switzerland, part of Germany, the Czech Republic, etc. And significant changes took place in Catholicism itself. Protestantism freed people from the pressure of religion in practical life . Religion has become a personal matter. Deprived of the mediation of the church, a person now had to be responsible for his actions, that is, a much greater responsibility was assigned to him. The Reformation exalted the importance of worldly life and activity, preaching the possibility of communicating with God through a society arranged accordingly.

Introduction 3

1. The essence of religion and the relationship between culture and religion 5

2. Main characteristics of world religions 6

Christianity 6

Buddhism 9

3. The influence of world religions on the development of culture. fourteen

Conclusion 17

List of sources used 18

Vocabulary 19

Introduction

Let's start our consideration of the topic with the words of Douglas Davis: “It is impossible to understand humanity without understanding its religious beliefs. Sometimes naive, sometimes penetratingly noble, sometimes refined, sometimes cruel, sometimes filled with an all-consuming tenderness, sometimes world-affirming, sometimes denying the world, sometimes turned inward, sometimes having the character of a universal mission, sometimes superficial, and often deep in its content - religion permeates life man from time immemorial."

In relation to culture, religion, religious faith is considered differently. There is an atheistic position according to which religion is an expression and the result of human weakness, ignorance, lack of culture. According to atheism, culture does not need religious faith, morality is not only not justified, but also not supported by the belief that God either does not exist at all, or this is some kind of dogmatization of ideals, which is not necessary for a reasonable, enlightened, civilized, cultured person. Others believe that without faith, and precisely without religious faith, there is not and cannot be true culture. Faith in this position is seen as a meaningful value, as something that gives meaning and enduring value to everything else in life. Such religious faith exists, first of all, as faith in God. It is God who acts as the highest value: as absolute truth, absolute goodness, absolute beauty, as the meaning of humanity and human freedom and, at the same time, as its highest limit. Religion, faith in God turns out to be an expression of a living human feeling, the possibility and necessity of the unity of people, based on the ideals of holiness, justice, love, mercy. Only in relation to this highest value are all other blessings of life and culture values.

But they single out the concept that denotes religions that have a supranational character. These are world religions. By the number of followers, there are three world religions: Christianity (about 1.4 billion people), Islam (900 million people) and Buddhism (about 700 million people).

The purpose of this test is to study the issue of world religions as a cultural phenomenon. Guided by the point of view that culture is a certain level of development of social creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of people's life, their interaction, as well as in the totality of the material values ​​they create, we must determine for ourselves whether religion is an element of culture ? Or is it still the basis of culture. Or maybe - a phenomenon that stands apart and has its own historical path? After all, religion - a system of beliefs, a cult and religious institutions that carry it out, is a product of the human mind and human activity. Of course, and therefore in this work religion will be considered as an integral part of the development of society; as a factor that served at various stages of the formation of society, either as an impetus to flourishing or as a brake on culture; an institution, one way or another inherent in all peoples, but unfolding in isolated cultural environments, which ultimately determined the diversity of religions.

So, the solution of the main goal of the control work is reduced to the consideration of the following aspects:

The essence of religion and the relationship between culture and religion;

Main characteristics of world religions (Christianity, Buddhism, Islam);

The influence of world religions on the development of culture.

1. The essence of religion and the relationship between culture and religion

Religion is a necessary component of social life, including spiritual culture. In society, it performs a number of important socio-cultural functions, and one of them is ideological, or meaningful. Indeed, in religion, as a form of spiritual development of the world, its mental transformation and organization for consciousness is carried out, during which its holistic picture, norms, values, ideals and other components of the worldview are developed that determine a person’s attitude to the world and act as cultural guidelines and regulators. behavior.

However, the function of a religious worldview is not only to form a certain picture of the world for a person, but first of all, thanks to this picture, he can find the meaning of his being, take an active part in both the material and spiritual life of society. It is also called the value function. After all, the knowledge of a person: why he lives, what is the meaning of the events that take place, makes him strong, helps to overcome life's hardships, suffering, and even meet death with dignity, since all this is filled with a certain meaning for a religious person.

Thus, the main role of religion is to give human norms and values ​​an absolute, unchanging character, independent of the conjuncture of spatio-temporal coordinates of being, the emergence of new social institutions or the change of social formations. And this function is realized through the formation of a person's spiritual life, the most important component of which is culture.

Religion is a spiritual force that ensures the integrity of culture. It creates a hierarchy of values, at the top of which stands God, and all other values, as it were, are derived from Divine Providence. Thus, religion is able to subjugate and unite all spheres of culture around itself.

Thus, in a culture that arises on the basis of a certain religion, serving the needs of the church forms the general direction and style of artistic creativity. Art is permeated with religious terms and ideas, philosophy and science proceed from the ideas about nature, society, and man consecrated by this religion. Thus, everything that exists receives a single explanation and justification, and even the most distant cultural forms from each other turn out to be interconnected by common attitudes due to the dominant religion.

Religion has a dual effect on culture. On the one hand, those of its forms that are associated with a religious cult are developing. The construction of temples became the impetus for the progress of architecture; Catholic chant with organ melodies gave rise to the flowering of music in Europe. But at the same time, the dominance of religion over culture hinders the freedom to apply creative forces. Where art is dominated by religion, the church narrows the scope for creativity, and sometimes bans entire branches of it. In Islam, for example, the image of people and animals is prohibited, and Orthodoxy allows only a flat outline of biblical characters and saints. The trend towards the integration of all culture on the basis of religion was especially strong in the Middle Ages, however, the predominance of religion over culture and the spiritual development of people significantly limited their freedom of thought. Only in modern times did culture begin to acquire a secular character independent of the church; and yet, tracing the historical course of its development, it can be argued that culture itself originated precisely in religion, absorbed its essence by its roots, and even having stepped over its borders, remained a reflection of the religious heritage of a particular nation. Therefore, our main task is to establish the relationship between religion and culture, both at various stages of the development of human society, and in relation to the main world religious movements.

2. Main characteristics of world religions

Christianity

Christianity (from Greek - “anointed one”, “messiah”) is one of the three world religions that arose in the 1st century. in Palestine.

Speaking of the development of the European world, one cannot miss the movement of the Christian religion, to which the re-creation of the ancient world is attributed, and from which the history of the new Europe begins.

The founder of Christianity is Jesus Christ (Yeshua Mashiach). Jesus - the Greek vowel of the Hebrew name Yeshua, was born in the family of the carpenter Joseph - a descendant of the legendary King David. Place of birth - the city of Bethlehem. The place of residence of the parents is the city of Nazareth in Galilee. The birth of Jesus was marked by a number of cosmic phenomena, which gave reason to consider the boy the Messiah and the newborn king of the Jews. He was baptized at the age of 30. The main qualities of his personality were humility, patience, goodwill. When Jesus was 31 years old, from all his disciples, he selected 12, whom he designated to be the apostles of the new teaching, of which 10 were executed.

The Bible consists of two parts: the Old and New Testaments ("covenant" - a mystical agreement or union). The Old Testament (4-2 centuries BC) includes 5 books attributed to the Hebrew prophet Moses, as well as 34 works of a historical, philosophical, poetic and purely religious nature. These 39 officially recognized (canonical) books make up the Holy Scripture of Judaism - the Tanakh. The Old Testament contains the Jewish picture of the creation of the world and man, as well as the history of the Jewish people and the main ideas of Judaism.

The New Testament was created in the process of the formation of Christianity and is actually the Christian part of the Bible, it contains 27 books: 4 Gospels, which describe the earthly life of Jesus Christ, describe his martyrdom and miraculous resurrection; Acts of the apostles - disciples of Christ; 21 epistles of the apostles James, Peter, John, Jude and Paul; Revelation of the Apostle John the Theologian (Apocalypse).

Christianity is distinguished precisely by faith in Jesus Christ, not as a prophet, but as a God-man. As you know, the Christian Trinity is the unity of God the Father, God the Holy Spirit and, finally, God the Son, Jesus Christ, consubstantial with God the Father and God the Holy Spirit, and, at the same time, being the embodiment of the divine in the human. Christ is the God-Man, conquering death, embodying hopes for a radical change in the world, for overcoming its ulcers. In Christianity, unlike Buddhism and Islam, the main symbol is transformation, change, purification. For Christianity, history is a directed movement. Christian history is a one-time, unique, ultimately God-determined process that has a clear beginning (creation), as well as an ultimate goal - the coming of the Messiah, the Last Judgment. The content of this process is the drama of a man who has fallen away from God, who has fallen into sin, to whom only the mercy of God can give eternal bliss from beyond. And this mercy can be bestowed only if you have faith in the Savior, as well as in the Church as the bearer of faith. And the fate of each person, therefore, is the moment of the fate of mankind.

The Christian Church, having arisen, was split, divided, reformed. The Roman Catholic Church recognizes the condescension of the Holy Spirit both from God the Father and from God the Son, while the Greek Orthodox Church recognizes only from God the Father. The Orthodox Church does not recognize infallibility in matters of faith of the high priest (pope), does not recognize the practice of indulgences, the doctrine of the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary. Catholics and Orthodox baptize differently (the first by dousing, the second by immersion). Among Catholics, the celibacy of all the clergy is accepted, while among the Orthodox, only monasticism. The Catholic Church is more rationalized. The Reformation movement rejected the authority of the pope and, in general, all authorities except the authority of the Holy Scriptures. Moreover, the Bible turned out to be acceptable to understand in different ways.

With all the differences between Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism, faith in the one God, faith in Christ the Savior, who suffered for sinful people, and who saves everyone with his pain, with his death, remains unshakable. He gives hope and comfort to all who suffer. Every soul relates to God through faith, through prayer.

Christianity affirms universal norms of morality, which must be observed. And if in the Mosaic Old Testament commandments these norms are mainly of a prohibitive nature (do not kill, do not commit adultery, do not steal, etc.), then in the New Testament they are supplemented. It is prescribed for a person, not doing evil and not resisting evil by force, to love even enemies, to forgive, not to judge other people, to do alms, to be merciful, and in general to strive to be perfect, as the Heavenly Father is perfect.

The Christian worldview is based on the belief that God will judge a person according to his deeds. Evil will be punished, it will be rewarded. But the good will be appreciated. Even if there were deviations from the ideal of Christian behavior, redemption is always possible, forgiveness can be earned, if not on earth, then in Heaven.

An important place in Orthodoxy is occupied by sacramental rites, during which, according to the teachings of the church, a special grace descends on the believers. The Church recognizes seven sacraments:

Baptism is a sacrament in which a believer, when the body is immersed three times in water with the invocation of God the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, acquires a spiritual birth.

In the sacrament of chrismation, the believer is given the gifts of the Holy Spirit, returning and strengthening in spiritual life.

In the sacrament of communion, the believer, under the guise of bread and wine, partakes of the very Body and Blood of Christ for Eternal Life.

The sacrament of repentance or confession is the recognition of one's sins before a priest who releases them on behalf of Jesus Christ.

The sacrament of the priesthood is performed through episcopal ordination during the elevation of one or another person to the rank of clergyman. The right to perform this sacrament belongs only to the bishop.

In the sacrament of marriage, which takes place in the temple at the wedding, the marital union of the bride and groom is blessed.

In the sacrament of unction (unction), when the body is anointed with oil, the grace of God is called upon the sick, healing the infirmities of the soul and body.

Christianity plays a big role in the modern world. Now it can be called the dominant religion of the world. Christianity penetrates into all spheres of life of people of different nationalities. And against the backdrop of numerous hostilities in the world, its peacekeeping role is manifested, which in itself is multifaceted and includes a complex system that is aimed at shaping the worldview. Christianity is one of the world's religions, which adapts as much as possible to changing conditions and continues to have a great impact on the mores, customs, personal life of people, their relationships in the family.

Buddhism

The founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama, son of King Shuddhodana, who left a luxurious life and became a wanderer on the paths of a world full of suffering. He sought liberation in asceticism, but convinced that the mortification of the flesh leads to the death of the mind, he abandoned it. Then he turned to meditation and after a few weeks without food or drink, he achieved enlightenment and became a Buddha. After which he preached his doctrine for forty-five years and died at the age of 80.

Tripitaka, Tipitaka (Sanskrit "three baskets") - the books of the Buddhist Scriptures, perceived by believers as a set of revelations of the Buddha as presented by his disciples.

In the first centuries of its existence, Buddhism was divided into 18 sects, and at the beginning of our era, Buddhism was divided into two branches, Hinayana and Mahayana. In 1-5 centuries. the main religious and philosophical schools of Buddhism were formed in the Hinayana - Vaibhashika and Sautrantika, in the Mahayana - Yogachara, or Vij-nyanavada, and Madhyamika.

Having arisen in the North-East of India, Buddhism soon spread throughout India, reaching its peak in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. - the beginning of the 1st millennium AD Faced with the conditions and culture of the northern countries, the Mahayana gave rise to various currents that mixed with Taoism in China, Shinto in Japan, and local religions in Tibet.

So, for Buddhism, the starting point was that life in the world is full of suffering. The source of suffering is the very birth of a person, and the meaning and character of each new birth (for a person is born again after his death) is determined by the deeds committed in a past life. The craving for earthly goods complicates existence, leads to unworthy deeds and, thus, predetermines the imperfection of new incarnations of a person, the chain of which is uninterrupted. It is necessary to break this chain, understanding the illusory nature of this life, and achieve true knowledge, true existence, freed from earthly fuss.

The Buddha's teaching, in his opinion, had one taste - a taste for liberation, for a person to achieve a higher state - nirvana, which is very difficult to determine. Nirvana is not an ordinary life, for to live is to suffer. But this is not death, not non-existence. This is precisely the special being of a person who has freed himself from rebirth, who has eliminated the causes of suffering through a radical change in himself and his relationship with the world. The state of nirvana is difficult to achieve. And less is required of a simple Buddhist: to be truthful, generous, to take care of monks and teachers, to try not to do evil, not to have evil thoughts. Then he will live better on earth and receive hope for bliss in the future.

A characteristic feature of Buddhism is its ethical and practical orientation. Buddhism put forward as a central problem - the problem of being a person. The core of the content of Buddhism is the Buddha's preaching about the "four noble truths": there is suffering, the cause of suffering, liberation from suffering, the path leading to liberation from suffering.

Psychologically, suffering is defined, first of all, as the expectation of failures and losses, as the experience of anxiety in general, which is based on a feeling of fear, inseparable from the present hope. In essence, suffering is identical with the desire for satisfaction. Death due to the adoption of Buddhism is a chain of endless rebirths.

Buddhism imagines liberation, first of all, as the destruction of desire, more precisely, the quenching of their passion. The Buddhist principle of the middle path recommends avoiding extremes, both the desire for sensual pleasure and the complete suppression of this attraction. In the moral-emotional sphere, there is the concept of tolerance, "relativity", from the standpoint of which moral prescriptions are not binding and can be violated. The moral ideal appears as an absolute non-harm to the environment (ahinsa), kindness, a feeling of perfect satisfaction. The equivalent of extinguishing desires is liberation, or nirvana.

In Buddhism, there is no need for God as a creator, savior, provider, i.e. in general as, of course, the supreme being. From this follows also the absence in Buddhism of the dualism of the divine and the non-divine, God and the world, and so on. Starting with the denial of external religiosity, Buddhism in the course of its development came to its recognition. The Buddhist pantheon is growing due to the introduction into it of all kinds of mythological creatures, one way or another assimilating with Buddhism. Extremely early in Buddhism, a sangha-monastic community appears, from which, over time, a kind of religious organization has grown.

Islam

The founder of Islam Muhammad (Mohammed, Muhammad). Born in Mecca (about 570), orphaned early. He was a shepherd, married a rich widow and became a merchant. In 622 he moved to Medina. He died (632) in the midst of preparations for the conquests, as a result of which a huge state was formed - the Arab Caliphate.

The Koran (literally - reading, recitation) is the holy scripture of Islam. Muslims believe that the Koran exists eternally, is kept by Allah, who, through the angel Jabrail, conveyed the contents of this book to Muhammad, and he orally acquainted his followers with this revelation. The language of the Quran is Arabic.

Most of the Qur'an is a polemic in the form of a dialogue between Allah, speaking either in the first or in the third person, or through intermediaries (“spirit”, Jabrail), but always through the mouth of Muhammad, and the opponents of the prophet, or Allah’s appeal with exhortations and instructions to him followers.

The Qur'an consists of 114 chapters (suras), which have neither a semantic connection nor a chronological sequence, but are arranged according to the principle of decreasing volume: the first suras are the longest, and the last are the shortest.

The Quran contains the Islamic picture of the world and man, the idea of ​​the Last Judgment, heaven and hell, the idea of ​​Allah and his prophets, the last of which is Muhammad, the Muslim understanding of social and moral problems.

The most important concepts of the Muslim religion are "Islam", "Din", "Iman". Islam in a broad sense began to designate the whole world, within which the laws of the Koran were established and operate. Classical Islam, in principle, does not make national distinctions, recognizing three statuses of a person's existence: as "orthodox", as "protected" and as a polytheist, who must either be converted to Islam or exterminated. Each religious group united in a separate community (ummah). Ummah is an ethnic, linguistic or religious community of people, which becomes the object of deities, the plan of salvation, at the same time, the ummah is also a form of social organization of people.

"Din" - the duties that Allah prescribed to a person (a kind of "God's law"). Muslims include three main elements in "din": "the five pillars of Islam", faith and good deeds.

The Five Pillars of Islam are:

1) the confession of monotheism and the prophetic mission of Muhammad;

2) daily prayer five times;

3) fasting once a year in the month of Ramadan;

4) voluntary cleansing alms;

5) pilgrimage (at least once in a lifetime) to Mecca ("hajj").

"Iman" (faith) is understood primarily as "evidence" about the object of one's faith. In the Qur'an, first of all, Allah bears witness to himself; the believer's response is like a returned testimony.

There are four main articles of faith in Islam:

into one god;

in his messengers and writings;

The Qur'an names five prophets - messengers ("rasul"): Noah, with whom God renewed the alliance, Abraham - the first "numin" (believer in one god); Moses, to whom God gave the Torah for the "sons of Israel", Jesus, through whom God communicated the Gospel to Christians; finally, Muhammad - "the seal of the prophets", who completed the chain of prophecy;

into angels;

resurrection after death and judgment day.

After the Battle of Siffin in 657, Islam split into three main areas, in connection with the solution of the issue of supreme power in Islam: Sunnis, Shiites and Ismailis.

In the middle of the 18th century the religious and political movement of the Wahhabis arises, preaching a return to the purity of early Islam in the time of Muhammad. Founded in Arabia by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. The ideology of Wahhabism was supported by the Saudi family, who fought to conquer all of Arabia. Currently, the Wahhabi doctrine is officially recognized in Saudi Arabia. Wahhabis are sometimes called religious and political groups in different countries, financed by the Saudi regime and preaching the slogans of establishing "Islamic power".

The main thing in Islam is the belief that Allah is the only God, and Muhammad is his prophet and messenger. Ablutions, prayers, fasting are obligatory. It is forbidden to drink alcoholic beverages, eat pork, gamble. It is necessary to perform hajji - going to holy places. There is a tax on property and income in favor of the religious community, and voluntary donations. And when it is very necessary, that is Jihad - the full return of forces, means, time, opportunities for the triumph of Islam. Behavior in everyday life is regulated by Sharia - a set of religious and legal norms, principles and rules, the observance of which means a righteous life pleasing to Allah. In the mass consciousness, Sharia is perceived both as a Divine Law and as a way of life for a Muslim.

The role of Islam is currently quite large, but, unfortunately, it is associated with religious extremism. Indeed, in this religion this concept has a place. Members of some Islamic sects believe that only they live according to divine laws and correctly profess their faith. Often, these people prove the case with cruel methods, not stopping at terrorist acts. Religious extremism, unfortunately, remains a fairly widespread and dangerous phenomenon - a source of social tension.

3. The influence of world religions on the development of culture

The role of religion in the life of specific people, societies and states is not the same. Some live according to the strict laws of religion (for example, Islam), others offer complete freedom in matters of faith to their citizens and do not interfere at all in the religious sphere, and religion may also be banned.

Religion forms a system of principles, views, ideals and beliefs in a person, explains to a person the structure of the world, determines his place in this world, indicates to him what the meaning of life is. It gives people consolation, hope, spiritual satisfaction, support. A person, having a certain religious ideal in front of him, changes internally and becomes able to carry the ideas of his religion, assert goodness and justice, resigning himself to hardships, not paying attention to those who ridicule or insult him.

Religion promotes the unification of people, helps the formation of nations, the formation and strengthening of states. But, at the same time, the religious factor can lead to division, disintegration of states and societies, when large masses of people begin to oppose each other on a religious basis.

Thus, religion plays a cultural and social role.

Christianity played a huge role in the development of European culture.

The Bible, biblical images and plots have dominated painting and sculpture for centuries, thus making a significant contribution to the formation of the cult of the deified Christ. The best thing that European architecture has created - church architecture, was called upon to glorify the greatness of God and the church. Music in the church (fugues and chorales of Bach), as well as the church choir in Orthodox services, could not but exert their influence on the musical culture of entire nations.

Biblical aphorisms, images, plots, brief and capacious concepts (“the cross is heavy”, “the path to Calvary”, King Herod, the traitor Judas, etc.) for centuries formed and nourished systems of life perceptions, assessments, moral concepts. The most important dogmas and postulates of the church about obedience, patience, retribution in the next world formed among the peoples the idea of ​​inevitability, sent down from above by those orders that reign in the world. From century to century, they evolved into a whole system of worldview, according to which, it would be possible to get rid of earthly hardships at best after the Last Judgment and the second coming of Christ.

Although, it is extremely important to take into account that the influence of the church on the traditions, culture and life of the peoples of Europe differed significantly in the western (Catholic-Protestant) and eastern (Orthodox) parts of it. And this difference to a large extent contributed to the unequal paths, pace and results of the social evolution of European countries.

In the West, the protest against the omnipotence of the church, which led to the Reformation, gave a strong impetus to anti-clericalism (secular) development outside the mainstream of church influence. In the East, however, the merging of the Orthodox Church with the state created a much more powerful system of an unshakable autocratic and despotic tradition sanctified by church authority, which turned out to be much more difficult to break.

Buddhist culture was originally associated with the preaching of social harmony, equality and non-violent existence. Prudence, confidence, restraint, gentleness are the main features of Buddhist ethics. She teaches: “The adornment of a person is wisdom, the adornment of wisdom is calmness, the adornment of calmness is courage, the adornment of courage is gentleness.” The basic principles of the Buddhist worldview are formulated as follows: to prevent and suppress evil, to do and maintain good. And in Chinese Buddhism, five leading precepts of moral behavior are listed: do not kill, do not steal, do not lie, do not look at women with lust, do not drink alcohol.

In the field of spiritual culture, Buddhism developed the traditions of searching for special psychic forces in a person, allowing him to control the internal processes of the body and penetrate with his thought into the depths of the secrets of the universe. These traditions led to the accumulation of vast experience of spiritual self-improvement, to the development of special means and methods of immersion in oneself, bringing one's own "I" into a state of so-called trance, which gives extraordinary mystical experiences.

Indian sages I-II centuries. AD is credited with the creation of the decimal system or the invention of zero, however, the exact scientific disciplines in the countries of Buddhist culture practically did not develop. The only exception was architecture - the most striking embodiment of Buddhist art. In numerous temples distinguished by exquisite decoration and unique forms, you can find hundreds of statues of Buddhist gods. Originating on the Arabian Peninsula, Islam, as it spread, absorbed the achievements of many cultures: Greco-Roman, Byzantine, Persian, Indian and others. Because Muslim culture is multinational. Its creators were Arabs, Persians, Moors, Tajiks, and Turks. Its unifying elements are directly Islam and the Arabic language - the language of the Koran.

A feature of Muslim culture is the combination of a strict unity of the system of basic religious values ​​and strict regulation of everyday behavior with a fairly broad free-thinking in the interpretation of the theological problems of Islam. And the development of philosophy and science in the Muslim world was largely facilitated by respect for learning, which became a tradition along with reverence for the Koran.

In both Christian and Muslim cultures, the main struggle on the basis of theological reflection ensued between mysticism and rationalism. Sufism began to express the first direction of thought - the idea of ​​spiritual self-deepening and secret occult knowledge.

Another powerful branch of Islamic philosophy, rationalism, relies entirely on logic. This approach to knowledge played a huge role in the development of science, because the Arab world of the Middle Ages gave humanity a lot of knowledge in various areas of life. We use Arabic numerals and algebra based on them, knowledge from astronomy, mineralogy, botany, pharmacology, zoology, linguistics and other sciences. The Arab art of healing was especially famous in Europe.

Muslim literature and poetry developed in organic connection with philosophy and science; and a specific feature of Islamic culture is the almost complete absence of fine arts in it. This is a consequence of the prohibition imposed by religion on the image of man, animals and everything divine. For the same reason, the Muslim world lost the theater, but instead of paintings or statues, Islamic artists have long developed the ornamental art of arabesques and artistic calligraphy. Muslim religious or palace architecture is original and elegant. The famous Taj Mahal, the mosques of Cordoba, Bukhara, Istanbul, Samarkand amaze with their size, completeness of style, abundance of carvings, ornaments and mosaics, complex symmetry of ornamental lace.

Conclusion

In earthly life, in conditions of physical and social inequality of people living in a world full of lies, injustice, grief and evil, world religions assert that all people are initially equal, that everyone has the possibility of a different, more perfect life. Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity proclaim and defend the freedom of the spirit in different ways.

But in the main they agree. Religious ideas contain a call and demand to be humane, conscientious and responsible, tolerant and merciful. And most importantly, religious faith makes it easier for a person to solve the painful problem of the meaning of life. A separate life, felt as a moment of eternal life, becomes initially and obviously meaningful.

And since faith in God is seen as a comprehending, ennobling, inspiring force, it seems obvious that religion is not just a phenomenon of culture, but a necessary element of its highest level.

The role of religion and culture, and most importantly, their unity and balance, is great not only in the formation of national identity, but also in eliminating conflicts on ethno-confessional grounds. Especially when the development of interfaith dialogue, intercultural ties and cooperation becomes an effective alternative to hostility, cultural disunity and religious intolerance. The unity of religion and culture in the conditions of living in the same territory and close social relationships of people of different national traditions are of great importance. You can even say - the key, because they touch on the widest range of issues of organizing their life together on the basis of the interaction of various religions and the cultural and historical way of life.

In general, as the American physicist Niels Bohr wittily remarked: “Humanity has made two great discoveries. One is that there is a God, the other is that there is no God.” And it is probably not so important which of these points of view each one adheres to in his self-determination. It is important to find the road that will lead us all to the Temple.

List of sources used

1.Introduction to cultural studies: Textbook in 3 parts. Part 2. Chapter XYIII. M., 1995.

2. Introduction to religious studies. M., 1985.

3. Eremeev D.E. Islam: way of life and style of thinking. M., 1990.

4. Erasov B.S. Culture, religion and civilization in the East. M., 1990.

5. Islam: traditions and innovations. M., 1991.

6.Mamontov S.P. Fundamentals of Cultural Studies: Textbook. M., 2001.

7. Rozanov V.V. Religion. Philosophy. Culture. M., 1992.

8.Yakovlev E.G. Art and World Religions. M., 1987.

Glossary of basic concepts

The Bible (Greek biblio - books) is a set of books that Christians consider divinely revealed, that is, given from above, and are called Holy Scripture.

Buddhism is a religious and philosophical doctrine that arose in ancient India in the 6th-5th centuries. BC.

"Din" - the duties that Allah prescribed to a person (a kind of "God's law").

Islam (“giving oneself (to God), submission”) arose in the Hijaz (at the beginning of the 7th century) among the tribes of Western Arabia.

The Koran (literally - reading, recitation) is the holy scripture of Islam.

The ideological function of religion provides the perception and understanding of the world, during which its holistic picture, norms, values, ideals and other components of the worldview are developed that determine a person’s attitude to everything around and act as cultural guidelines and regulators of behavior.

Nirvana - "liberation from the bustle of the world, passions"

Religious associations are associations of followers of a certain religion, arising on the basis of a common belief and ritual - a church, cult, sect, dogma.

Religion is the unity of the worldview, the corresponding behavior and specific action (cult), which are based on the belief in the existence of one or more gods, "sacred", that is, one or another variety of the supernatural. Religious activities are rituals, divine services, prayers, sermons, religious holidays.

And them ratios between themselves they are always ... "VGPU") SUMMARY ON HISTORY RELIGIONS TOPIC: " culture and religion" The work was completed by: a student of the PP group ...

Ratio culture and civilization in the concept of N.A. Berdyaev

Abstract >> Culture and art

The Contradiction of Cultural Creativity……………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………11 Chapter 3. Ratio culture and civilization in the concept of N.A. Berdyaev ..., the revival of interest in religions and militant godlessness, conjugation in culture extreme individualism with unprecedented...

Despite the fact that the words "culture" and "cult" have a similar sound and even are often mistakenly defined as the same root, the similarity between the meanings of these words is superficial. The only thing that unites culture and cult is belonging to the moral and spiritual sphere of human life and the influence of religion on culture and vice versa. In the modern world, in most states, religion and culture are corroded, and coexist as separate independent layers of the spiritual life of society. However, from time to time, due to the relationship between culture and religion, either cultural objects with pronounced religious motives, or religious and philosophical cults based on modern culture are created.

Modern philologists, historians and religious scholars interpret it as worship before something or someone; in the field of religion, cult is the worship of a deity based on faith, as well as all the rituals, rites and traditions associated with worship. Culture in the broadest interpretation is the totality of all human actions that are not aimed at satisfying biological instincts. In a narrower sense, the concept of "culture" refers to the practical implementation of any spiritual and moral values ​​and human aspirations, and the most obvious result of such implementation is creativity. However, in addition to creativity, culture also includes the rules of communication and behavior in society, the rules and well-known moral and ethical standards that all members of society adhere to.

Relationship between culture and religion in the ancient world

In ancient times, culture and cult were practically inseparable, since the whole life of people was regulated by beliefs and religious traditions. Primitive religions based on were firmly merged with the creativity and morality of man, and were a creative reflection of the surrounding nature and the world. A vivid example of such a strong connection between culture and religion in the life of ancient peoples can be called many monuments left over from ancient civilizations: the ruins of majestic religious buildings - masterpieces of architecture, ancient jewelry used in various ceremonies and served as protective amulets, statues carved from solid stone, installed on the burial sites, and even rock art, which is a graphic description of the life and beliefs of ancient people.

Religion also had a significant impact on ancient culture, because even now the most complete sources of information about the events of those times are myths and legends. Mythology is not only stories about gods, but also stories about real kings, generals and heroes who lived in those times. And the holy book of all Christians, the Bible, in the Old Testament contains a description of the history, life and traditions of the Jewish people, as well as those peoples with whom the Jews had military or political conflicts. The scriptures of other religions also describe not only the covenants and commandments for believers, but also the lives of prophets and rulers, philosophical research and valuable knowledge of that time, and many historical events.

The vast majority of historical and cultural monuments of the ancient era, which have survived to this day, are related to both culture and religious cults. One of the seven wonders of the world, the Egyptian pyramids are indeed a marvel of architecture and architecture, but for the ancient Egyptians they were primarily of religious significance. And among the peoples of Eastern Europe, cultural monuments of antiquity have a cult significance - for example, one of the most famous sights of Kyiv, St. Sophia Cathedral, was erected by order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise in the first half of the 11th century in order to perpetuate the victory over the Pechenegs and glorify Christianity in Kievan Rus .

The relationship of culture and religion in the Middle Ages

In the Middle Ages, a clear distinction between culture and religion began, and these two layers of a person's spiritual life began to coexist separately, although they were often closely intertwined with each other. Talented writers, musicians and artists lived during this period of human history, and their works were not connected with religious themes, and the church prohibited works of such "secular" nature only in those cases when they were recognized as blasphemous and immoral. In most states during the Middle Ages, there was quite strict censorship, so many works of art were banned and destroyed.

Another side of the relationship between culture and religion in the Middle Ages was the huge role of religion in the life of society, so the spiritual and social life of people was closely connected with religion. Even if scientists, politicians and artists in the depths of their souls rejected religious dogmas, they did not share their opinions with society, but continued to "play for the public." Therefore, the culture of behavior, communication and social and family life in the Middle Ages was based primarily on the laws of religion, and not law.

Culture and religion in our time

in most countries it no longer plays such a significant role as literally 2-3 centuries ago. The Constitution of many states explicitly states that every person has freedom of religion, and the church is separated from the state. Therefore, it is natural that religion and culture coexist side by side, but the connection between them is not as strong as in the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, these two spheres of spiritual life are quite compatible with each other - many believers are engaged in creativity, work in the field of culture, etc. Also, modern writers and artists often turn to biblical motifs, and some singers sing songs on religious themes.

However, not only religion affects culture, but vice versa: the requirements of the church for believers have been significantly softened compared to the Middle Ages, for example, now a priest will not declare a sinner and atheist a person who rarely attends a church service and will not expel a woman who entered there in trousers. Also, under the influence of modern culture, new religious and philosophical cults are being created, which include features of different religions and cultures.

In the project "The influence of the national and religious traditions of the Russian people on the modern life of Russia" we want to show the significance and diversity of national traditions that formed the basis of the culture of the people. The traditions of any nation are formed over the centuries and passed down from generation to generation both orally and in writing. Some traditions have not been preserved, since modern trends (education, television and the geopolitical situation in the world, etc.) form a new generation of people.

In its history, each nation carries out spiritual and creative accomplishments that endure centuries - this is ancient art, music, features of national clothes, cuisine, etc. Each generation brings its own culture, and it becomes the achievement of the people, is common to all mankind.

That is why the national Genius and his work are the subject of special patriotic pride and love: in his work the life of the national spirit is concentrated and embodied. Genius creates from himself, but at the same time for his people. His work was often passed from mouth to mouth by our ancestors. National memory preserves the features of holidays, traditions, folklore, arts and crafts, but the trends of the new time, of course, affect the formation of a new generation of people. Therefore, our task is to collect and summarize the material that keeps the national memory of the people.

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Department of Education of the City Administration of Yurga

Municipal Autonomous General Educational Institution

"Gymnasium of the city of Yurga"

Project

« The influence of the national and religious traditions of the Russian people on the modern life of Russia»

10th grade student

Head: Serova V.V.

Yurga 2017

Project passport………………………………………………………………....2

Risks and ways to minimize them…………………………………………………….4

Project Implementation Stages……………………………………………………...5

Relevance of the project…………………………………………………………...6

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………. 7

1.1.Culture and national traditions………………………………….....8

1.2. Birth and baptism…………………………………………………….8

1.3. Wedding………………………………………………………………………9

1.4. The rite of remembrance……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Holidays

2.1. About the concept of a holiday…………………………………………………….12

2.2. Slavic holidays and customs in modern life……………...13

2.3. Traditional holidays in the life of modern Russians……………14

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………… 16

List of sources……………………………………………………………...17

Application……………………………………………………………………...18

name of the project	"The influence of the national and religious traditions of the Russian people on the modern life of Russia"
	Fironova Margarita Alexandrovna
Project type	Information - research
Implementation base	MAOU "Gymnasium of the city of Yurga"
Goal and tasks	Purpose: To study the influence of the national and religious traditions of the Russian people on the modern life of Russia in the framework of project activities. Tasks: 1. Find and structure information on a given topic; 2. Conduct a survey of students; 3. Analyze the results of the survey; 4. Post the results of your activities on the site; 5. Analyze the results of the project;
Implementation timeline	2016-2017
Stages of project implementation	Project implementation (February - April 2017) Final (April-May 2017)
List of main events	Drawing up a work algorithm; Search activity, information search, study, analysis, comparison, generalization. Preparation of materials, preparation of the questionnaire. Questioning students, analysis of the results of the survey.
Expected end results	As a result of the project implementation, the following will be achieved: The degree of influence of the national and religious traditions of the Russian people on the modern life of Russia was studied. Possibility of using the materials of the project during class hours, social studies lessons. Placement of the project on the Internet for a wide range of users
Project activity product	Blog on the site "Scarlet Sails".

Risks and ways to minimize them

While working on this project, I run the risk of not processing a large amount of information on this topic, as well as “leaving” the main topic of my project. In order to avoid this, it is necessary to consult with the teacher and use different sources of information to compare data.

Stages of project implementation

Preparatory (September-October 2016)

• Choosing a Project Theme

• Statement of the problem, formulation of the research topic.

• the formulation of the purpose and objectives of the study, the definition of the object and subject of the study, the choice of research methods.
• Preparation of a preliminary list of sources of information for the implementation of the project.
• Establishing project deadlines, writing a work plan.

Organizational (November - January 2016-2017)

• Planning, identification of specific sources of information.
• Research work with text, with materials on the Internet: study, analysis, comparison, generalization.

Implementation;

• FROM structuring of the found information
• Drawing up a questionnaire
• Conducting a student survey
• Analysis of the survey results
• Registration of results: presentation, site page.

Final (April 2017)

• Defense of research work.
• Self-analysis of results.
• Placement of project materials on the site.

Project relevance

Despite the fact that the concept of "traditions" is known to everyone, their role in the life of society is far from fully understood. Tradition is the transfer of certain values ​​and experience from generation to generation. Modern Russians know offensively little about their customs and traditions, often their knowledge of the cultures of other peoples is more extensive. “The people who do not know and do not appreciate their history are bad,” said the Russian artist Vasnetsov.The rich cultural spiritual heritage of our past practically remains unclaimed.

The younger generation today, unfortunately, has practically a very poor idea of ​​the moral culture of the people, examples from the historical past of their homeland. Drugs, violence, violation of moral and cultural values ​​are widespread among young people. That is why the mastery of cultural and moral knowledge will help to fight against an unhealthy and dangerous trend that needs to be eliminated. Turning to the past and following ancient traditions and moral norms is a return to the origins of the culture of the people.

Hypothesis : for most of the youth and the adult population, national and religious traditions are terra incognita (unknown land) - just as obscure and unexplored.

Introduction

AT project “The influence of the national and religious traditions of the Russian people on the modern life of Russia” we want to show the significance and diversity of national traditions that formed the basis of the culture of the people. Traditions of any nationadd up centuries and passed down from generation to generation both orally and in writing. Some traditions have not been preserved, since modern trends (education, television and the geopolitical situation in the world, etc.) form a new generation of people.

In its history, each nation carries out spiritual and creative accomplishments that endure centuries - this is ancient art, music, features of national clothes,cuisine etc. Each generation brings its own culture, and it becomes the achievement of the people, is common to all mankind.

That's why the national genius and hiscreation turn out to be the subject of special patriotic pride and love: in his work the life of the national spirit is concentrated and embodied. The genius creates from himself, but at the same time for his people. His work was often passed from mouth to mouth by our ancestors. National memory preserves featuresholidays , traditions, folklore, arts and crafts, but the trends of the new time, of course, affect the formation of a new generation of people. Therefore, our task is to collect and summarize the material that keeps the national memory of the people.

1.1 Culture and national traditions.

Why in modern society do we need knowledge of cultural and historical traditions, moral norms that guided our distant ancestors? Is it necessary? After all, now is a completely different time and other laws. There are no clear answers to such questions.

culture - a set of achievements of human society in industrial, social and spiritual life.

Traditions - these are historically developed and passed down from generation to generation customs, norms of behavior and tastes. Oral transmission of any historical information, tradition.

Culture expresses the totality of knowledge, ideals, spiritual experience of the people on the centuries-old path of the formation of society. Throughout the millennia-long history of the development of the people, on the basis of folk traditions, an understanding of spirituality, reverence for the memory of ancestors, a sense ofcollectivism , love for the world, nature. Any nation takes its moral roots, its origin in ancient times. Knowledge of one's historical and cultural roots instills in a person pride in the past of his Motherland, patriotism, a sense of responsibility, duty to the state and family.

Since the Russian people at all times paid special attention to their way of life, family and home, those traditions and rituals that are directly related to this area are especially interesting. Moreover, most of them are associated with the birth of children, with christenings, weddings, and funerals.

1.2 Birth and baptism

In the X century, Prince Vladimir recognized Christianity as the state religion of Rus' and today is an example of the synthesis of the fundamentals of Christiancreeds and Slavic traditions.

Everyone knows that Orthodoxy is one of the largest religions preached in Russia. According to the results of the survey, about 73% of the inhabitants of Russia are Orthodox Christians. Therefore, in the future we will talk about them.

Having adopted Christianity, the people did not abandon their grandfather's customs, but, on the contrary, preserved them, giving them a different, religious form. Since paganism corresponded to the practical and spiritual needs of man, it did not die, but took root in a new religion, forming something new, a unique alloy - everyday Orthodoxy. It clearly manifested its own aesthetics and ethics, it was Christianity of a new kind, with its saints and holidays.
Pagan ideas and actions began to take Christianized forms: thus, declaring a source or a tree holy, they explained this by the appearance of an icon here; the healing properties of the tree by the fact that the saint is buried here. According to the most ancient tradition, children were taught, standing on the ground, not to say a bad word about it, as they believed that "mother earth will not forgive this." In early spring, it was forbidden to hit the ground with a stick, because at that time she was "in a state of pregnancy", i.e. prepared to give birth to bread and revive all plants. With the adoption of Christianity, this pagan belief even got into church literature: “If he beat the earth ... 15 days of penance,” i.e. church punishment. When meeting with adults, it was necessary to bow and reach the ground with your hand, which expressed the wish for prosperity. And the earth was called nothing but "mother", "nurse". In folk holidays, both "demonic" and Christian principles were combined. On holy days, they burned bonfires and explained it this way: “deceased parents come to warm themselves and from this the wheat will be ferocious”.

On the Christian holiday of Christmas, they tell fortunes, perform a series of magical pagan actions: in the evening they put kutia and honey in a cup, everyone puts their spoon with a recess down, cover it. In the morning, coming from the church, they look whose spoon turned over - expect trouble.

And the most interesting thing is that we still adhere to many traditions - for example, most expectant mothers become very superstitious and are afraid to cut their hair, sew or knit, hang clothes on a rope, etc. And also about the old Russian traditions, women can remember immediately after giving birth - that is why, for example, it is not customary to show a newborn child to strangers for forty days.

As for the rite of christening, it appeared quite a long time ago - just when the Russian people switched from paganism to Christianity. Moreover, washing the baby in sacred water, as well as naming him with a new name, has always been an integral part of the rite in question.

1.3. Wedding

Many customs are devoted to holding a wedding celebration, and this will be discussed further. Moreover, these traditions can be associated with everything related to this holiday. But as much as people don't want to follow all the customs, they usually stick to the most basic of them.

Previously, a Russian wedding was held strictly according to customs and traditions, all stages followed one after another.

Today, wedding traditions have changed. Some of them belonged to the Russian people from time immemorial, but were greatly transformed, some were borrowed from others.

Bride ransom. The rite was inherited from pagan times. This mini-performance is about how the groom rescues the betrothed from the other world, although today this symbolism has been completely lost. But even now he must overcome obstacles, carry out the tasks of the bridesmaids, and bargain. The more fierce the struggle and bargaining, the stronger the marriage will be, beliefs say.

Blessing. Refers to the later, already Christian, tradition of the Russian people. This custom has been preserved: before leaving for the registry office, the bride's parents bless the young with icons, which are later kept in the new family as a relic. Before entering the registry office, young people are showered with grain, sweets, rose petals, confetti.

Walk. Previously, the wedding train, for which, by the way, they took other people's horses, drove along the central streets and went around the whole village or city in a circle. Now young people take a walk, visiting memorable or even simply beautiful places where you can make beautiful wedding.

Wedding. Surprisingly, even some hundred years ago, the wedding ceremony was mandatory for all couples who decided to join their fate. And the point here is not in increased religiosity, but in the fact that until 1917 the wedding ceremony was the only way to register a marriage! The situation changed dramatically after the October Revolution, when the church lost almost all its positions. It was then that the church altar was replaced by the registry office that is familiar to all of us - the department of civil records.

Now it is the 21st century, but the number of couples who dream of appearing before God on the most important day of their lives is growing inexorably. It is believed that the wedding ceremony makes the family strong and united, helps to find compromises and forgive each other for small weaknesses, keeps from rash acts, jealousy and betrayal.

Those couples who came to church not for the sake of a beautiful ceremony, but out of spiritual need, tune in to a long and happy life, for which they are ready to make any sacrifices.

The wedding ceremony also has a great influence on the upbringing of children, because people close to the church strive to bring peace and grace into their lives. In such families, you will not hear screams and insults, children respect their elders, and parents try to be an ideal role model.

Loaf . After the wedding, the newlyweds were showered with rain of grain and hops, which was supposed to make their marriage happy and rich. The bride's parents blessed the young family with an icon, and the groom's parents met the young with a loaf. Most often, the groom's parents even today meet the young with a loaf. True, they do not bake it, but buy it in a store or cafe.

"Bitter!" Previously, guests used this word to confirm that they did not have water in their glass, but when presenting gifts, they could kiss the bride. After this custom turned into a requirement of kisses from the young. Nowadays, many couples refuse this ritual.

Bachelor and bachelorette party. The bachelorette party was more important from the point of view of rituals. There was a tradition that the bride and her friends went to the bathhouse. So she said goodbye to a girl's life. A broom was made for her, decorated with ribbons and flowers. It was believed that if one of the girlfriends was the first to take a steam bath with a broom after the bride, then she would marry next. Now they still hold stag and hen parties, although in a different form.

1.4. Rite of commemoration.

Several centuries ago in Rus' there were two types of commemoration of the deceased: secret and explicit.

In the first case, relatives laid out alms on neighbors' windowsills and porches for forty days. It could be eggs, bread, matches, cloth, towels. Having accepted such alms, the neighbors had to pray for the soul of the deceased. It was also believed that they take on some of the sins of the deceased.

With a clear commemoration, relatives of the deceased ordered his funeral in the church. After that, at the gates of the church, it was customary to distribute pies and other sweets to children and the poor. So that the soul would not go to hell, relatives donated money to the church bell, which later, with its ringing, could call the sinner out of hell. Or it was possible to donate a rooster to the neighbors so that he would sing daily for the sins of the deceased. Also, sometimes at the end of the commemoration, women who provided special assistance in organizing them are handed out handkerchiefs that must be kept.

Some of these traditions are preserved today. For example, in commemoration of the deceased, sweets are distributed.

2. Holidays

2.1. On the concept of a holiday.

Holidays exist in all societies and cultures, from ancient times, when they celebrated the events of the cosmic cycle, to modern times. They are a necessary condition of social existence and a specific expression of a person who, unlike animals, has a unique ability to celebrate, i.e. include in your life the joys of other people and the experience of the culture of previous generations.

Holidays are the most ancient and constantly reproduced element of culture, which in certain periods of history is able to experience decline, but cannot disappear completely. With its loss, society would apparently lose one of the essential components of its humanity and the source necessary for its normal existence. After all, this element of culture is designed to organize and aesthetically design free time. Holidays have always been and still remain an important means of forming and establishing a community, contributing to the socialization of a person.

As the analysis of historiography has shown, researchers substantiate the reasons for the emergence of holidays as a cultural phenomenon in different ways. Many adhere to a simplified approach to the analysis of the cultural aspects of the holidays, believing that the holidays as a cultural phenomenon were the result of people's desire for rest after intense working days, a kind of protection from physical and moral fatigue. One can agree with this statement only partially.

The true reason for the emergence of holidays as an element of universal culture is the result of the accumulation by people, humanity as a whole of cultural experience, which objectively needs manifestations that are qualitatively different from everyday life.

Agreeing with other culturologists who believe that the festive culture of people is a defensive reaction to the severity of work, it should be emphasized that this argument is not the only one. However, in recent years, it has begun to play an increasingly important role. This is due to the increase in the intensity of labor, its intellectual and physical intensity in recent years. As a result, the number of stressful situations is rapidly growing; fatigue, increased wear and tear of the human body are becoming one of the most common "diseases". Due to objective reasons, the intensity of public life has increased immeasurably; the information flow has sharply increased, outpacing the biological capabilities of man. Man as a biosocial being develops more slowly than the life technologies he creates. This determines the conscious and unconscious desire of people for biosocial protection, one of the brightest manifestations of which is reflected in the festive culture.

2.2 Slavic holidays and customs in modern life

Now a huge layer of Orthodox culture is returning to our lives. And sometimes we have to hear that a religion worthy of being called a religion appeared in our country only after the adoption of Christianity - a thousand years ago. And before that, they say, there were only barbaric, primitive cults, in addition, sometimes associated with human sacrifices. In a word, "the darkness of paganism." Spiritual primacy. However, this is not true. Sometimes they say that nothing is known about Slavic paganism. In fact, only those who are too lazy to read the books of archaeologists, ethnographers, historians of religions, specialists in the beliefs of the ancient Slavs and related peoples think so. But these scientists have been deciphering ancient manuscripts for more than a century, interpreting rituals, and explaining archaeological finds. In scientific libraries you can find a great many books in which these scientists talk about what they managed to find out.

However, the ancient religion of our ancestors, which some consider forgotten, continues to live in our daily customs to this day. Evidence for this is plentiful. For example, why is it impossible to say hello through the threshold by the hand? Why do they break a plate at a wedding? And why, when moving into a new house, is the cat let in first? Many will answer: for happiness. But is this an explanation? But all the listed customs are just from there, from our pagan times. There, in this mysterious and interesting world, our worldview is rooted. Is it really fair that we study Egyptian, Greek, Roman gods in every detail, but we don’t even know our own names? . They simply thought and expressed their knowledge in another language - the language of myths.

Undoubtedly, ancient people, including the ancient Slavs, possessed very great knowledge. Wise, intelligent, educated people have been in a spiritual search for thousands of years and shared their mystical experience with others, passed on their accumulated knowledge from generation to generation.

But in the last few centuries, events have occurred that have been devastating to the entire world culture and the entire spiritual heritage of the ancients. The ancients - they knew, now - much is irretrievably lost.

The easiest way to conquer any people is to separate the country from its centuries-old history, to destroy its past, its heroes. When a gap is artificially created between a people and its history, such a people is deprived of its roots and its strength.

The catastrophe of any nation is when it loses touch with its ancient knowledge.

The real basis of all cultures is the sources of their knowledge. If we remove the history of two or several generations from the history of the country, it loses the possibility of further development.

The progress of mankind directly depends on the transfer of knowledge accumulated over millennia from generation to generation. The continuity of generations is not an empty phrase. When the chain of knowledge is broken, people become ignorant.

This is what happens with holidays. People celebrate them not because they know and understand their meaning, but because it is customary. They don't know what it's for.

When the connection with genuine knowledge is destroyed, people continue to mechanically observe rituals for some time. These rites will last for some time and disappear forever.

But there is also a reverse line. If educated people want to restore ancient knowledge, they will carefully study the rituals that are now mechanically performed by the illiterate and ignorant masses. These rituals are symbols (remnants) of ancient knowledge. Using symbols, you can try to restore ancient knowledge, give it a new life, restore lost traditions.

2.3. Traditional holidays in the life of modern Russians

It should be noted that modern Russians have many original original holidays that are not celebrated anywhere else in the world (or are celebrated, but in a completely different way). This applies, for example, to Easter, Christmas and Epiphany, as well as such famous pagan holidays as Ivan Kupala and Maslenitsa. We know how to celebrate them from our ancestors, and all the traditions are observed by our contemporaries quite accurately, which allows us to speak about the clear preservation of the traditions of the Russian people.

Consider, for example, the famous holiday Ivan Kupala in which Christianity and paganism are closely intertwined. It should be noted that even before the proclamation of Christianity in Rus', our ancestors had a fertility deity under the name Kupala. It was him that the Russian people revered when they had fun in the evenings, sang songs and jumped over the fires. And after some time, this holiday became annual, and timed to coincide with the day of the summer solstice. And today, every person who is interested in folk traditions and rituals of ancient ancestors knows what is customary to do on this holiday, and takes part in it with pleasure.

Well, what about such a pagan holiday as Pancake week , it is also very ambiguous. On the one hand, Maslenitsa has always been considered a day of commemoration of the dead (that is why, in fact, we cook pancakes for Shrove Tuesday). But at the same time, in the understanding of many of our ancestors, it is this holiday that is associated with the onset of spring. It is not for nothing that on this day it is customary to burn a straw effigy, which personifies the outgoing winter. And always on Maslenitsa people had fun, sang songs, entertained each other and participated in various competitions.

As for Christmas, as everyone knows, this is a church holiday, which is celebrated in honor of the birth of Jesus Christ. It is celebrated in many countries of the modern world, but Orthodox Christmas does not coincide with the Catholic one, and our compatriots celebrate the holiday differently than foreigners. In addition, a very interesting time for Russian men and women (especially for women) comes immediately after Christmas. It's about Saints.

In fact, Christmas is a pagan holiday. These days, our distant ancestors put on home-made masquerade costumes to deceive evil spirits, who supposedly gained special power at Christmas time and became a real threat to people. In addition, it was customary to have fun at Christmas time - this was also done in order to scare away the dark forces. And of course, at all times, they guessed at Christmas time (mostly girls did this) and sowed (usually boys).

Conclusion

In order to determine the influence of traditions, I conducted a survey among the students of our school (the results of the survey, as well as the questionnaire itself, see Appendix 1.2).

The results of the survey showed that the majority of children (65%) consider it necessary to know the traditions of their people, because this will help them to survive and survive the centuries. Only 13% believe that it is not necessary to know them at all. Such responses indicate that most students understand the importance of traditions and customs. To the question: "What does the study of traditions and customs lead to?" the majority (43%) answer: "to knowledge and understanding of the culture of their people."

None of the respondents believe that the study of traditions and customs leads to nothing.

Respondents correctly understand the word “tradition” and name such traditions as “bake pancakes for Shrovetide”, “sit down on the path”, “paint eggs for Easter”, etc. Answering the question: “what holidays did you take part in” , the students named both Orthodox and Slavic holidays. For example, Easter and Shrovetide, Christmas and New Year, etc.

All respondents generally know the traditions of their people, although most believe that they are in conflict with their views on life. Thus, the survey showed that at the moment the influence of national and religious traditions is quite large, customs and traditions are not erased from memory, but are still passed on from generation to generation. This conclusion refutes the proposed hypothesis.

However, to the question: “do you know the traditions of your people”, the majority (78%) answers: “I know a little”, and only 22% know them well. These answers show that this topic still remains relevant, and the problem of the continuity of the traditions of the people exists today, since the very concept of "tradition" is understood rather superficially. While doing this research, I came to the conclusion that for our ancestors, customs were an integral part of life, they were considered important and mandatory. Their meaning was clear to people and accessible. Nowadays, it becomes a fun game, a "fun" pastime. Many traditions and rituals are observed out of habit rather than consciously.

I hope that the product of this project will be able to help young people understand this issue at least a little.

List of sources:

Vataman V.P. "The World of Folk Culture", Moscow, publishing house "Teacher", 2009

Mythological dictionary. S. 159, 16

Rybakov B. A. "Paganism of the ancient Slavs", Moscow, Nauka publishing house, 1980.

Stepanov N.P. Folk holidays in Holy Rus'. M.: Russian rarity, 1992

Attachment 1

1 By the word "tradition" you mean:

1. something that passes or has passed from one generation to another
2. certain norms of behavior, values, ideas, customs, rituals, etc.
3. custom, an ingrained order in something (in behavior, everyday life, etc.)
4. a certain way of life, coming from ancient times
5. "tradition" combines all of the above
6. Your variant

2 What do you consider the traditions of the Russian people:

1. national holidays, rituals and customs
2. national cuisine, language
3. national costumes, dances, songs, fairy tales
4. together
5. Your variant

3 What does the study of traditions and customs lead to:

1. knowledge and understanding of the culture of their people
2. love for one's country
3. cultural development
4. leads to nothing

• Your variant

4 Do you know the traditions of your people:

1. yes, I know well
2. know a little
3. don't know

5 List the traditions you know well:

6 List the holidays you took part in:

7 Is it worth knowing and following the traditions of your people:

1. yes, it will help my people survive and survive the ages
2. no, it's not necessary at all
3. find it difficult to answer

8 Next question: “Do you think the old, established traditions of your people can conflict with your modern outlook on life?”

1. find it difficult to answer

Annex 2

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The influence of religion on education in Islam

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Historical development of the Reformation

The Reformation and Counter-Reformation undeniably influenced the fine arts, which, unlike literature, were more dependent. In the Protestant lands in the north, the visual arts experienced a qualitative and quantitative decline ...

History of World Religions

Definition of the subject. Religion is a form of worldview based on the belief in the existence of supernatural forces and transcendental (lat. "transcendens" - transcending, stepping over) being...

The conflict of good and evil in dualistic religions (on the example of Zoroastrianism)

Zoroastrianism is considered the religion of revelation that has had the greatest impact on the modern world. Its roots go back to the 2nd millennium BC. uh, at the time...

Culture of the classical Arab East

It should be emphasized that Islam significantly contributed to the development of philosophy, art, the humanities and natural sciences, as well as the creation of a refined culture (it is no coincidence that the 7th-8th centuries are called the era of classicism). Caliphs...

World Culture of Islam

“Islam, Islam (aram.) is one of the world religions (along with Christianity and Buddhism), which arose in the 7th century. in Arabia. The doctrine is stated in the Qur'an. The founder of Islam is Muhammad, who, according to legend, ...

Basic ideological principles of Zen Buddhism

Art that expresses Zen is our direct and immediate way of experiencing it. This is especially true also because the art born of Zen is not so symbolic...

Features of education by religion in China

In the social ethics of China, a person is a person not “for himself”, but for society. Ethics understands a person in connection with his social function, and education is leading a person to the proper performance of that function ...

The problem of classification of ritual behavior in the psychology of religion

One of the features of religion is that it represents a certain layer of culture, which is associated with the experience of mass consciousness, with a centuries-old moral heritage. It's a daily routine...

Psychological aspects of Buddhism

Having injected Buddhism into the culture of India and other lands, it is superbly wide and rich-faceted, and deserves a well-deserved honor. Ale, for the moment, I’m immusen to settle down with a stern glance ...

Religion and science

religion science modern philosophical Religion in modern philosophical, historical and cultural disciplines is understood as a special form of social consciousness, worldview, a set of spiritual ideas ...

The role of religion in modern society

The family is one of the earliest forms of human social life. Kinship was the original form of social formation...

The role of Christianity in the old Ukrainian culture

The development of the Ukrainian society as a democratic system of a significant world lies in the depths of theoretical understanding of phenomena and processes of richly faceted, super-articulate reality, including spiritual. Social changes in our country...

The social role of religion in modern society

So, on the one hand, religion in the modern world helps a person develop a certain stable worldview, maintain mental balance in a rapidly developing world, increase cultural wealth, and establish social ties...