Borrowings in Russian from English. Borrowings from the Russian language in the English vocabulary

The editors of the Oxford Dictionary have such a wonderful tradition: every year they choose a new word from the many others that are added to the dictionary. This word is, as a rule, very popular, often quoted and is an unspoken symbol of the year.

Recently, an interesting trend has been observed - most often the word of the year becomes language units generated by the Internet and the wild imagination of users. So, in 2013, the word of the year was everyone’s favorite selfie, and the following phenomena were included in the dictionary social life, like a tweet, a follower, also known as a subscriber, the Dark Web, also known as the dark web, which is a classified segment of the network, and many others. Ah, laughing through tears. God bless him that these words have taken a place in English speech, but no, they are firmly rooted in the Russian language.

In order not to be unfounded, we will conduct a small investigative experiment. Let's take one day in the life of, say, an office worker, and see how many English words he encounters throughout the day. For convenience, after each borrowed word I will mark it in brackets English version. So, our Vanya Pupkin or John Doe, hearing the sound of the alarm clock early in the morning, sleepily turns it off and begins a ritual familiar to every working person - wash, get dressed, drink two sips of coffee for the road, kiss his beloved wife, daughter, son, dog, cat, and join the ranks of fellow citizens in a hurry.

Taking with him the best seller about shades of gray by E. L. James, our hero goes to work. Entering the office, which is part of the largest holding, Pupkin greets the security guard and goes up to his office, simultaneously wishing his colleagues a good day. He automatically turns on the computer, makes himself a second cup of coffee, and, sitting comfortably in front of the monitor, looks at the latest news and checks his email.

As a very good manager, Vanya-John remembers that he needs to familiarize himself with the price list of new products, prepare press releases, remind the designer about the banner for new products and think through a strategy PR (Public Relations-PR). There is a lot of work, and while our hero is doing it, he also keeps in mind that at 3 o’clock he will be conducting training for the team’s newcomers. Therefore, taking out his iPhone, the manager looks at the nearest cafe within a radius of 100 meters, which he has not yet been to, and where he can eat a hearty business lunch.

Having had a hearty lunch, Vanya-John returns exactly to the training, which he successfully conducts, and, having completed a number of other planned tasks, remembers that today he has a friendly football match. Although our hero is not an athlete, he tries to keep himself in shape.

By the way, a colleague turns out to be online and has expressed a desire to watch the training. But, as a colleague writes on corporate Skype, he won’t be able to go today. But John Doe is a good guy, sympathetic, because he created such an image for himself, so he encourages his colleague and invites him to go next time.

Well, the working day is over. Having saved the required file and said goodbye to his colleagues, Vanya-John goes to the parking lot, where his iron swallow is parked, and goes home with a clear conscience. If you are still reading this article, resting your cheek with your left hand, that’s good.

Now you can clearly see how many Anglicisms we use in our speech every day, without even paying much attention to it. Russian people began to borrow newfangled words back in the 18th century, and this, of course, was connected both with the needs of society and with socio-historical processes.

In such huge quantities as information sources allowed. We gradually began to become accustomed to new marker words: advertising, television, the printed press, books, the Internet, cinema, music.

Judge for yourself: American films began to be shown in Russia - people became familiar with the words blockbuster and remake; we brought works by foreign performers - we learned that there are such things as a track and a hit; Computer technology began to develop, we began to have the concepts of hacker and browser; were puzzled by how to deal more closely with overseas colleagues - marketing, offshore, and distributor came up; If a Russian person joins shopping abroad - you get a designer, a print, a brand, and only when we started buying and broadcasting analogues of American talk shows from overseas. ... We will not touch on the topic of replacing ideals, imposing the American way of life, etc., of course, this is all there, but this is a sociocultural aspect that requires special attention.

Language is a flexible system, and over the years it has changed and is changing to meet the needs of society. And it so happened historically that with the greater informatization of society, people are faster. These are the realities of today's era.

Young people are, of course, more susceptible to this phenomenon - teenagers easily absorb information, process it and transmit it back. They have their own slang, which they do not like to explain to the older generation, but they willingly communicate in it with their peers.

We won’t go far for examples, but I can imagine a new thing, sir, that in a matter of time has tightly occupied the Internet space and the spoken language of teenagers. While looking for the texture for an article, I once wandered onto the page of the youth magazine “Elle girl”, where I came across an interview with Katya Klap, a fairly well-known girl blogger (web+log). One of the interviewer’s questions was: “Do you have a lot of haters?”

Ems... Ater... The meaning of this word, in general, is immediately clear, but the meaning of its inclusion in the Russian-speaking environment... What didn’t you like about “envious”, “ill-wisher”, “enemy”? Moreover, this anglicism is already so widespread that on the Internet you can learn how to distinguish a hater from a critic, how to deal with him, what to do if an evil man (or woman) writes to you: “It’s good to hate!”, and you go to the keyboard I didn’t touch him for two hours, and other lovely wisdom. It’s also fashionable, if you’re making a video for Youtube, to write something like: “Haters, go through the woods”!

The legs of haters grow from the works of American rap and hip-hop (also borrowed words, by the way). Overseas, this word is used to describe those who fiercely hate any performer. Or something. For example, rap. And he launches a whole information war with the aim of pouring out more dirt on the head of the offending artist.

This usually turns into unsubscribing angry comments on various Internet sites and often under a loud-sounding nickname. Such a small anonymous evil. Harmful antifan writer.

Of course, we can choose a suitable synonym from the Russian language for this word. Honestly, in pairs of babysitter - nanny and security - security, I will choose the second options. Not for any national reasons, but because they are shorter and the meaning is the same. Or the word water closet, which I saw in the Metro newspaper. Sorry, but the toilet, “push”, “tubzik” are no worse.

Therefore, in my purely subjective opinion, many Anglicisms have nothing to do in the Russian language at all. Because there is an equivalent that is familiar to 100% of the population, and no time is wasted on adapting this word to Russian-speaking soil: explaining it to people and consolidating it in speech.

The language is cluttered with absolutely unnecessary linguistic units. Why attach a fifth wheel to a car? Is it better to go? On the other hand, the Russian language is enriched due to the influx of new words. But only justified new words that entered the Russian-speaking world with the advent of new phenomena became entrenched in the language, and for many years have not gone out of use.

We can save a lot of time by saying, “I’m going to basketball!” (basketball) and don’t describe what kind of game this is. When ordering a clown show for a child, parents do not explain to the other end of the line that they would like to see a guy in a colorful suit and wig who can perform magic tricks. Here it is more difficult to find equivalents, and in the Russian language they took a strong place a long time ago.

First of all, these are terms related to the computer environment that began to penetrate to us back in the 80s of the last century: interface, gamer, chipset and others. Using the example of the same computer world, we can look at the main mechanisms of the Russification of Anglicisms (the division is very arbitrary):

– we transcribe the word, translating Latin letters into Cyrillic letters as closely as possible (how do you like the Enhanced Graрhic Adapter video adapter, also known as EGA for short, which our craftsmen affectionately call Yaga, or Baba Yaga);
– we translate (the echo processor FastEcho in folk etymology became the Fast Ear, although, of course, most often the translation is more than prosaic, the same key (key), for example);
– a term or even a whole phrase receives a completely different sound coloring, built on stylistic literary devices(metaphor, metonymy), our unique response to Europe in the form of jargon (Carlson - a fan cooling a computer, the Koran - documents for software, a pimp - a provider, damn - a CD);
- the most common method: ordinary tracing paper, where the phonetic and graphic structure of the word is preserved (Guestbook - a guest book, this is what it will sound like - a guestbook, this also includes the well-known transistor, login, screenshot, etc.). By the way, this method of borrowing is very well suited for introducing new concepts and phenomena into Russian-language reality;
– we add a domestic suffix, ending, or prefix to the tracing paper, creating a hybrid word (for example, the diminutive Batnichek actually turns out to be a file with the extension .bat).

In general, this is a unique group of words, where a person’s imagination sometimes creates wonderful linguistic transformations, and the word acquires features of a general folklore character. This is how computer slang is born.
I will never forget one joke:

Two programmers are traveling on a crowded bus. One to another:
– There’s something wrong with my pussy! (the crowd freezes).
- What’s wrong with him?
- Yes, he gets up often...
- Maybe some kind of virus?
- Yes, I checked, everything is sterile...
- Does it hang well?
- Tight, you can’t help with three fingers...

Nowadays, no one calls personal computers (PCs) “pussyuks”, the fashion for this word has passed, but many similar adaptations remain in people’s memory: pentyukh, aka stump (Intel Pentium microprocessor), CD (and again a CD), Windows (don't think anything bad, just a crash of the Windows system). By the way, whole phrases are born.

For example, “to trample loaves” simply means “to type on the keyboard” (even though button is translated as “button”, in this expression the word has acquired a double meaning).

Slang is typical for any professional field of activity - business, sports, transport, law, physics, etc. In the English language, jargon and slang are formed in very diverse ways (however, we can talk about this another time). And now we ask to the stage the main culprit in the emergence of newfangled borrowings - the Internet. Social networks, forums, chats - legends are born here...

For example, this year’s feature is the replacement of the popular duck selfie sponges (duck face) with fish gapes (fish gape). The essence is the same: you take a photo of yourself and post it on a social network, only instead of folding your lips into a tube, you languidly open them, slightly showing your teeth. Here is a phenomenon and a name for it, which did not exist in the Russian language.

By the way, borrowing any word from English language, most often we simply transliterate it, less often we translate it according to its meaning. So keep a cheat sheet. If a word contains these elements, most likely it is borrowed: tion (tion), j (j/g), tch ((t)ch), ing (ing), er (er), men(t) (men( t)).

Law of successful business

Why are we so willing to add linguistic aliens to our speech? The point is not at all that we cannot do without “extra” Anglicisms, the point is that, according to the realities of the 21st century, to do without such words is to lag behind the times and fashion. It's not enough to be now interesting teenager, you need to be a hipster. Milkshakes with pieces of fruit are no longer trendy, drink a smoothie. Need a phone? We are moving to new generation iPhones. Or maybe we'll go to the cinema? They say there's a new horror movie, sorry, horror has come out...

Opening the menu of a cozy pub that I went to the other day with a friend, I noticed without any surprise that the beer list was written exclusively in English. The list of dishes was full of Cyrillic characters, but the essence was still far from Russian cuisine: a burger with beef, a sandwich with bacon, snacks with garlic...

English language and culture is a well-selling trend. Write your restaurant menu in English, remove the pasta cutlets, add a hamburger and smoothies, and voila, a new sound for a pseudo-English song. Oh yes, raise your prices. Another example - let's take the rapper Timati. He is launching a new collection of clothing, and sells it not only in Russia, but also abroad. How can you pave the way for your brand to become famous?

That's right, invent and launch good story and a great name. Result: subscribe Black Star, we invest a certain amount of money, promote ourselves, and we are back on horseback. As a result, based on your request “Black Star”, the search engine produces a list of all the necessary links (I experimented myself for fun).

English is fashionable, prestigious, and, at the subconscious level, rich. By inserting borrowings into our speech, we seem to become closer to the American lifestyle, all the delights of which are unveiledly told on TV screens (higher standard of living, social security, advanced technology, economy, etc.).

But in general, not everything is so critical. Many people use foreign words in their speech in order to learn the language faster, others - to find common language with peers (for example, a teenager who grew up in the 90s will understand what a “pussy” is, but will not know the word “hater”, while for his modern colleague the opposite is true). For some words, there is simply no worthy equivalent in the Russian language, because Russian people are still unfamiliar with the new concept (for example, our duck-fish selfies), and the language does not tolerate emptiness, filling niches even with foreign terms.

Situations also arise when it is necessary to distinguish between words that are close in semantics, differing in some nuances: you must agree, there is a difference between a jester and a clown, starting from the history of their appearance and up to the functionality of these professions. Or the concepts of player and gamer: gamer is a narrowly local word, we immediately understand that a person “plays” computer games, and a player can play on the stock exchange, cards, slot machines, and the same benefits of computer civilization.

So here's the thing, bro...

Olesya Lugovskaya, journalist, editor. She interned at RBC-daily, wrote for the weekly Trade Newspaper, collaborated with the online publications Zvezdny Boulevard, Eastern District, Soroka-Vse Novosti, and became one of the winners literary competition newspaper "Moscow Student".

Belyaeva Alla

Scientific work on the topic “Modern borrowings from the English language”. The work consists of theoretical and practical parts with a mini-dictionary of Anglicisms.

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MBOU secondary school No. 11

Department: humanitarian

Section: information technology

Educational and research work

"Modern borrowings from English"

Completed:

Students of grade 8B

Belyaeva Alla (14 years old)

Checked:

Lukoshina Elena Alexandrovna,

Foreign language teacher,

2013, Pavlovo

1.Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….. 3

2. The importance of English in the modern world………………………... 5

3. Areas of use of Anglicisms………………………………………………………. 7

4. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….12

5. List of references used……………………………………………. 15

6.Appendix…….…………………………………………………………….16

7.Review……………………………………………………………………………….27

Introduction

Purpose Our work is to analyze modern borrowings from the English language.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks :
analyze research on this topic in order to give the concept of borrowing and determine the reasons for the appearance of English borrowings in the Russian language;
consider methods of formation and types of borrowing;
establish the composition of words borrowed from the English language at the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st centuries, give their systematic description;
classify the most common anglicisms by areas of communication.

Relevance This topic is undeniable, since the use of Anglicisms by modern young people is growing every day and displacing native Russian words.

Accordingly, we can put forward the following hypothesis : in Russian speech, when young people communicate with their peers, Anglicisms drawn from the Internet are widely used, musical compositions and the media, losing its true semantic meaning.
When solving the above problems, the following were used methods and techniques:

1. Descriptive method with techniques for observing linguistic phenomena.

2. Technique of taxonomy and classification.

The theoretical basis of the work was made up of linguistic works on lexicology by researchers G.B. Antrushina, O.V. Afanasyeva, N.N. Morozova, I.V. Arnold, L. Bloomfield, N.M. Shansky, as well as works devoted to the problem of English borrowings by linguists N.S. Avilova, V.V. Akulenko, V.M. Aristova, M.A. Breiter, T.V. Grunitskaya, A.I. Dyakova, O.V. Ilina, L.P. Krysina, V.B. Lebedeva, A.I. Melnikova, E.V. Urynson et al.

The research material is examples of the latest English borrowings used in various spheres of modern Russian life.
This work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references. The introduction defines the topic of the work, its relevance, purpose and objectives, the linguistic methods used in the work, as well as the theoretical basis and research material. The first chapter provides an analytical overview of the importance of the English language in the modern world. The second chapter, a practical one, examines the latest Anglicisms that have entered various spheres of Russian life. The conclusion provides conclusions and reflects the attitude towards the phenomenon of borrowing.

The importance of English in the modern world

Borrowing from English into Russian is far from a new phenomenon; it has been happening for several centuries. However, the modern Russian language is literally stuffed with Anglicisms, thanks to the mass media, the Internet and the marketing industry. In English-speaking countries, if you want to make a restaurant menu more sophisticated, you add French words and double the prices. In Russia, you replace ordinary Russian words with English ones in transliteration. Today, going to a business lunch is much more attractive than going to lunch. Even if you eat exactly the same thing, the context will be completely different (and probably so will the prices).

The importance of the English language in the modern world is so great that knowing it is not a privilege or luxury. Once upon a time, computers, just like mobile phones, could only be afforded by people of a certain social stratum. Nowadays such things are essential items. The same can be said about English. It is taught by everyone and everywhere: in schools, universities, courses. And in our digital age, anyone can learn English via Skype without leaving home. It is understood that any educated person is simply obliged to speak English, since it is his key to further self-education and self-improvement. That's why there are so many organizations now offering to teach you English. However, do not think that this is so easy to do. Learning any language is a long process that requires certain costs, both mental and financial. Still, it’s worth learning English. Do you want to travel and not feel like a black sheep, but communicate freely with people? different nationalities? Do you want to become a student at a foreign university? Do you want a prestigious job with promotion? career ladder? Or maybe you want to work abroad? There is only one piece of advice - learn English. After all, over time, you will still understand that 75% of world correspondence is carried out in English, 80% of information on computers is also stored in this language, and most international documents, articles, literary works, the instructions are written in English. And we have not yet taken into account the film industry and the music Olympus. American-made films have become a part of our lives, and any pop singer considers it prestigious to sing at least one song in English. Knowledge of English in the modern world is a kind of window to the world. By mastering this language of international communication, you will be able to achieve your goals with the help of new opportunities. And you will definitely understand that the importance of the English language is not exaggerated.
That's all today more people realize the need to study foreign languages and this is quite understandable, because they are quite important and are of great importance in many professions. Many people learn languages because... this is a constant part of their work, for some it is ordinary hobby, and there are those who need knowledge of languages in order to travel around the world. This is also very convenient when corresponding or communicating with residents of other foreign countries. In addition, thanks to knowledge of a particular language, it is possible to read books famous writers in their original form.

Is it difficult to master the English language? You could say it's very easy. Two important factors contribute to the ease of learning English: firstly, everywhere in advertising and on satellite television we see and hear news and advertising in English, and secondly, methods of teaching English to foreigners are the most well developed.

“Do you speak English?” - a phrase familiar to us from school. A set of words to which we once did not attach much importance. But how sad it sounds now, when, while on vacation abroad, we suddenly got lost. They are trying to help us by explaining things in English. But we simply don’t understand because we don’t speak the language! Or during business negotiations we cannot conduct a dialogue with a foreign partner. It’s so bitter, so doomed to have to answer the same question “No”.

English is the language of international communication. And for those who master it perfectly, all the doors of the world are open. Traveling, communicating with foreign friends on the Internet, business negotiations in English, education in the most prestigious universities not only in Russia, but also in the world! You will be sure that you will understand and that they will understand you. There will be no such problem for you as a language barrier.

Today, words of English origin penetrate into the Russian language mainly in writing through the texts of newspapers, magazines, books, and international treaties.
the oral route also takes place - through radio and television. Also relevant new form borrowing - through electronic media.

Areas of use of Anglicisms

Today, linguists note the following sources of the appearance of Anglicisms in the language:

Advertising. The advertising genre is one of the main sources of anglicisms in the Russian language. According to T.N. Livshits, Anglicisms in advertising contribute to the emergence of the “illusion of uniqueness,” i.e. impressions of uniqueness, significance of the advertised product or service. An important role is played by Anglicisms, the unusual and non-standard forms of which attract the attention of the consumer.

For example: steamer, roster, trimmer, pager, immobilizer, spoiler, shock sensor, locker, snooker, pool, squash.

Internet. The increase in the number of Internet users has led to the spread of computer vocabulary:homepage, e-mail, CDROM, chat, bit, byte, disk, cursor, flash drive.

With the development of computerization, first in the professional environment, and then outside it, terms related to computer technology appeared: the word computer itself, as well as display, file, interface, printer, scanner, laptop, browser, website and others
- cinematography. The popularity of Hollywood films has led to the emergence of new words in our vocabulary:horror, blockbuster, western, prime time, cyborg, terminator.

Music. The perception of the USA as a center of musical fashion led to the appearance of such words as:hit, single, remake, track, soundtrack, poster, etc.

Sports vocabulary:bowling, diving, skateboard, snowboard, biker, shaping, fitness.

Cosmetic terms:lifting, scrub, peeling.

The American-centricity of such current and dynamically developing spheres of life as culture, economics, business, computer technology, etc., has led to the penetration into the Russian language of a large number of Anglicisms, or rather Americanisms from these areas:

Culture: soundtrack, single, remake, action, 3D format, reality show, sitcom, pop art, comeback,pop-music, dark (heavy music), release, play-list, chart, face-control, dance, cool, remake, show business, club, fashion,summit, talk - show, briefing, prime-time, image-maker;

Computer technologies, Internet space:webcam, moderator, browser, container provider, online, offline, smile, e-mail, connect, like, site, blog, blogger, chat, internet, laptop, disk, byte, site.

Economy: marketing, promoter, merchandiser, offshore, futures, leasing; fast-food, hamburger, hot-dog, cheeseburger, boy-friend, VIP, weekend, very good, public, ok, nice, lucky, hotel, go, party, super-girl, baby, ask, looser, hi, real ,best.

Everyone has heard of numerous economic and financial terms, such as: barter, broker, voucher, dealer, distributor, marketing, investment, futures loans. - business:advergaming, branding, brand manager, preselling, supervisor;

Sport: fitness club, bowling, doping, transfer, overtime, coaching, coachbuilding,sportsman, fitness, bodybuilding, shaping, surfing.

For those who love sports, new types of sports activities appear: windsurfing, arm wrestling, freestyle, skateboarding, kickboxing, and the fighter in kickboxing is replaced by the Anglicism fighter.

Fashion, design: trend, casting, top model, fashion brand, print, designer, the word "shopping" " sounds more attractive than the word "shopping trip», presentation, rating, briefing, shop tour, killer, talk show, showman, brain ring.

The last remark is clearly confirmed in our speech, when preference is given to Anglicism rather than to its Russian counterpart: babysitter - "nanny", weekend - "weekend", bodyguard, security- "bodyguard, security guard" creative instead of “creative”, the definition is actively used glamorous instead of adjectives "attractive, chic", welcome instead of "welcome" and many others.

A particular danger is posed by synonymous pairs in which semantic differences are lost where it is important both for meaning and for traditional ethical ideas: business instead of such fundamentally incompatible concepts as resale (unproductive labor) andentrepreneurship(productive work); sex appeal instead of masculinity or femininity, sexuality instead of sensuality or depravity.

Among the manifestations of the process of transforming the basis of Russian mentality under the influence of borrowed words by V.V. Kolesov identifies the following:

The level of subjectivity in the statement increases: concept innovation “something new that has just come into use” is not identical to the concept innovation “not necessarily new, but original, fashionable”;

The artificiality of assessment and characterization is expanding: image does not correspond to the concept image (which is a fictitious, false image);

Hidden mitigation of characteristics is spreading: establishment instead bosses, underground instead of underground, corruption instead of venality;

The status of the designated person is reduced: love - sex (elimination of the spiritual and emotional component in communication).

In the language of modern Russian advertising, English dominates - “image” is everything! The term “Euro standard” has become a cliché in Russian marketing, although we in Europe have no idea what it even means. It's a made-up term designed to make Russian products seem trustworthy - if it's good enough for them, it's good enough for us!

I would say that some of the most ridiculous borrowings entered the Russian language through advertising. I’m not a fan of terms like “price list”, “upgrade” or “content”, because there are suitable Russian words for this, such as “price list”, “update” and “content”. There are too many cases when normal Russian words are replaced by borrowings from English - perhaps this is a temporary phenomenon - threatening, however, with the loss of the original vocabulary.

Here are some new Anglicisms in modern Russian slang:
Smoke, drink, epic fail, respect, chat, not ice (from an old TV ad), shoot'em'up, cool able (cool + able). (Appendix 1)

We have to admit that we ourselves use a similar mixture of languages - namely, homemade expressions “nice at all!” and “not good”.

Active borrowing of new foreign language vocabulary also occurs in less specialized areas of human activity. It is enough to recall such widely used words as presentation, nomination, sponsor, video (and derivatives: video clip, video cassette, video salon), show (and derivatives show business, talk show, showman), thriller, hit, disco, disc- jockey. Many people consider foreign vocabulary more attractive, prestigious, “scholarly,” and “beautiful-sounding.” For example:

exclusive - exceptional;
top model - the best model;
price list - price list;
image - image;

Cases have been noted when borrowings were used to denote concepts that were new to the receptor language and not available in the source language: detector, virtual, investor, digest, spray, etc.

Studying the English vocabulary of the last decades of the twentieth century in Russian, we came to the conclusion: if a concept affects important areas of human activity, then the word denoting this concept naturally becomes common.

Accordingly, the origin of these words is associated with sound distortion in the process of mastering these borrowings. A kind of play with sounds takes place.

Such words are formed by subtracting, adding, moving some sounds in the original English term. The speech of young people easily incorporates English units, for example: shoes from shoes - shoes; superman from superman - superman; haer from hair - hair (patlas).

With the development of computer technology, English words are increasingly replenishing the vocabulary of schoolchildren. Many of the existing professional terms are cumbersome and inconvenient for daily use.

Therefore, there is a desire to shorten and simplify the word, for example:

Motherboard (motherboard) - “mother”;

CD-Rom Drive (laser disc drive) – young people now have the equivalent of a “sidyushnik”. Recently there has also been a craze computer games, which again served as a powerful source of new words.

The exclamation “Wow!” has become very common among young people, expressing the emotion of amazement or delight.

4. Conclusion

The relevance of the study is that consideration of problems associated with the theory and practice of borrowing is especially significant in modern conditions, since today serious concerns are being expressed about the powerful influx of borrowings, which could lead to the devaluation of the Russian word. But language is a self-developing mechanism that can clean itself, get rid of the superfluous and unnecessary. This also happens with foreign words, the borrowing of which was presented during the study.

English borrowings appeared in the Russian language long before the 21st century. Anglicisms began to penetrate the Russian language at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. Words were borrowed as a result of contacts between peoples, trade and economic relations between Russia and European countries. However, the intensity of the process of replenishing youth slang with English words increased precisely at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century.

However, in spite of everything, the influx of Anglicisms into the vocabulary of the Russian language remained insignificant until the 90s. XX century: at this time, an intensive process of borrowing various English words began. This is due to changes in the sphere of political life, economics, culture and moral orientation of society.

The passion for Anglicisms has become a kind of fashion; it is due to the stereotypes and ideals created in youth society. This stereotype of the modern era is the image of an idealized American society, in which the standard of living is much higher and the pace of technical progress lead the whole world. And adding to your speech English loanwords, young people in a certain way approach this stereotype and become familiar with American culture and lifestyle. However, it should be noted that in general, borrowing foreign words is, first of all, one of the ways to develop a modern language, since language always quickly and flexibly responds to the needs of society.

In accordance with the results of the study, it is necessary to draw the following conclusion: the main reason for using Anglicisms is to facilitate communication between young people. As for the semantic meaning of words when translated into Russian, it cannot be said with certainty that it changes. Most of the words when translated take on the same meaning as anglicism. It should also be noted that a significant part of English words “moved” into Russian and is replaced by an English equivalent, which carries its own semantic meaning.

In accordance with the results of the study, it should be noted that the hypothesis was partially confirmed. This opens up prospects for further research on Anglicisms, which can be considered not only among young people, but also among other age and social groups.

In conclusion, it should be noted: slang will never disappear. Young people used slang many years ago, and will always use it. Without a doubt, slang changes over time, some words die, others appear. However, many Anglicisms that have penetrated into slang Russian youth long before the 21st century, will forever remain in their jargon, replenished with new words every day.

Thus, we come to the conclusion that the number of Anglicisms in the Russian language is large. Among them, there are 2 main types of borrowing:

1) Words that came into the language to name new objects, a new reality or a term that has an international character. Their use in speech is justified in most cases. Although the meaning is not always correctly understood, due to ignorance of the English language:mixer, toaster, inauguration, cocktail, bowling.

2) Words of foreign origin that have synonyms in Russian. Their penetration into the language creates lexical redundancy and can interfere with understanding the meaning. The presence of lexical doublets, “one’s own” and “alien” names, is eliminated over time: one of them is established in the active composition of the language, and the other fades into the background of the language system. It is sad to realize that after several decades, the Russian language may contain a large number of words of English origin, replacing their original Russian equivalents. But in many cases this can be avoided by using Russian synonymous words and expressions.

Today, a simple man in the street, opening a newspaper with job offers, may simply not understand the meaning of the proposed vacancy (handmaker, image maker, merchandiser, provider, supervisor, realtor).

List of used literature:

1. Krysin L.P. Foreign words in modern life // Russian language of the late twentieth century. - M., 1996.

2. Grigoryan A.E. Speech culture. Is American madness going away? // Russian speech, 2005, No. 1. pp. 62-68

3. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language / ed. N.Yu.Shvedova.-14th ed.-M.: Rus. lang., 1983.-816 p.

4. Dyakov A.I. Reasons for the intensive borrowing of Anglicisms in the modern Russian language. // Language and culture. - Novosibirsk, 2003.-P.35-43

6. Antrushina G.B., Afanasyeva O.V., Morozova N.N. Lexicology of the English language. – M., 1999.
7. Belousov V. Foreign words in the Russian language // Science and life. - 1993. - No. 8.
8. New Dictionary of Foreign Words / Ed. E.N. Zakharenko, L.N. Komissarova, I.V. Nechaev. – M., 2003. .

9. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

10. http://www.erudition.ru/referat/ref/id.46076_1.html

Appendix 1

Mini-dictionary of Anglicisms by area of use

Business and Law

outsourcing- outsourcing - transfer of part of non-core operations to a third party organization specializing in this area
best-seller- bestseller - a book that sells well
business- business (from the word busy [busy]) - occupation
businessman- businessman - entrepreneur
billing- billing - from bill - account, ticket, account management system
broker- broker, goes back to the Old French “wine merchant”
default- default
dealer- dealer - trader from deal - make deals
dealing- dealing
distributor- distributor - a wholesale agent who resells ("distributes") goods through its own network of buyers
dollar- dollar - monetary unit. USA
insider- insider (inside = inside) - a person who has access to confidential information
leasing- leasing (lease = rent, letting)
marketing- marketing (market = market)
manager- manager (manage = to lead, manage), from Lat. manus - hand
management- management
merchandiser- merchandiser
merchandising- merchandising, merchandise - goods, English borrowed from French, literally: merchandising
PR- pr (abbr. public relation) - public relations
price list- pricelist - list of prices
promotion- promotion - literally: promotion, “promotion”
promoter- promoter - a person involved in promoting something, also written: promoter, promoter
press release- press-realese - presentation to the press of an information message by the company about itself
stagflation- stagflation (stagnation + inflation)
startup- startup - a small company developing a new product with an unknown result
office- office
offshore- offshore (off-shore = outside the coast, that is, outside the jurisdiction of the country to which the coast belongs)
penny, pence- penny, pence - British coin
realtor- realtor - from realty - real estate
franchisor- franchiser
franchising- franchising - borrowed by English from French. franchise - franchise
pound sterling- pound sterling - monetary unit. UK
holding- holding - one of the types of business structures

motorsport- autosport
badminton- badminton
basketball- basketball (basket + ball = literally: basket ball)
baseball- baseball (base + ball)
base jumping- base jumping - jumping from a stable base
boxing- boxing
windsurfing- windsurfing
volleyball- volleyball
handball- handball - hand ball
game- game - game
gamer- gamer - player
Goal- goal - goal
goalkeeper- goalkeeper - goalkeeper (keeper of the “gate”)
jogging- jogging - from jog - to jog
drag racing- drag racing - drag - to drag, drag
dribbling- dribbling - from dribble - to drip, seep
drift racing- drift racing - drift literally “drift, skid, skid”, that is, when the car “skids”
zorbing- zorb - a transparent sphere in which the zorbonaut rolls
kiting- kiting - kite - kite
kitesurfing- kite surfing
kickboxing- kick boxing - kick - kick, kick
clinch- clinch (boxing)
cross- cross - to cross, cross-country running
knockout- knockout (literally - knocking out, putting out of action)
knockdown-knockdown
overtime- overtime - literally: over time, extra time
offside- offside - out of the game
paintball- paintball - paint ball
pace car- pace car - safety car inauto racing.
penalty- penalty - punishment
playoffs- play-off - knockout games
rally- rally - gathering, gathering together
rugby- rugby (from the name of the area Rugby)
record holder- recordsman - a person who sets records
ring- ring - ring, circle
robjumping- rob jumping - rob - rope, cable, jumping from a height, when the jumper is tied with ropes, “bungee»
surfing- surfing - surf - wave crest, surf
snowboard- snowboard - “snow board”, a board for skiing on snow
snowboarding- snowboarding
softball- softball
speedway- speedway - expressway
sport- sport from Old French desport - entertainment, leisure
athlete- sportsman - a person involved in professional sports
streetball- streetball - street basketball
street racing- street racing - street racing
half- time
time-out- time out - break in time
training- training, from train - to train
foul- foul - against the rules, wrong, dishonest
forward- forward - forward
freestyle- freestyle - free style
football- football - foot ball
midfielder- half-back - midfielder

upgrade- upgrade - updating the hardware of computer systems
applet- applet - a small application executed on the client as part of a larger one
assembler- assembler - assembler, low-level programming language
bug- bug - an error in the software [any program], literally - bug, bug
bugfix- bugfix - bug fix
byte- byte - units. change information capacity
banner- banner - flag
bit- bit (abbr. bi nary digi t ) - binary digit
blog- blog (short for “we b log” ") - diary on the Internet
blogger- blogger - a person who runs a blog
browser- browser - viewer
backslash- backslash - backslash
web- web - network, from “world wide web” - World Wide Web
decrement- decrement - decrease the operand by 1
default(value) - default (value) - default value
desktop- desktop - on top of the table (desk top = top of the desk, lid)
doorway- doorway page - entrance page
increment- increment - increase the operand by 1
Internet- internet - internetwork. The Internet connects many local networks.
internet service provider- internet service provider - Internet service provider
interface- interface - interface, joint, ways of interacting with a person. Something that helps connect the front panels of different devices (initially).
cybersquatter- cybersquatter - a person engaged in cybersquatting
cybersquatting- cybersquatting
cry- click - click, imitation of the sound that a mouse makes when pressing a key
laptop(laptop) laptop - laptop (lap = laps of a sitting person)
login- login - user name in the system. By providing it and a password, the user gains access to some service, such as a computer program
microprocessor- microprocessor
online- online, on-line - on the line, in touch
offline- offline, off-line - in real life. Disconnected from the computer network (initially)
parsing- parsing - parsing input sequence according to formal grammar
parser- parser - a program that implements parsing; parser
pixel- pixel (short for picture elemet) - the minimum addressable unit of an image on the screen
plugin- plugin (from plug in, “connect”) - a software module that extends the functionality, usually very specific, of the main application
podcasting- podcasting - ipodbroadcasting
posting- posting - writing messages on the forum
swapping- swapping - replacing one program segment in memory with another and restoring it upon request
service pack- service pack - a collection of updates, bugfixes and/or improvements, delivered as one installable package
screenshot- screenshot - screenshot
slash- slash - slash
software- software - soft product, also translated as soft equipment
servlet- servlet - a program executed on the server and extending the functionality of the web server
spam- spam - a brand of canned meat, advertising of which has become boring to many (from spiced ham)
spammer- spammer - a person who sends spam
transistor- transistor (transfer + resistor ) - variable resistance
traffic- traffic - the amount of information received and sent on a computer network, road traffic
thread- thread - thread, stream of separately executed code in a program
firewall- firewall - fire wall. A fire wall between houses that prevents the spread of fire (in this meaning in Russian the German word with the same meaning is used -firewall). A program that filters traffic and protects your computer from hacker attacks
file- file - a named location in the computer memory.
chipset- chipset - a set of chips to perform 1 or more related functions
hacker- hacker - a programmer who violates laws with his software code, in particular gaining unauthorized access and control of data
hi-tech- hi-tech, high technologies - high technologies
hosting- hosting from host - owner

Transport

Automotive

car- from car (trolley) - vehicle with internal combustion engine for transportation of goods on the territory of industrial enterprises
parking- parking - parking lot;
trolleybus- from trolley (trolley rolling on wires) and bus (omnibus and bus)

The formation of the national English language was mainly completed in the so-called Early Modern English period - approximately until the middle of the 17th century. During this time, the national English language, in general, acquired its modern character. Vocabulary has been enriched a huge amount words borrowed from Latin, which reflected the development of scientific thought during the Renaissance.

At the same time, old borrowings from French (of Latin origin) were in many cases subjected to Latinization in this era. The rapid development of trade, economic and cultural relations with various countries during the New England period and, in particular, the English colonization of overseas lands in XVIII-XIX centuries introduced into the English language more or less words from a wide variety of languages of the world. IN modern times The international lexical element in the English language has grown significantly, mainly scientific, technical and socio-political terms.

The English vocabulary contains a significant number of words borrowed from the Russian language, which will require special consideration.

Since regular trade and economic relations between the two states were established quite late, only XVI century, and at first were limited, borrowings from the Russian language are not as numerous as, for example, from French, Italian or German. However, in the extant English descriptions In the Moscow state there are a number of Russian words from the sphere of everyday life, government, social relations, systems of measures, monetary units, etc.

The earliest borrowing from the Russian language is the word sable (sable), which is not surprising, since Russian furs of exceptional quality, and especially sable, were highly valued in Europe. In English dictionaries this word was recorded already in the 14th century, and, in addition to the meaning of the noun “sable”, it is also given in the meaning of the adjective “black”.

A larger number of Russian borrowings in English appear in the 16th century, after the establishment of more regular economic and political ties between Russia and England. The Russian words that penetrated into the English language at that time in their meaning are various kinds of names of trade items, names of ruling, class, officials and subordinates, institutions, names of household items and geographical names. During this period and somewhat later, such Russian words as boyar (boyar), Cossack (Cossack), voivoda (voivode), tsar (king), ztarosta (elder), muzhik (man), beluga (beluga), starlet (sterlet) were borrowed ), rouble (ruble), altyn (Altyn), copeck (penny), pood (pood), kvass (kvass), shuba (fur coat), vodka (vodka), samovar (samovar), troika (troika), babushka (grandmother ), pirozhki (pies), verst (verst), telega (cart) and many others.

Some special terms also penetrate into the English language. For example: siberite is a special type of ruby, uralite is asbestos slate. Many of these words have entered the English vocabulary and are used by English writers.

In the 19th century, with the growth of the people's democratic liberation movement in Russia, words appeared in the English language that reflected this socio-political movement. For example, decembrist (Decembrist), nihilist (nihilist), nihilism (nihilism), narodnik (populist), intelligentsia (intelligentsia). By the way, last word borrowed from Russian not directly, but through the Polish language. Of course, the roots of such words as nihilist, decembrist, intelligentsia are Latin. However, these words are borrowings from the Russian language, since they arose in Russia, in connection with certain phenomena of Russian reality.

In addition to the above-mentioned words, other Russian words also penetrated into the English language in the 18th-19th centuries. Many of them, such as ispravnik (police officer), miroed (world eater), obrok (tire), barshina (corvee) and others, are currently historical terms in Russian, and in English they are found only in historical descriptions or in historical novels.

One of the most interesting Russian borrowings, which has become widespread in modern English, is the word mammoth (mammoth). This word was borrowed in the 18th century, and should have entered the vocabulary as mamont, but in the process of borrowing it “lost” the letter n. Moreover, according to the rules, the sound [t] is indicated in writing by the combination th. After all the changes, the word mammoth appeared in the vocabulary in the form mammoth (this word was first included in Ludolf’s “Russian Grammar”).

It should also be noted special group borrowings called Sovietisms are borrowings from the Russian language of the post-October period, reflecting the influence of the new social system and the new ideology of our country, for example, soviet (Soviet), bolshevik (Bolshevik), udarnik (drummer), kolkhoz (collective farm), sovkhoz (state farm) ), komsomol (Komsomol), activist (activist). There are many cripples among Sovietisms, for example, five-year plan, palace of culture, hero of labor.

Let us give more examples of the most famous (and used in modern English) borrowings from the Russian language, as well as kalek (the most recent ones are marked with an asterisk): balalaika (balalaika), bortsch (borscht), borzoi (greyhound), byelorussian* (Belarusian), crash (collapse), dacha* (dacha), glastnost* (glasnost), kalashnikov* (Kalashnikov), karakul (astrakhan fur), KGB* (KGB), Kremlin (Kremlin), Molotov (cocktail)* (Molotov cocktail ), perestroyka* (perestroika), pogrom (pogrom), russian roulette (Russian roulette), russian salad (vinaigrette, Russian salad), samizdat* (samizdat), Samoyed (samoyed), shaman (shaman), sputnik* (satellite) , stakhanovit (Stakhanovite), tass* (TASS).

Russian borrowings that have penetrated into the vocabulary of the English language, like any other borrowings, are transformed in their sound appearance and grammatical structure, obeying the internal laws of the development of the English language. This can be clearly seen in the example of such words as copeck (penny), knout (whip, pronounced like), starlet (sterlet) and others, the sound appearance of which is transformed according to the laws of English pronunciation. Plural Most nouns borrowed from the Russian language are formatted in English according to the grammatical norms of the English language - steppes (steppes), sables (sable) and the like. Many borrowed Russian words form derivatives based on word-formation models of the English language - narodism (populism), nihilistic (nihilistic), to knout - to beat with a whip, sable (as an adjective) and so on.

However, it should be noted that borrowings from the Russian language that entered the English language in various periods and have survived to this day constitute an insignificant share, since most of the borrowed words reflected rather specific features and realities of life of the Russian people, many of which have disappeared.

In 1939, during World War II, one reporter used the word "blitz" to describe rapid action. The original meaning of the German word - "lightning" - reflected how quickly the word came into fashion, symbolizing Germany's constant attacks on Britain. A few years later, linguist Carl F. Koenig documented the words' entry into English in 1943 in the Modern Language Journal.

Soybeans(English Soy)
Language of origin: Japanese

You may already know that karaoke and ramen noodles came into English from Japanese, but soy may seem more European in nature. From a technical point of view, this is true: in English given word came from the Dutch “saio” in the 1670s, and meant soy-based fish sauce. The presence of the Dutch in Japan was conditioned by long-lasting trade agreements. The Dutch word “saio” is a derivative of the Japanese “shoyu,” which exclusively meant soy, which was formed from Chinese word“shi-yu” – fermented bean oil.

Alcohol(eng. Alcohol)
Language of origin: Arabic

Al-kuhul (English: Al-kuhul) means a type of cosmetic product, powder for blackening the eyelids. Arab scholars enriched the English language with a variety of mathematical and technological terms through interactions with the Romans and Greeks during a close period in the early stages of the world's development and later through conflict with the English during the Crusades.

In the 1540s, the word "alcohol" was Latin for freeze-dried powder, and English speakers used it to mean "powdered cosmetic." In the 1670s, this word already meant any sublimated, pure substance, even in a liquid state. In 1753, the alcohol of wine was reduced to "alcohol". When the chemical formula of this “pure substance” was derived, organic chemists in the 1850s began to name all chemically similar substances in the same way.

Shampoo(eng. Shampoo)
Language of origin: Hindi

During the period of British imperialism over India, both cultures spoke an Anglo-Indian language. The Anglo-Indian word “shampoo”, meaning “to massage”, originally came from the Indian “champna” - “to press, knead”, but stumbled over the form of the imperative mood in the meaning “You! Warm up!” - “champo”. Perhaps the word “champna” comes from the Sanskrit “capayati”, that is, “pounds, kneads.”

In the 1860s, a native English speaker recorded a new meaning for the word “shampoo” as “to wash the hair,” as the English kneaded and pressed soap into the scalp. The nominal form of the phrase “hair-soap” appeared shortly after five English words borrowed from other languages.

Chauffeur(eng. Chauffeur)
Language of origin: French
In French the word “Chauffer” means “stoker” or “stoker”, since the driver of a French car in 1899 served a steam engine.

The word came into English around the same time as the steam-powered automobile, as the wealthy English-speaking elite often used French words for expensive cultural terms. By 1902, the word had expanded its meaning to “pay driver.”

Sauna(English Sauna)
Language of origin: Finnish

The Finnish Bath Society claims that the word “sauna” may originally have meant a heated, partially underground winter shelter. The dwelling evolved into a bathhouse, and when the English-speaking population adopted the bathhouse, it was also decided to keep the name.